The karyotype analysis of various Lilium species native to Yun nan, Northeast China, viz., L. sulphureum, L. nepalense var, L. wenshanense, L. nepalense and L. brownie var. were observed through ordinary tablet compressing method. The results indicated that the chromosome number was 2n=2x=24 in all the species studied. The karyotype formula was 2n=2x=24=2m + 6sm (2SAT) + 4st+12t (4SAT) for Lilium sulphureum; 2n=2x=24=2m + 10st (2SAT) + 12t (4SAT) for Lilium nepalense var.; 2n=2x=24=2m + 2sm+8st (6SAT) +12t (2SAT) for Lilium wenshanense; 2n=2x=24=4m (4SAT) + 10st (4SAT) + 10t for Lilium nepalense; 2n=2x=24=2m + 2sm+10st + 10t for Lilium brownii var. The As.K value (the ratio between long arm and total chromosome length) and the ratio of the length of the longest and the shortest chromosome were recorded as 78.25%~83.71% and 1.83~2.18 respectively. The karyotype of all the species was 3B except for L. nepalense which was 3A. Comparatively, the karyotype analysis of Lilium nepalense var. and Lilium nepalense were similar and genetically close to each other. A great diversity in chromosome morphology was existed among different populations or cultivars of the same species. The genetic diversity of different species or populations could be discriminated thru the number and position of different kinds of chromosomes, as well as the difference of satellite number and positions.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the diversity of natural products (DNP7, 9) in responding to Whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) feeding. Resistant rice (cv. Cheongcheong ), susceptible rice (cv. Nagdong) and susceptible control rice (cv. TN1) were used as materials for WBPH infestation in seedling stage. The treatment was conducted by spraying DNP 7 and 9 for 100 ppm to materials before being fed to 2nd and 3rd instar WBPH while control group was not sprayed DNP 7 and 9. The density of WBPH was 7 insect per plant. As a result, WBPH survival rate of 57% was found in the DNP 7 treatment, whereas those in DNP 9 and control were 27% and 71%, respectively. Resistance score of Cheongcheong, Nagdong, and TN1 in DNP 7 treatment were 3.4±0.8, 5.9±1.9, and 6.8±1.6, respectively, while those in DNP 9 treatment were 1.6±0.8, 4.7±1.6, and 7.9 ±1.4, respectively. The plant heights of Cheongcheong, Nagdong, and TN1 in DNP 7 treatment after 3 week infestation were 19.7±3.0, 23.4±7.5, and 15.8±8, respectively while those in DNP 9 treatment were 32.4±4, 26.3±12.7, and 25.9±8.5, respectively. Moreover, chlorophyll content was examined 3 week post infestation. In both DNP 7 and DNP 9 treatment, the chlorophyll levels of Cheongcheong and Nagdong in were higher than that in control. Based on observation and bio-scoring, plant with DNP 9 was strongly resistant to WBPH feeding and the survival rate of WHPB was lower than plant with DNP7.

In total, 120 ‘Cheonghcheong/Nagdong’ doubled haploid (CNDH) populations was developed by F1 derived from a crossing whitebacked planthopper (WBPH, Sogatella furcifera) resistance ‘Cheongcheong’ and susceptible ‘Nagdong’ lines. The main objective of this research was to determine the rice resistance optimum screening after infesting by WBPH and identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with rice resistance in order to provide consistent information for marker-assisted selection (MAS) and develop new varieties. The genetic map with average 9.6 centimorgans (cM) between markers was constructed from 120 CNDH populations using 217 SSR markers. In this study, The result of determine rice with WBPH infestation showed that the rice damage and resistance at 7, 14, and 21 days, were 100%, 76%, and 10% resistance lines of 120 CNDH population. Four QTLs were detected on four regions of the chromosomes 1 and chromosome 8, which contained qWBPH1 and qWBPH8 for resistance rice. The markers were found to be contained in identification the genetic markers RM3482, RM1196, RM3709, RM11694, RM11669, RM17699 and RM264 for marker assisted selection. These markers efficiently were shown to be very useful for MAS in breeding populations of crossing lines associated simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker with WBPH resistance in 120 CNDH populations.

