Maize (Zeae mays L.) is a second important crop in the country and it is first staple food in high land region. The national average yield is 2.2 t/ha. About 80% maize areas falls in this region. An introduced fungus Gray Leaf Spot (GLS) caused by Cercospora zeae-maydis has caused yield loss an average of 75%. Genetic resistance has been effective control strategy to manage this disease. The main objectives of this work were to develop, evaluate and identify high yielding cultivars tolerant to GLS. Three sets of trials were conducted in Nepal and Korea. GLS evaluation trial-I consisted of 73 genotypes, GLS evaluation trial-II composed of 38 genotypes and mid altitude hybrid evaluation trial-III consisted of 12 genotypes. Exotic, semi exotic and local germplasm of different origins were used. Among these tested genotypes, tolerant genotypes were Thai 717S31-21-3×[TZMi407 × TZMi211-11- 2-1-1-B-B-B-B-B (5.2t/ha), Pioneer12 × MASynVAR-5 F2 (5.0 t/ha) and MA SynVAR-5 F2 × Thai 919 S3 4-5-4 (4.7t/ha) with GLS mean score 2.7, 1.5 and 1 respectively in trial-I. In trial-II, superior genotypes were KYM33 × TZi3 (7.6t/ha), KYM33 × TZi18 (7.5 t/ha) and KYM33 × P45 (7.4 t/ha) with GLS scores 1.4, 2.4 and 2.5 respectively. Similarly in trial-III, high yielding genotypes were MASynVAR-5 (11.0t/ha), and TZMi407×87036- 9-1-1-1-B-B-B/TZMi102×90113-5-3-2-2-B-B-B-B (9.8t/ha). These hybrids and their parents will use to introgress resistant genes to breed better tolerant maize cultivars for Nepal.

Corn (Zea Mays L.), the third cereal crop in the world, is not known well in Mongolia. The corn research program was started in 2004 with collaboration of International Corn Foundation (ICF), International Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) of KNU, Mongolian Academy of Science (MAS), Mongolian University of Agriculture (MUA) and Mongolia International University (MIU) in Ulaanbaatar. Since that time approximately 2000 genotypes were planted. Within 6 years of research we have succeeded in forming Mongolian corn population (MCP). In 2009, some promising segregating parental line crosses and inbreds were selected at Plant Science and Agriculture Research Training Institute (PSARTI) in Darkhan, 250 km toward the North from the capital city, and in greenhouse of Kunwi, Korea for further breeding. To develop corn hybrids we selected lines based on yield potential, cold tolerance and early maturity. Early plantings in the mid of May as well as tolerance to cold would permit longer growing cycle for higher yield. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed highly significance within lines, which means we can easily select cold tolerance and early maturing lines and breeding materials for further breeding program. Due to lack of plant proteins and Vitamin A deficiency, health of Mongolians has been affected. We consider corn can be a solution to reducing pasture and soil erosion. Breeding and cultivation of locally adapted stress tolerant stable corn hybrids may boost livestock industry and improve people’s health for Mongolians.

family in the Brassica genome sequences by computational approach. The MITE family showed a total of 264bp length including 36bp terminal inverted repeats and remained 2bp (TA) targets it eduplication by its insertion. By searching the genome database of Brassica species, 516, 227, and 15 members were identified from 470Mbp of Brassica oleraceae, 154Mbp of B.rapa and 15Mbp of B.napus, respectively, indicating that there are approximately 692, 760, 1235 copies in B.oleracea, B.rapa and B.napus genomes,respectively. A total of 225 relatively intact MITE members, 146,68, and 11 members, which showed >80% sequence similarity and sequence coverage were identified and retrieved for MITE analysis from B.oleracea, B.rapa and B.napus genomes, respectively. Out of 225 MITE family members 159 having full structure of MITE and 66 having the truncated end either in right TIR or left TIR. Insertion polymorphism due to insertion or non-insertion of MITEs showed high level of polymorphism among accessions intra and inter species of Brassica. The new MITE would provide abetter tool for study molecular breeding in Brassica species and also helpful to understand their contribution in evolution and diversification of the highly duplicated Brassica genome.

RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) analysis was examined to detect variation of in vitro cultured 30 rhizomes of Cymbidium goeringii and Cymbidium kanran, with long-term subculture, respectively. Out of 105 DNA bands detected, the 38 were polymorphic with a polymorphic rate 36.1% in the C. goeringii. Out of 126 DNA bands detected, the 58 were polymorphic with a polymorphic rate 46.0% in the C. kanran. The size of the amplified fragments of the two species ranged from about 200bp to 3,000bp. Genetic similarity matrix (GSM) shows from 0.810 to 1.00 with an average of 0.929 in the rhizomes of C. goeringii and 0.786 to 0.984 with an average of 0.915 in the C. kanran. The result indicate that the long-term in vitro cultured C. goeringii and C. kanran supplemented with growth regulators might be promoted in higher polymorphism and increased GSM. Thus, the higher polymorphism rate of in vitro cultured rhizomes might be resulted in long-term subculture and the plant growth regulators supplemented with the culture medium. The results provide as fundamental data to develop a new materials for plant breeding and resources plant.

Maize (Zea mays.L) is the third important crop after wheat and rice in Afghanistan. The productivity is low 2.14 ton/ha due to lack of diversity and well-adapted varieties. 65% of maize production is used as feed and 17.5% as food. Afghanistan is facing seriously malnutrition and poverty, therefore more maize is required to recover food security. Popcorn is also important snack food in Afghanistan, but it is luck of breeding donors. The main objective of this work is to evaluate and identify the introduced hybrids of Korean germplams. International Corn Foundation (ICF), Kyungpook National University (KNU) and Institute of Asian Culture and Development (IACD) collaboratively planted three different types of maize (Silage1, KNU waxy1, Popcorn) in two locations (Isharak and Sherabad) in Mazar-i-sharif. All hybrids have shown good performances and can easily be adapted in Afghanistan climate. Among them KNU waxy1 was the most attractive which has been planted first time. Farmers showed highly interest on new taste and they were so enthusiasm to replant. Maize breeding laboratory at KNU is developing new popcorn cultivar for commercial use in Korea that has shown outstanding result in Afghanistan climate. This experiment described that introducing of new maize hybrids especially KNU waxy1 and popcorn can have great potential to fill up food demand in Afghanistan.

본 연구는 찰옥수수에 단맛을 가미하고자 이중열성인자(wxwxshsh)를 이용하여 찰초당옥수수 품종 육성을 위 하여 수행 되었다. 감미찰 옥수수는 최초의 단맛이 가미된 찰옥수수로 이삭내 립의 비율이 찰옥수수 대 초당 옥수수가 3 : 1로 혼합되어 있다. 감미찰 품종의 특성은 아밀로펙틴 함량은 94%, 과피두께 59㎛, 백립중은 27g, 종피색은 흰색, 자수색은 담자색이었다. 또 평균이삭중이 132g이며 10a당 이삭수는 5,833개였다. 채종시 험결과 모본인 Gwx2의 출사기와 부본인 Gdm1의 화분비산기가 일치하여 10a당 85kg의 채종이 가능하였다. 식미검정에서는 찰옥1호 보다 우수하였고 초당옥수수는 당 함량이 높아 어린이 노약자들에게, 찰옥수수는 청․장년층에게 기호성이 우수한 것으로 나타나 찰초당옥수수는 한국인 기호에 맞는 새로운 시도로 보여진다.

