On the leaf disc of fruit vegetables (cucumber, sweet pepper, tomato, egg plant, oriental melon), it has been evaluated that the capability of four predatory mites (Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot, Neoseiulus barkeri (Hughes), N. cucumeris (Oudemans), N. californicus (McGregor)) to prey on the eggs of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and to lay own eggs. The most aggressive mite was A. swirskii which had consumed about 9~12 eggs in a day. The quantity of eggs consumed by N. barkeri, N. cucumeris and N. californicus was about 6~9, 4~6 and 1~4, respectively. The most productive mite was also A. swirskii which had laid about 1.2~1.9 eggs in a day. The others could not lay more than 0.5 eggs in a day.

With the comparison of native Orius strigicollis (Poppius) to European O. laevigatus (Fieber), we investigated biological characteristics such as developmental period, fecundity, life span, predation ability, and augmentation after release. Experiments were carried out at five temperature condition, 15℃, 20℃, 25℃, 30℃, and 35℃. In the case of O. strigicollis, egg period was 3.1~14.9 days (hatchability: 46.7~88.2%), and developmental period of nymphs was 9.4~42.8 days (survival rate: 2.4~96.5%). Fecundity at each temperature was 28.1, 107.9, 123.6, 127.3, and 18.1, respectively. Life span of adults was 63.4, 40.1, 22.1, 18.3, and 11.0 days, respectively. In the case of O. laevigatus, egg period was 3.1~13.5 days (hatchability: 65.0~89.9%), and developmental period of nymphs was 9.3~42.0 (survival rate: 4.3~80.6%) days. Fecundity at each temperature was 101.8, 218.6, 224.5, 219.5, and 15.7. Life span of adults was 70.6, 66.4, 32.6, 34.5, and 7.3 days, respectively. In long-day condition (16L:8D), fecundity of O. strigicollis and O. laevigatus was 105.8 (18℃)~142.4 (25℃) and 109.5 (18℃)~191.5 (25℃), respectively. In short-day condition (10L:14D), fecundity of them was 1.0 (18℃)~31.8 (25℃) and 63.0 (18℃)~198.8 (25℃), respectively. Daily prey consumption of second instar Frankliniella occidentalis was 14.3 and 10.9, respectively. In greenhouse, density of O. strigicollis begins to increase from mid May and peaked about early July (1.8 individual/flower), while that of O. laevigatus begins to increase from mid March and peaked about early June (6.6 individual/flower).

자연유기물을 처리하는 혼합 오존-세라믹 한외여과 수처리 시스템에서 막의 운전조건과 처리수의 화학적 조성이 세라믹 막의 투과플럭스에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 오존주입량, 막간압력 그리고 교차흐름속도를 포함한 운전조건의 영향을 관찰한 결과, 막의 투과플럭스는 오존주입량과 교차흐름속도가 증가할수록 그리고 막간압력이 감소할수록 증가하였다. 오존주입으로 인한 막오염의 감소는 교차여과에서 오존기체방울에 의해 발생하는 오염물질의 물리적인 역수송보다는 촉매 금속산화물로 이루어진 세라믹막 표면에서 발생하는 오존과 자연유기물간의 화학반응에 의한 영향에 더욱 의존할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 그러나 이와 같은 막오염의 감소는 상대적으로 높은 막간압력을 적용 시 줄어드는 경향을 나타내었다. 모델 자연유기물을 이용하여 실험한 결과, 높은 pH에서는 칼슘의 첨가로 인해 투과플럭스가 급격하게 감소하였으나 상대적으로 낮은 pH에서는 투과플럭스 감소에 대한 칼슘의 효과는 저하되었다. 혼합 오존-세라믹만 시스템에서 연속적인 오존주입은 세라믹막 표면에서 발생하는 촉매오존산화에 의한 자연유기물의 분해로 운전 초기 막의 투과플럭스의 감소 후 궁극적으로는 막의 투과플럭스를 회복시킬 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

