Benign thyroid nodule is a common disease. However, little is known about the natural course of it. The objective of the study was to evaluate the changes of ultrasonographic (US) findings and the fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology. During 2 years, most of them have been in a benign natural course. However, we should note that malignant US findings is strongly associated with papillary thryoid carcinoma, though FNA revealed benign. Among them, our results would suggest that taller than wide feature in US finding is associated with malignancy

To evaluate the outcome, clinical efficacy and safety of endometrial heat balloons therapy by Thermachoice® for the treatment of heavy menstruation. From June 2004 to December 2014, a total of 120 women who visited to Chosun University Hospital had their charts and telephones reviewed for demographics, procedure data, clinical history, and follow up. The mean age was 43.5±4.7 years old. A decrease in days per cycle (7.5±2.1 vs 5.6±2.4 days, p<0.001), and in pads per day (9.1±2.5 vs 5.5±3.4 pads/d, p<0.001) and an increase in hematocrit (%, mean±SD) (7.1±0.6)/ hemoglobin (g/dL, mean±SD) (7.1±0.6 / 28.7±2.3 vs 11.5±1.4 / 35.9±4.1, p<0.001) and an improvement in self-reported quality of life scores (limitation of life: 7.4±2.3 vs 2.4±1.5, p<0.0001, discomfort score: 1.8±1.4 vs 0.7±1.2, p<0.001) were observed after endometrial heat balloons therapy. No major complications or deaths were found. Assessment of the level of satisfaction showed that 86% of patients were satisfied with the procedure. The prognostic factors of endometrial heat balloons therapy were age, parity, uterine pressure and depth, position. But age and uterine pressure had no significant difference statistically. Endometrial heat balloons therapy by Thermachoice® is a safe and efficient method to treat of heavy menstruation. It reduces the menstrual flow, improves the quality of life, and remarkably satisfies patients with a desire to preserve a uterus

Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) is an emergent disease in otologic field. Audiometric follow-up in patients with ISSNHL is important to assess the benefit of treatment and guide initiation of salvage treatment. However, there have been no report to guide the timing of follow-up. The objective of this study was to compare the recovery duration of patients who diagnosed as ISSNHL in each age group. A total of 150 subjects were included in this study and reviewed the medical and audiological records. According to ages, the subjects were classified into four groups; 0-19, 20-39, 40-59 years old and more than 60 years old. The period of time to final hearing levels was compared based on Siegel’s criteria. The period of time to final hearing levels was significantly different in patients with complete recovery based on Siegel’s criteria. 20-39 group (10.3 days) showed faster recovery than 0-19 (18 days), 40-59 (15 days) and ≥60 groups (23.4 days). The period of time to final hearing levels was not significantly different in patients with partial and slight recovery. Young adults with ISSNHL appear to recover faster than other age groups with ISSNHL. The result suggests that children and the elderly with ISSNHL need longer follow-up for hearing and young adults with refractory ISSNHL need earlier initiation of salvage treatment.

Mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC) of the biliary tract is rare. Here, the authors report a case of MANEC of the gallbladder, in which neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) exhibited collision and sharp separation from a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma; these two tumor components made up of more than 30% of the entire tumor, respectively. The tumor metastasized to liver and one lymph node, and the hepatic metastatic component was from an neuroendocrine tumor (NET), while the lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastasis was attributed to adenocarcinoma. Ki-67 im-munostaining (>50%) and numerous mitotic counts showed the NET exhibited high proliferative activity. Because the neuroendocrine component in biliary MANEC defines prognosis, its identification is of considerable importance.

Upper airway obstruction is a common problem in pediatric patients. There were a few reports that airway obstruction caused by redundant arytenoid mucosa. The etiology of redundant arytenoid remains unknown. Redundant arytenoid mucosa is diagnosed endoscopically when one or both arytenoids anteriorly displace into the glottic inlet upon inspiration. The common symptoms are hoarseness, stridor, snoring or dyspnea on exertion. These symptoms are similar to croup and they can be easily misdiagnosed as croup. We experienced rare case of upper airway obstruction caused by redundancy of arytenoid mucosa and report it with review of literatures.

Urinary extravasation with dye visualized in the ureter was seen on an excretory urogram (IVP) and computerized tomographic (CT) scan in a patient with multiple injuries following blunt renal trauma. The preferred treatment of blunt kidney injury varies according to grade of severity, with a preference for non-operative management in most instances. We reviewed a case of nonoperatively treated patients who presented with blunt renal trauma with major lacerations and urinary extravasation on initial staging computerized tomography.

Brugada syndrome is associated with high risk for sudden death without structural cardiac defects due to ventricular arrhythmias. A 47-years-old man with Brugada syndrome has admitted because of right patella fracture. General anesthesia with sevoflurane and remifentanil was carefully maintained according to the BIS for the maintenance of adequate anesthetic depth and to avoid tachycardia during the surgery. Blood pressure and heart rate of the patient were maintained less than 150/90 mmHg and 100 beat/min perioperatively. There were no adverse events, and the patient was discharged home after ten days.

Stent thrombosis (ST) is the sudden occlusion of a stented coronary artery because of thrombus formation. ST is a rare, but can result in life-threatening complications. Early stent thrombosis occurs frequently after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Here, we report a case of a 59-year-old man with acute stent thrombosis immediately after primary PCI with drug-eluting stent for acute STEMI.