Ionizing radiations have been effective mutagen sources to overcome the limitation of the useful genetic resources in natural environment. The study was conducted to investigate an effect of electron beam on organogenesis, growth patterns and genetic variation in the irradiated orchid organs (rhizome and protocorm). The in vitro cultured rhizomes of orchids (Cymbidium goeringii, C. kanran) were irradiated with the electron beam in the dose range of 15Gy to 2240Gy under the condition of various beam energy and beam current (10MeV/n and 0.5mA, 10MeV/n and 0.05mA, 2MeV/n and 0.5mA). Significant decreases in growth and organogenesis were observed by increase of intensity of electron beam irradiation. The irradiation intensity of lethal dose 50 (LD50) of the in vitro cultured orchid was estimated as approximately 500Gy to 1000Gy under 10MeV/n, and 1000Gy to 2000Gy under 2MeV/n. While, the optimal irradiation dose was approximately 100Gy for growth and organogenesis of the cultures under 10MeV/n with 0.05mA treatment, and 300Gy under 2MeV/n and 0.5mA electron beam condition. RAPD and ISSR analyses for the electron beam irradiated organs were performed to analyze genetic variation under the electron beam condition (2MeV/n and 0.5mA).

An unbalance of rice productions and consumptions caused serious problems in both of agricultural area and grain market of korea. In recently, various efforts for rice processing products such as rice noodles and rice wines are in progress to overcome the unstable rice market. Among them, waxy rice is predominant items in processing rice. However, varietal features of starch viscosity are not considered in the processing industries and rice breeding field. In this study, 12 waxy rices and 2 cultivars Ilmibyeo(japonica) and IR72(Indica) were studied for physicochemical and amylogram to characterize the use of waxy rices. The amylose contents of waxy rices were from 7.1 to 8.1% with soft gel consistency and relatively low alkali digestion value(1.4% KOH) compare to Ilmibyeo. In the amylogram analysis(RVU) of waxy rices, unlikely normal rices, very fast peak time(about 3.5 min.) was obtained compare to that of 6.2 min. of Ilmibyeo. And 2 to 3 groups were classified based on peak viscosity and consitency of RVU. Wangchal, Odorokimochi and Hangangchal showed relatively high peak viscosity seemed not suitable for rice cake due to the hardness speed. And most of waxy rices developed in korea were believed to be suitable for oil fried cakes(Hankwa) because of a certain grade of starch degradation speed. And Mochiminori and Midoromochi originated from japan could be a good sources in waxy rice breeding program to improve the cooking properties especially in slow down of hardness speed with very low peak viscosity, hot viscosity and cool viscosity.

Methyl jasmonate(MeJA) treatment promotes the plant secondary, especially triterpene saponin which is main compounds in Platycodon grandiflorum. We were performed 5,760 expressed sequence tags from MeJA treated hairy root. Total number of ESTs are 2,536 (811 contigs and 1,725 singletons) among them 2,299 are pass the annotation. The most abundant transcript were encoding fatty acid desaturase (FAD) and lots of secondary metabolite transcript were observed. Four MVA pathway genes (HMGS, HMGR, MK, MDD) and one MEP pathway gene (IDI) are identified. The unigene were classified into three major functional categories by standard GO (Gene Ontology) - cellular component, molecular function and biological process. In this study we were cloned four genes from ESTs : HMGS (1401bp ORF), MK (1167bp ORF), MDD (1254bp ORF), IDI (909bp ORF)

Allium sativum, belongs to a member of the onion family (Alliaceae) are economically important vegetables because of the culinary value and medicinal purpose. Using PCR strategy with degenerated primers targeted to conserved regions of orthologous phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) sequences available, full-length PAL and C4H from A. sativum. The amino acid sequence of these genes is highly conserved, particularly AsPAL and AsC4H has greater than 70% amino acid identity to other plants. AsPAL and AgC4H were most highly expressed in roots of A. sativum, whereas lowest level of transcript was detected in flower. Phenolic compounds most highly produced in flowers of A. sativum. The presented sequences and expression an alysis of PAL and C4H will provide possible material to enhance the understading of phenolic compounds synthesis in A. sativum.