35 peri-implantitis recently referred for 10 years showed four types of inflammatory lesions, such as mild granulomatous lesion(n=5), severe granulomatous lesion(n=4), severe inflammatory fibrous scar tissue(n=15), severe abscess formation(n=11). However, the inflammatory lesions were usually localized at the peri-implant area accompanying compensatory hyperplasia of fibrous connective tissue. The fibrous scar and the necrotic abscess frequently occurred depend on the severity of inflammatory reaction. Among 30 cases of severe inflammatory lesions, only 2 cases involved condensing osteitis in adjacent alveolar bone. Thus, we suppose that the inflammatory progression of peri-implantitis could be partly inhibited by the hyperplastic fibrous stromal tissue stimulated by implant material. And more, the focal abscess formed around the implant can be easily drainaged through the fibrous tract of implant pathway, resulted in the chronic persistent inflammatory granulomatous lesion, that is contrast to the common socket granuloma after tooth extraction. However, depend on the degree of inflammatory reaction in the peri-implantitis the inflamed fibrous collagenous tissues, unregenerated graft materials, necrotic abscess and sequestra should be removed by surgical intervention and followed by antibiotic therapy, because the peri-implant tissue is as vivid as the normal periodontium for the inflammatory defense system. Therefore, we suggest that the inflammatory lesions of peri-implantitis be carefully treated to improve the prognosis for the following dental treatments

김제시 만경읍에 위치한 5,000㎡ 규모의 토마토 유리 온실에서 담배가루이의 분포 특성을 조사하였다. 유리온실을 66개(11×6)의 구획으로 나누고 구획 별로 토마토 한 주를 임의로 선택한 다음, 각 결과소지 바로 위에 있는 우상복엽에서 한 잎을 절취하여 현미경을 이용하여 검경하였다. 선택된 잎은 상부에서부터 차례로 번호를 부여하였다. 대체로 1번 잎은 신초 부위, 2번 잎은 한 개 이상의 꽃이 핀 결과소지의 바로 위쪽, 3번 잎은 꽃이 모두 만개하였거나 한 개 이상의 과실이 형성되기 시작한 결과소지 바로 위쪽에서 선택되었으며, 주당 평균 7개의 잎을 조사하였다. 조사기간은 2008년 1월 초부터 4월 초까지이며, 1~2주 간격으로 총 10회에 걸친 조사가 이루어졌다. 조사 기간 동안 담배가루이의 밀도가 기하급수적으로 증가하였기 때문에, 6회 조사 직후인 3월초에 스피로메시펜을 처리하여 방제하였다. 약제처리 직후 담배가루이 알의 밀도는 급격하게 감소하였지만, 약충의 밀도는 일시적인 증가추세를 유지하였다. 담배가루이의 토마토 주내 분포는 잘 분화된 층위구조를 보였는데, 알은 3번 잎에서 가장 많았고, 1령 약충은 4~5번 잎에서 가장 많았으며, 나머지 약충과 번데기ㆍ탈피각은 6~7번 잎에서 가장 많았다. 온실 전체의 담배가루이 밀도 분포 또한 안정적인 구조를 유지하였는데, 조사를 시작할 때 담배가루이 밀도가 높았던 곳이 조사 종료시점까지도 높은 밀도를 유지하였다. 한편 담배가루이는 이웃한 열로 확산되어 옮겨가기 보다는 같은 열의 작업경로를 따라 확산되는 경향을 보였다.

시험은 2005년부터 2007년까지 전북 김제시 순동 참샘영농(10,000㎡)과 2005년 경기 화성시 우정면 이화리 화성21(2,300㎡)의 유리온실 재배 파프리카 농가에서 실시하였다. 단위면적(㎡)당 천적 방사량과 대상해충의 밀도억제 효과는 총채벌레 천적인 오이이리응애(Amblyseius cucumeris) 436.2마리+으뜸애꽃노린재(Orius strigicollis) 7.2마리와 지중해이리응애(Amblyseius swirskii) 227.3마리+미끌애꽃노린재(Orius laevigatus) 1.7마리 처리결과, 총채벌레 밀도를 꽃당 각각 0.2마리와 0.07마리 이내로 억제하였다, 방사한 지중해이리응애와 미끌애꽃노린재의 주내 공간분포는 꽃에 미끌애꽃노린재의 밀도가 낮을 때는 지중해이리응애가 우점하지만, 미끌애꽃노린재 밀도가 증가하면 지중해이리응애는 미끌애꽃노린재에 의해 포식 당하거나 밀려나 모두 잎으로 이동한다. 잎응애 천적인 칠레이리응애(Phytoseiulus persimilis)를 33.4마리 처리결과, 점박이응애를 엽당 1.3마리 이내로 억제하였다. 진딧물 천적인 진디벌뱅커플랜트 5.6포트/660㎡+콜레마니진디벌(Aphidius colemani) 9.4마리 처리결과, 진딧물 밀도는 엽당 2마리 이내로 억제하였다. 담배가루이 천적인 황온좀벌(Eretmocerus erimicus) 78.4마리+지중해이리응애 227.3마리 처리결과, 담배가루이 성충 밀도가 7월 상순까지 트랩당 10마리 이내로 억제 되었으나, 작기 후반 9월 중순 트랩당 250마리까지 증가하였지만 작물에는 피해가 없었다.