Improving rice high-quality potential is to suffice the food demand of the rapid decreasing consumption, and is a major breeding target recently. We calculated the alkali digestion value (ADV), used to indirectly measure gelatinization temperature, to evaluate the quality of cooked rice in 2013 and 2014. The ADV score of frequency distribution was higher milled rice than brown rice. In total, nine different quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were found on chromosomes1, 3, 5, 6 and 8 in 2013 and 2014. Also, chromosome 5, 8 were detected over two years. The polymorphism using RM223, RM3530, and RM18130 markers can be used to select lines that have a good trait for breeding of high-quality rice. We conclude that selected molecular markers from this QTL analysis could be exploited in future rice quality.

In this study, we sought to identify primary pears species and Korean native pears, without the use of morphological characteristics. In addition, this study was to establish pear DNA fingerprinting data for Korean native pears using 12 microsatellite markers, and to accurately classify a database for management of the Korean pear collection. Forty two pear accessions (7 primary pears, 5 Asian pears, 29 Korean pears, and 2 reference pears) were analyzed with twelve primers covering whole pear genome. In the present study, all pear accessions were successfully classified along with their pedigrees, and the distribution of primary pears was parallel to those of the previous taxonomic results. Korean pears were divided into 3 groups. Group I was characterized by Pyrus calleryana, and included Korean pea pears. Group II was characterized by P. pyrifolia, and was classified into 2 small groups. The first small group comprised of ‘Najucheongbae’, ‘Sunchanggulimdolbae’, ‘Andongmookbae’, ‘Andongdangsilri’, and ‘Najucheongbae’ and was presumed to be cultivars of P. pyrifolia. The second small group consisted of ‘Cheongdangrori’ and ‘Pyeongchangsuhyangri’. These two accessions were assumed to be a hybrid of P. pyrifolia and the other cultivar. Group III was characterized by P. ussuriensis. ‘Goesanhwangbae’, ‘Andongcheongsilri’, ‘Gongjucheongsilri’, and ‘Yecheoncheongbae’ were assumed to be cultivars of P. ussuriensis. Contrary to ‘Ulreungdocheongbae A’, ‘Ulreungdocheongbae B’ was classified as belonging to the P. ussuriensis group. It is possible that this is a consequence of, P. ussuriensis genes being transferred into ‘Ulreungdocheongbae B’. The result of this research reaffirmed the efficiency of a standard set of microsatellite markers and provides data, which will be useful for developing a core collection of pears.

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) is a short day plant and has been adapted to various climates and environments during cultivation. However, the cultivation area is restricted to a very narrow range of latitudes. To date, nine major genes (E1 to E8 and J) have been reported to control the flowering time and maturity. Here, we evaluated the role of E2, E3, E4, and their paralogue genes in late flowering soybean cultivars under long day (LD) conditions using Soybean yellow common mosaic virus (SYCMV)-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system. A total of nine VIGS constructs were infiltrated into two fully expanded cotyledons and primary leaves. After inoculation with these VIGS constructs on Jangyeobkong, which is a late-flowering cultivar, phenotypic traits were evaluated for the first flowering dates (FFDs) and pod maturities under LD conditions. The FFDs of the silenced plants occurred 50-56 days after sowing (das), while the non-silenced plants bloomed on 60-61 days. We found that the E3 paralogue-silenced plants flowered the fastest and responsive genes were identified to be associated with the promotion of flowering time. As the knock-down of E3 paralogue, expression of E1 was up-regulated, E2 was no difference, E3 and E4 genes were down-regulated in the silenced plants. Expression of GmFT2a and GmFT5a is known to be controlled by E3 and E4. Interestingly, GmFT5a were highly expressed in SYCMV:E3 paralogue-silenced plants, whereas the expression of GmFT2a was not significant. These results support that GmFT5a is able to independently promote flowering under LD conditions.

The generation and analysis of genomic resources information are essential to understand genomic features of crops. Even though medicinal component and its effect of Panax ginseng was well studied, the genomic study has been recently started. The ginseng genome has been known to undergo two rounds of whole genome duplication (WGD), therefore we investigated an evidence of WGD in ginseng draft sequence for understanding current ginseng genome structure. Four paralogous gene-rich genome blocks were found, consisted by eight scaffolds, using about 3.0 Gb whole genome draft sequence and 48,821 unigenes of P. ginseng generated by whole genome shotgun sequencing. The eight scaffold sequences were ordered and connected into four genomic blocks, using zig-zag extension within scaffold sequences recently duplicated. The paralogous scaffold pairs that were recently duplicated showed high sequence conservation in genic and non-genic regions. However, paleo duplicated paralogue scaffold sequences showed little conservation only in genic regions. Finally, a total of 110 paralogous gene pairs and its expression were identified from recently and paleo duplicated scaffold pairs, which were co-linear among four genomic blocks. This study provides the first insight into duplicated genome structure of ginseng and will be a valuable information for further ginseng genomics including improvement of draft sequence quality, chromosome anchoring of scaffolds, and genetic mapping.