본 연구는 바이오매스 증진 억새 품종개발을 위한 기초 실험으로 물리화학적 변이원 처리에 적합한 출수 후 종자 성숙시기와 방사선 처리에 따른 선량별 발아율 및 생존율을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 변이처리를 위한 적정 성숙일자를 결정하기 위하여 참억새를 대상으로 출수 후 7-11주 동안 일주일 간격으로 수확 시기를 달리하여 생육상(30℃, 14/10시간 명/암) 조건에서 파종 4주 후 발아율과 3주 후 발아세를 조사하였다. 또한 성숙이 완료된 2배체 참억새(M.sisnensis)와 4배체 물억새(M.sacchariflorus) 종자를 이용하여 변이체 유도에 적합한 방사선 세기를 알아보기 위하여 방사선 조사선량(0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600Gy/day)을 다르게 처리 한 후 종자 발아율과 발아세를 위와 동일한 생육상 조건에서 생육 조사하였다. 참억새를 이용한 적정 성숙시 기 결정을 위한 실험에서 종피처리 (2% 락스에 30분 침지) 종자의 경우 출수 후 9주 및 11주 후 수확종자가 70 및 84%의 발아율을 보였고, 파종 3주 후 발아세도 출수 후 9주 및 11주 후 52% 및 76% 로 나타났다. 본 실험결과 억새 변이체 유도를 위해서는 출수 후 최소 9주가 경과되어야 하고, 11주가 경과한 종자의 경우 충분히 성숙한 것으로 판단된다. 방사선량을 달리하여 발아율을 조사한 결과 참억새는 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600Gy/day에서 77, 81, 78, 70, 72, 59, 그리고 55%의 발아율을 보였고, 물억새는 74, 66, 66, 70, 69, 58 그리고 58%의 발아율을 보였다. 발아율 기준 50% 치사선량은 참억새는 750Gy 및 물억새 800Gy로 추정되었 으나, 높은 선량에서는 시간이 경과되면서 녹색 유엽을 가진 생존 개체의 수와 식물체 크기가 급감하고, 검고 갈색의 지상 및 지하부 기관으로 변하는 것으로 보아 200Gy가 최고 치사선량으로 판단되었다. 본 연구에서 나타난 출수 후 적정 수확시기와 방사선량 결정을 위한 발아율, 발아세 및 생존율에 관한 자료는 바이오매스 증진 억새 변이체 유도와 개발 연구에 실용적으로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Triterpene saponins (ginsenosides) are main bioactive compounds in Panax ginseng. From mevalonic acid pathway, the isoprene units was synthesized that is precusor of triterpene saponin. This study provides the complete nucleotide sequence of the full-length cDNA involved in mevalonic acid biosynthesis pathway. We had a full-length cDNA sequences as followed; HMGS (1944bp, 1407bp ORF), HMGR (2120bp,1728bp ORF) and MDD (1760bp, 1263bp ORF) with partial poly (A). We were used real time PCR and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to analysis the expression level of the gene involved in MVA pathway and to ginsenoside contents, respectively. All cloned genes are constitutively expressed in all tested tissues but at different levels with the highest expression in fine roots. But ginsenoside contents is highest in leaf > fine root> lateral root > red berry> main root > petiol > stem. After treantment of methyl Jasmonate (MeJA), MVA pathway genes are highly expressed and ginsenoside contents was high at 72h.