This paper is development of Surface Flow PIV for velocity measurement of surface flow. The new Velocity measurement method for surface flow using video-taped images is presented. Velocity distributions are calculated by the correlation method after the transformation of images to the non-distorted ones. The method to transform oblique-angled images to normal ones as well as its accuracy is discussed in detail. In this study, we carried out velocity measurement of an ocean current velocity distribution of saemangeum sea-wall model using Surface Flow PIV.

For the development of integrated pest management system by harmonizing biological and chemical control, some experiments were carried out to select low toxic pesticides and to evaluate residual toxicity to natural enemies. Leaf dipping method and body dipping method were set up for evaluating toxicity to minute pirate bug, Orius strigicollis adult. We had tested 52 kinds of pesticides (33 insecticides, 19 fungicides) commonly used to control greenhouse insects, mites, and disease pests to natural enemies at the recommended concentration. Fourteen insecticides by body dipping method, 12 insecticides by leaf dipping method and 19 fungicides were selected as low toxic pesticides to O. strigicollis adult. After insecticide spraying at recommending dose on the sweet pepper plant, we examined residual effect of insecticides by introducing natural enemies on different days. Safety interval for introduction of O. strigicollis adult was established according to residual toxicity of pesticides. Safety insecticides at one day after treatment were pyraclofos, methomyl, thiodicarb, esfenvalerate bifenthrin, alpha-cypermethrin, etofenprox, fenvalerate, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, abamectin, emamectin benzoate, spinosad, indoxacarb. However, residual toxicity of neo-nicotinoids last up to 21 days to O. strigicollis adults.

Cu-Ni-P alloy nano powders were fabricated by the electrical explosion of electroless Ni plated Cu wires. The effect of applied voltage on the explosion was examined by applying pulse voltage of 6 and 28 kV, The estimated overheating factor, K, were 1.3 for 6 kV and 2.2 for 28 kV. The powders produced with pulse voltage of 6 kV were composed of Cu-rich solid solution, Ni-rich solid solution, and phase. While, those produced with 28 kV were complete Cu-Ni-P solid solution and small amount of phase. The initial P content of 6.5 at.% was reduced to 2-3 at.% during explosion due to its high vapour pressure.

Biological control of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) using Diglyphus isaea (Walker) has been evaluated in tomato greenhouse, for three seasonal culture types: spring type (March-July), summer type (June-October) and autumn type (July-December). For spring type, totally 5.8 individuals/㎡ of D. isaea has been released at six times from late April, when the density of L. trifolii was about 1.0 individuals/plant. Corrected mortality of Liriomyza trifolii caused by parasitoids was 97.6% at early July, and the proportion of D. isaea was 88.9% of all parasitoids collected in the greenhouse. In the case of summer type, totally 1.8 individuals/㎡ of D. isaea has been released at five times from early July, when the density of L. trifolii was about 0.4 individuals/plant. Corrected mortality of L. trifolii caused by parasitoids was 84.4% during the whole season, but the proportion of D. isaea was very low (only 13.8%). Immigrating parasitoids such as Chrysocharis penthus were synchronized to control the leafminer in the greenhouse. For autumn type, totally 2.7 individuals/㎡ of D. isaea has been released at four times from mid September, when the density of L. trifolii was about 0.7 individuals/plant. Corrected mortality of L. trifolii caused by parasitoids was 85.7% at mid December, and the proportion of the D. isaea was 83.4%.