To identify novel signaling components involved in regulation of plant responses to phosphate (Pi) starvation, we screened an Arabidopsis T-DNA activation tagging library for mutants with altered Pi-starvation responses. Here, we report the identification and characterization of novel activation-tagged mutant involved in Pi starvation signaling in Arabidopsis. The hpd (hypersensitive to Pi deficiency) mutant exhibits enhanced phosphate uptake and altered root architectural change under Pi starvation compared to wild type. Expression analysis of auxin-responsive DR5::GUS reporter gene in hpd mutant indicated that both auxin biosynthesis and auxin translocation under Pi starvation are suppressed in hpd mutant plants. Impaired auxin translocation in roots of hpd mutant was attributable to abnormal root architecture changes in Pi starvation conditions. Mis-regulation of auxin translocation in hpd mutant was further confirmed by analysis of expression patterns of auxin efflux carrier proteins, PIN-FORMED (PIN) 1, 2, and 3 fused with GFP. Not only expression levels but also expression domains of PIN proteins were altered in hpd mutant in response to Pi starvation. Molecular genetic analysis of hpd mutant revealed that the mutant phenotype is caused by the lesion in ENHANCED SILENCING PHENOTYPE4 (ESP4) gene whose function is proposed in mRNA 3’-end processing. The results propose that mRNA processing plays crucial roles in Pi homeostasis as well as developmental reprograming in response to Pi deprivation in Arabidopsis.

To understand molecular mechanisms underlying adaptation of plant cells to saline stress and stress memory, we developed Arabidopsis callus suspension-cultured cells adapted to high salt. Adapted cells to high salt exhibited enhanced tolerance compared to control cells. Moreover, the salt tolerance of adapted cells was stably maintained even after the stress is relieved, indicating that the salt tolerance of adapted cells was memorized. Salt-adapted and stress memorized cells were densely aggregated and formed multi-layered cell lump. Cell morphology analysis using transmission electron microscopy indicated that cell wall thickness of salt-adapted cells was significantly induced compared to control cells. In order to characterize metabolic responses of plant cells during adaptation to high salt stress as well as stress memory, we compared metabolic profiles of salt-adapted and stress-memorized cells with control cells by using NMR spectroscopy. A principle component analysis showed clear metabolic discrimination among control, salt-adapted and stress-memorized cells. Compared with control cells, metabolites related to shikimate metabolism such as tyrosine, and flavonol glycosides, which are related to protective mechanism of plant against stresses were largely up-regulated in adapted cell lines. Moreover, coniferin, a precursor of lignin, was more abundant in salt-adapted cells than control cells. The results provide new insight into metabolic level mechanisms of plant adaptation to saline stress as well as stress memory.

The detrimental effect of high salinity on crop production is a serious problem. However, the number of genes with known functions relating to salinity tolerance is very limited in rice. To effectively address this limitation, selection of useful candidate genes and identification of major regulatory factors through global approaches are necessary. To this end, we used three data series of affymetrix array data produced with salt-treated samples from NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) and identified 653 rice genes commonly differentially expressed under three salt-stress conditions. While evaluating the quality of selected candidate genes for salt-stress responses, Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that responses to salt and water stresses of biological process category are highly overrepresented in salt-stress conditions. In addition, the major salt stress-responsive metabolism process and regulatory gene modules are classified through MapMan analysis, and detailed elements for further studies are suggested. Based on this, we proposed a salt stress-responsive signaling pathway in rice. The functional analysis of the main signal transduction and transcription regulation factors identified in this pathway will shed light on a novel regulatory metabolism process that can be manipulated to develop crops with enhanced salinity tolerance.