The wild relative’s diploid species, which are reproductively isolated from one another, compromise populations with marked morphological variation, wide climatic tolerance, and adaptation to diverse habitats, and also vary genetically in biotic, abiotic stresses, and in seed protein content and quality. Large-scale proteomic analysis of three wild relatives of wheat grain (AA, BB, and DD genome) using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization- time of flight (MALDI-TOF-MS), multi-dimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT), allowed the detection and classification of 213, 255 unique proteins (peptide match ≥ 2), which represents the most wide-ranging proteome exploitation to date. Development of standard proteomes exhibiting all of the proteins involved in normal physiology will facilitate the delineation of disease/defense (no. of unique protein (n) =33, 51), metabolism (n=15, 32), energy metabolism (n= 21, 27), protein synthesis (n=16, 22), folding/stability (n=17, 18), transcription (n=6, 18), cell growth/division (n=17, 17), signal transduction (n=16, 15), cellular organization (n=11, 12), development (n=9, 9), storage protein (n= 30, 7), transport facilitation (n=8, 6), and unclear classification (n= 14, 21), which is identification by using MALDI-TOF and LCQ DECA mass spectrometry couple to mascot database search, respectively. For instance, ABA inducible protein PHVA1 (HVA1), which can be induced by drought, cold, heat and salinity condition, and also basic endochitinase (RSCC, RSCA) showed defense against chitin containing fungal pathogens. Gluten (glutenin and gliadin), which is very important determinant for making high quality bread, noodles, and also associated with visco-elasticity. By using MALDI-TOF, we identified abundant disease related protein such as NBS-LRR involves in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack, puroindoline (a & b) and grain softness protein represents the molecular-genetic basis of grain texture. In addition, the PIN A and PIN B gene products have anti microbial properties with potential role in plant defense. Recent advances in mass spectrometry and bioinformatics have provided the means to characterize complex protein landscapes from a wide variety of organisms. Hierarchical clustering could be applied to protein information from different samples using Gene Pattern and NCSS software. Here we report also genome specific protein interaction network using Cytoscape software, which provides further insight into the molecular mechanism of biochemical pathways. By integrating shotgun proteomics with statistical and computation alanalyses, we developed promising understand about expressed protein and protein functions. Our approach should be applicable for marker assisted breeding or genetransfer for quality and stress research of cultivated wheat.

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) is an alternative crop belonging to the Polygonaceae family. Buckwheat has been well known as a plant source of rutin, quercetin, kaempferol-3-rutinoside and other phenolic compounds. Buckwheat contains more rutin than most of the other plants, which exhibits antioxidative, antihemorrhagic and blood vessel protecting properties. Phenylalanin ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), flavone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) were important enzymes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis in buckwheat. In this study, we have purified full-length PAL, CHS, F3H and ANS from buckwheat using RACE PCR with degenerated primers targeted to conserved regions of orthologous sequences PAL, CHS, F3H and ANS available. The open reading frame of FePAL was 2112 nucleotides long, encodes for 704 amino acids. FePAL gene shares 80-81% identity and 88-90% similarity with Arabidopsis thaliana PAL1, Capsicum annuum PAL, Lactuca sativa PAL, and Populus trichocarpa PAL2. The cDNA of FeCHS has 1179 nucleotides open reading frame, encoding for 393 amino acids. FeCHS has identities and similarities ranging 84-86% and 92-95%, respectively, with other CHSs from P. trichocarpa, Citrus sinensis, Gerbera hybrid, and Vitis rotundifolia, whereas this gene shares 93% identity and 98% similarity with Polygonum cuspidatum. The cDNA of FeF3H has 1101 nucleotides open reading frame, encoding for 367 amino acids. FeF3H has identities and similarities ranging 76-81% and 92-97%, respectively, with other F3Hs from Gossypium hirsutum, Dimocarpus longan, Garcinia mangostana, Camellia sinensis, Vitis vinifera, Rubus coreanus, Pyrus communis, Glycine max, and Actinidia chinensis. The open reading frame of FeANS was 1074 nucleotides long, encodes for 358 amino acids. FeANS gene shares 74-76% identity and 94-96% similarity with Gypsophila elegans, C. sinensis and G. hirsutum. These result provieded the theoretical basis for the metabolic engineering on buckwheat.

We developed an efficient protocol for transformation of balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum) root cultures by using cotyledon leaf explants that were infected by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. We found that four different strains of A. rhizogenes differed in their ability to transform P. grandiflorum hairy root cultures. We also found correct antibiotics concentration for selection after transformation by Agrobacterium. Our results demonstrate that use of suitable strain of A. rhizogenes and correct level of antibiotics for the hairy root culture, and may allow to study and apply of valuable metabolites like phenolic compounds from P. grandiflorum hairy root culture.