Experiments have been performed to investigate biological characteristics of Diglyphus isaea (Walker), an ectoparasite of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess). At 25℃, development time of D. isaea was estimated as 1.3 days for eggs, 4.5 days for larvae and 6.3 days for pupae. Adult longevity was 25.1 days, and a female adult could lay 305.3 eggs throughout its lifetime. Number of L. trifolii parasitized or killed by the wasp was 962.2 individuals/adult. Most of all parasitized or killed larvae were identified as third instar. With 20% honeyed water as food source, half of the adults could survive 180 days at 5℃, 150 days at 10℃, and 90 days at 15℃. After storing at 10℃ with absolute honey for 30 days, 70 days and 140 days, a female adult in room temperature laid eggs 190.8 individuals, 104.0 individuals and 89.4 individuals, respectively.

최근 천연화석 연료의 부족과 원유 원가의 상승에 의해 많은 국가와 연구실에서 자연에너지 이용에 대해 연구하고 있다. 이런 추세에 풍력 및 태양광 에너지를 동시에 이용하는 복합시스템을 사용한 가로등 개발에 초점을 맞추었다. 이 연구에서 태양광 발전을 위한 태양전지는 시중에서 쉽게 구입할 수 있기 때문에 3익 타입의 HAWT를 위한 로터 블레이드 개발로 한정하였다. 이 로터 블레이드의 개발을 위해 BEM을 이용하였고, 이에 대한 성능평가를 위해 CFD기법을 이용하였다.

Effectiveness of Orius strigicollis (Poppius) and Amblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) as natural enemies against thrips were evaluated on greenhouse green pepper, sweet pepper and cucumber respectively. Control efficacy was calculated by the formula, (D<SUB>control</SUB> - D<SUB>treatment</SUB>)/D<SUB>control</SUB> × 100, where D<SUB>control</SUB> is the average density of thrips on the plots in which any natural enemy was not released and D<SUB>treatment</SUB> is the average density of thrips on the plots in which natural enemies were released respectively. As a result, control efficacies of O. strigicollis against Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) on green pepper and sweet pepper were 14.3~99.5% and 21.6~98.3%, respectively. In addition, control efficacy of it against Thrips palmi Kany on cucumber was 61.2-74.4%. Control efficacies of A. cucumeris against F. occidentalis on green pepper and sweet pepper were 12.9~38.3% and 17.1~87.0%, respectively. Control efficacy of it against T. palmi on cucumber was 90.4~97.4%. Field evaluation showed that the prompt applications of natural enemies were effective to reduce the density of thrips. In detail, to control F. occidentalis effectively on green pepper and sweet pepper in spring season, five to six individuals of O. strigicollis per crops should be released three to six times continuously. To control T. palmi effectively on cucumber in autumn, more than 100 individuals of A. cucumeris per crop should be released four times repeatedly.

목화진딧물 발육실험은 15-35, 습도는 60-70%, 광주기는 16：8 (L：D h)에서 수행 하였다. 진딧물 약충 사망률은 초기 1-2령의 사망률이 대부분을 차지하고, 온도의 상승에 따라 사망률이 높아져 32.5에서 36%였으며, 35에서는 1-2령의 사망률이 44%, 3-4령이 56%로 이 온도에서는 진딧물의 발육이 이루어지지 많았고, 3-4령의 사망률이 1-2령의 사망률보다 높게 나타난다. 전체약충의 온도별 발육기간을 보면 15-3까지 온도의 상승에 따라 발육기간이 11.5에서 4.6일로 짧아지는 경향을 보였고, 고온의 영 향을 받은 것으로 생각되는 32.5에서는 오히려 발육기간이 5.5일로 길어졌다. 발육영 점 온도는 5.이였고, 유효적 산온도는 106.8일도였다. 온도별 발육율은 변형된 Sharpe와 DeMichele의 비 선형 모형 에 잘 적합되었다. 발육단계별 발육기간을 표준화하여 누적시킨 값들은 3개의 변수를 갖는 Weibull function에 적합되었다.