For efficient introgression of the downy mildew resistance gene from a resistant cultivar into domestic breeding lines, molecular markers used for marker-assisted backcrossing (MAB) were developed in onion (Allium cepa L.). The resistance gene (Pd) was originally introgressed from a wild species, A. roylei, by interspecific hybridization, and the resistant gene was known to be positioned at the end of chromosome 3. Therefore, cDNA sequences of loci located at the ends of chromosome 3 of two linkage maps were obtained from a transcriptome database. Primer pairs were designed on exon sequences of eight loci. Among them, the PCR products of the i25255 locus showed length polymorphism between A. roylei and onions, and both large and small-sized PCR products were observed in the resistant cultivar. Sequence analysis showed that a 67-bp indel existed in the intron sequences. Based on this indel polymorphism, a simple PCR marker, designated DMR1, was developed. Analysis of diverse onion accessions showed that no accessions contained the A. roylei-specific marker genotype except for the resistant cultivar. These results indicated that the DMR1 marker was successfully tagging the A. roylei fragment harboring the downy mildew resistance gene, and the resistant cultivar was heterozygous for the resistance gene. After further analysis of multiple loci positioned at chromosome 3, a range of the A. roylei fragment introgressed in the resistant cultivar was determined in two linkage maps. On the basis of the range of the A. roylei fragment, three molecular markers used for recombinant selection in MAB were also developed.

백합나무의 건전 순화묘 생산을 위해 체세포배 유래 발아체를 여러 종류의 항산화제로 전처리 후 토양이식 한 결과 500mg/L Citric acid 처리구에서 가장 높은 87.9%의 순화묘 생존율을 보였으며, 그 외 처리구에서는 대조구 (수돗물)보다 다소 높거나 낮은 현상을 보여 별 생존율 차이가 없었다. 묘고 생장의 경우 500mg/L Citric acid를 처리한 처리구에서 44.5cm를 보여 가장 높았으며, 근원경 비교의 경우에서도 마찬가지로 500mg/L Citric acid를 처리한 처리구에서 4.38mm를 보여 가장 높았다. 그러나 엽면적의 경우 수돗물 처리구 유래 순화묘가 66.03cm2으로 가장 높게 나타났으나 생중량 비교에서는 500mg/L Citric acid 유래 처리구에서 8.79g으로 가장 높게 나타났다.

11개 nSSR 표지를 이용하여 안면도지역 곰솔 채종원 ’81단지와 내륙과 해안집단의 화분유동과 교배양식 유전모수를 추정하였다. 이형접합도 관측치(Ho)와 Shannon의 유전다양성지수(I)는 안면도 곰솔 채종원(클론: He = 0.680, I = 1.608; 종자: He = 0.636～0.646, I = 1.472～1.508)과 내륙집단(성목: He = 0.690, I = 1.691; 종자: He = 0.658～0.685, I = 1.573～1.636), 해안집단(성목: He = 0.683, I = 1.641; 종자: He = 0.665～0.685, I = 1.595～1.669) 간에 유의한 차이는 없으며, 각 집단의 생산년도간에 뿐 만 아니라 세대간에 유의한 차이가 없었다(P > 0.05). MLTR로 분석으로 추정한 교배양식 유전모수를 추정한 결과 다수 유전자좌 타가교배율(채종원: 0.887∼0.919, 내륙: 0.948∼0.972, 해안: 0.850 ∼0.932)과 양친 근친교배(채종원: 0.003∼0.006, 내륙: 0.038∼0.066, 해안: 0.034∼0.099)는 집단간에 유의한 차이가 없는 반면, 2009년 생산된 종자에서 추정된 부계상관(채종원: 0.022, 내륙집단: 0.010, 해안집단: 0.047)은 집단간에 유의한 차이가 있다(P < 0.05). 안면도 지역 곰솔 집단 전반은 화분수의 유전다양성이 높고 교배의 대부분이 다수의 화분수가 기여하는 타가수정으로 이루어지기 때문에 각 집단의 공간구조와 유전구조의 차이에도 불구하고 세대간 유전변이의 감소가 없으며, 집단간에 유전다양성의 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 생각된다. 반면 임분의 밀도와 규모 등에 따라 생산년도간에 유전모수의 변이를 달리하며, 그중 곰솔 해안집단은 연간 변이에 큰 차이를 보이고 있어 다른 집단에 비해 교배환경의 변화에 반응이 크게 나타나는 것으로 생각된다.