MYB proteins are a superfamily of transcription factors (TF) that play regulatory roles in developmental processes and resistance mechanism in plants. We identified 130 and 109 genes in the MYB superfamily from an analysis of the complete Arabidopsis and rice genome sequence. Although microarray based transcriptome analysis approach allows the investigation of the biological networks of MYB TF in DNA level, the underling mechanisms related to their functional role is not fully understood. In this work, we performed meta-analysis of public microarray data that analyzed with Arabidopsis and rice using co-expression analysis. A phylogenetic comparison of the members of this superfamily were performed with Sorghum bicolour to suggested that MYB super family underwent a rapid expansion their evolutionary times. We identified conserved expression pairs which play important role in transcription. Our comprehensive analysis of this huge transcription factor of Arabidopsis and rice may shed further light on the possible biological roles of the MYB TF in various plants.

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is one of important forage crop grass widely cultivated in Korea. The genetic manipulation of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) necessitates a reliable and efficient, genotype-independent method of transformation. We are interested in developing molecular breeding methods to improve its nutritional quality and abiotic stress resistance. Development of a rapid and efficient transformation system is the basis for genetic manipulation of Italian ryegrass. In order to establish an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system was applied to transfer genes into seven genotypes of Italian ryegress, namely cv. 'Kogreen', 'Kopeed', 'Kowinearly', 'Kowinmaster', 'Hwasan 101', 'Hwasan104' and 'Kowinner.' The transformation system developed in this study would be useful for Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Italian ryegrass plants with genes of agronomic importance.

과거 국내 통일형 품종들은 일반계인 밥쌀용 품종들보다 수량은 높았지만 밥맛은 우리나라 사람들의 기호에 맞지 않았던 단점을 갖고 있었다. 세계진미는 취반시 경도가 높지 않고 아밀로그램에서 최고점도가 높고 취반점도가 낮은 일반계 양질품종과 비슷한 패턴을 보였으며, 밥맛 관능검정결과에서도 추청벼보다 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 특히 식은밥 관능검정결과 다산벼 등 통일계 품종과 비교하였을 때 월등한 밥맛을 보였다. 세계진미는 간장이 82cm로 다산벼 보다 큰 편이며, 출수기는 남부 평야지에서 8월 17일로 다산벼보다 1주일 정도 늦은 중만생종이다. 애멸구, 도열병, 흰잎마름병 및 줄무늬잎마름병에 강한 복합내병충성 품종으로서 내냉성이 약하며 벼멸구에는 저항성이 없다. 3개년간 11개 지역의 평균 쌀수량은 701kg/10a로 다산벼보다 다소 높은 수준이며 적응지역은 남부평야지 1모작지이다.

Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz, known as popular names "gold-of-pleasure" or "false flax" is an alternative oilseed crop that can be grown under different climatic and soil condition. Up to date, however, the genomic information of camelina has not been studied in detail. Therefore, a cDNA library was constructed and characterized from young leaves. The constructed cDNA library incorporated of 1334 cDNA clones and the size of the insertion fragments average was 736 base pair. We generated a total of 1269 high-quality expressed sequence tags (ESTs) sequences. The result of cluster analysis of EST sequences showed that the number of unigene was 851. According to subsequent analysis, the 476 unigenes were highly homologous to known function genes and the other 375 unigenes were unknown. Remaining 63 unigenes had no homology with any other peptide in NCBI database, indicating that these seemed to be novel genes expressed in leaves of camelina. The database-matched ESTs were further classified into 17 categories according to their functional annotation. The most abundant of categories were protein with binding function (27%), metabolism (11%), subcellular localization (11%), cellular transport, transport facilities and transport routes (7%), energy (6%), regulation of metabolism and protein function (6%). Our result in this study provides an overview of mRNA expression profile and a basal genetic information of camelina as an oilseed crop.

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is one of important forage crop grass widely cultivated in Korea. Progress in breeding using conventional selection procedure is very slow, since Italian ryegrass is highly self-infertile. Biotechnological approaches, therefore, may contribute to the development of improved cultivars for forage crops. In an effort to optimize tissue culture responses of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) for future genetic manipulations to improve forage characteristics, the effects of culture medium supplements on tissue culture responses were investigated with mature seeds of Korean Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) seven cultivars as explant tissues.