To develop molecular markers for late flowering time in radish we performed QTL-seq analysis in which whole genomes are sequenced and SNPs between two groups showing opposite phenotypes in F2 population are analyzed to find regions or QTLs involved in a trait of interest. Two inbred lines (NH-JS1 and NH-JS2) showing opposite phenotypes of flowering time were selected to generate F2 population for the analysis. NH-JS1 showed late flowering time whereas NH-JS2 early flowering time. Genomic DNA from the two lines were extracted and sequenced. In addition F2 population from F1 between NH-JS1 and NH-JS2 was generated and flowering time phenotypes of 180 F2 plants were analyzed. We selected 11 plants with late flowering time and 12 plants showing early flowering time. We extracted DNA from each individuals from the two groups and bulked them to generate two bulked DNA samples that are subject to whole genome resequencing. Preliminary analysis of SNP data from the resequencing showed that there may be several QTLs involved in flowering time control in radish.

팔레놉시스는 최근 심비디움과 더불어 주요 수출화훼작물로 자리잡고 있으며, 국내 화훼시장에서 중요성이 증대되고 소비자들로부터 많은 인기를 받고 있는 실정이다. 이에 반해 국내 팔레놉시스 우량묘 생산체계는 대만, 네덜란드 및 일본 등 난 생산 선진국들과 비교해서 변이발생 및 우량형질 유지 측면에서 부족한 점이 많으며 최근 화훼류 신품종 육성에 많이 도입되고 있는 식물형질전환 기술을 이용한 사례도 국내에는 거의 없는 실정이다. 본 연구는 노화지연 유전자가 삽입된 팔레놉시스 형질전환 식물체의 원괴체유사체 (PLB: protocorm-like bodies)의 증식 및 신초 재분화에 있어서 다양한 천연산물 처리가 어떠한 효과를 나타내는지 구명하고자 실시하였다. 팔레놉시스 조직배양 및 형질전환 유래 식물체들은 banana powder, apple powder 및 potato powder 이 3가지 천연 산물들을 VW배지에 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 그리고 50 g/l 농도로 각각 첨가하여 생체중 측정 및 신초 분화효율을 측정하여 최적의 형질전환 팔레놉시스 PLB 대량증식 체계를 확립하고자 하였다. 그 결과 apple powder 30 g/l 및 banana powder 40 g/l을 혼용한 처리구에서 PLB 생체중이 대조구 대비 2.2배 이상 증가하여 처리구 중 가장 좋은 결과를 보였으며, 또한 PLB로부터 신초 발생율도 80-85%의 고효율을 나타내었다. 그리고 PLB 조직의 갈변율도 3% 미만으로 양호한 결과를 보여 주었다. 또한 이 두 천연산물의 조합은 형질전환 팔레놉시스 PLB 뿐만 아니라 조직배양 유래 팔레놉시스 PLB 생장과 증식에도 유사한 효과를 나타내었다. 이러한 천연산물의 적절한 첨가는 향후 형질전환 팔레놉시스 식물체 대량증식 체계 확립에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

Space has many distinguishable characteristics from earth such as strong cosmic radiation, microgravity, supervaccum and weak magnetic field. For this reason, space environments can be used an efficient mutagen for plant breeding nowadays. To identify the affected genes by condition in space with outer space, Brachypodium seeds were placed in the Russia Segment (RS) Biorisk module of International Space Station (ISS). Brachypodium distachyon is a model system for temperature grass, because they represent the characteristics for annual winter grass. Seeds and organs of plants carried by satellite or spacecraft to space can be genetically mutated by exposing space environment. We performed a duplicated RNA sequencing to profile the differentially expressed genes. As a results, about 700 genes were upregulated and 250 genes were downregulated by cosmic environments, respectively. In the molecular function category, protein kinase and transcription activity related genes were upregulated. Among the many transcription factors (TFs), stress related TFs such as ERF, NAC and WRKY were differentially expressed in space exposed samples. In the future, their expression will be identified by using qRT_PCR.

Recently, the increased consumption of mixed-grain flour products have led to improved human health in busy modern life. For this reason, the verification of commercial food authenticity is one of important subjects. The development of DNA techniques such as real-time PCR has led to the increasing efficiency of illegal food product detection. Here, we have developed a comprehensive method for detecting the grain flour of various rice cultivars in commercial food products derived from different plant species. In the genetic variation analysis of different protein coding genes on various chloroplast genomes, we found the high numbers of segregating sites in rpoB and rpoC2 more than in other genes. Thus, we have attempted to develop chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) markers, which were Os_m_rpoB in rpoB, and Os_m1_rpoC2 and Os_m2_rpoC2 in rpoC2. To assess the applicability of three cpDNA markers, we have identified the appropriate statistical measurements of each marker in various mixed-grain flour samples derived from rice cultivars and different plant species by real-time PCR, In addition, the three cpDNA markers successfully applied for detecting of nonexistent rice flour in different commercial food products.

Asterales are dicotyledonous flowering plants and are one of the Asterid clade, incuding many species as well as Codonopsis and Platycodon. Here, we have determined the complete chloroplast genome sequences of C. lanceolata and P. grandiflorus by using the targeted denovo assembly method of short reads derived from whole genome resequencing. The total lengths of each chloroplast genome sequence are 156,180 bp for C. lanceolata and 155,453 bp for P. grandiflorus. In their chloroplast genomes, 106 genes (75 protein-coding genes, 4 rRNA genes, 23 tRNA genes, and 4 hypothetical chloroplast open reading frames [ycfs]) exhibited the relatively similar positions. Also, 7 protein-coding genes commonly showed to contain introns in both C. lanceolata and P. grandiflorus chloroplast genome, while psaA gene contain intragenic regions only in P. grandiflorus chloroplast genome. In further analysis, we identified the codon usage bias to A or T and found the different simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci of each chloroplast genome (18 SSR loci of C. lanceolata and 16 SSR loci of P. grandiflorus). In the phylogenetic trees based on 72 protein-coding genes, C. lanceolata is more closely related to P. grandiflorus than the other plant species order Asterales. Also, we found the highest sequence diversities of 12 protein-coding genes in small single copy (SSC) region than in the inverted repeat (IRs) and large single copy (LSC) region, and 3 genes such as rpoC2 (LSC region), ndhB (IRs region), and ndhF (SSC region) showed the highest number of segregating sites in each region. Additionally, we developed the molecular markers for phylogenetic applications of C. lanceolata and P. grandiflorus chloroplast genome.

The goal of marker-assisted backcrossing is to reduce the number of generations significantly by using genome-based molecular markers. Among other types of molecular markers, SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) is mostly used in genetic diversity analysis due to its abundance. To develop high-throughput SNP marker for MAB system, we selected 20 Chinese cabbage lines each represent traits as inner leaf color, disease resistance, head type and maturity etc. Then, we sequenced the transcriptomes of 20 lines by using Illumina Hiseq2000. The average transcriptome size was 1.37 Gbase, and the average of short reads mapping rate was about 62.15% (30xcoverage). We identified 13,976 SSR markers and 380,198 SNPs by aligning contigs of 20 Chinese cabbage lines. To develop SNP marker set, we chose 409 SNPs that covers the whole Brassica rapa transcriptome. The filtering criteria were depth, polymorphism, segregation ratio, lack of adjacent SNP and copy number. We positioned the selected SNP markers to the Chinese cabbage linkage map. Clustering dendrogram was produced using SNP marker and three different clusters were generated. The result showed that the genotyping data is partially linked to the phenotyping data. We assume that the developed SNP marker set can be applied in the Chinese cabbage MAB system soon.

Genetic markers are tools that can facilitate molecular breeding, even in species lacking genomic resources. An important class of genetic markers is those based on orthologous genes, because they can guide hypotheses about conserved gene function. For under-studied species a key bottleneck in gene-based marker development is the need to develop molecular tools that reliably access genes with orthology to the genomes of well-characterized reference species. Here we report an efficient platform for designing cross-species gene-derived markers in legumes. The automated platform, named CSGM Designer (URL: http://tgil.donga.ac.kr/CSGMdesigner), facilitates rapid and systematic design of cross-species genic markers. The underlying database is composed of genome data from five legume species whose genomes are substantially characterized. Use of CSGM designer is enhanced by graphical displays of query results, which we describe as “circular viewer” and “search-within-results” functions. CSGM platform provides a virtual PCR representation, called eHT-PCR, that predicts the specificity of each primer pair simultaneously in multiple genomes. CSGM Designer output was experimentally validated for the amplification of orthologous genes using 16 genotypes representing 12 crop and model legume species, distributed among the galegoid and phaseoloid clades. Successful cross-species amplification was obtained for 85.3% of PCR primer combinations. CSGM Designer spans the divide between well-characterized crop and model legume species and their less well-characterized relatives. The outcome is PCR primers that target highly conserved genes for polymorphism discovery, enabling functional inferences and ultimately facilitating trait-associated molecular breeding.