PURPOSES : The type and degree of structural conditions and influencing factors distributed across representative sections should be similar to those distributed across entire sections as the representative sections have been predominantly used for developing performance prediction models, which substitute entire sections of road pavement. Therefore, a logic that selects the representative sections with similar distributions of structural conditions and the influencing factors with those of entire expressway asphalt pavement sections requires development. METHODS : The logic developed in this study to select the representative sections of asphalt pavements comprised three steps. First, the data on the structural conditions of the pavement and the influencing climate conditions and pavement materials were collected and organized. Consequently, in the second step, the candidate sections were selected, with the severity of the structural conditions of the pavement distributed widely and evenly. Finally, in addition to the widely and evenly distributed pavement conditions, the representative sections with climatic conditions and pavement materials were selected. RESULTS : A total of 6,352 ordinary asphalt pavement sections and 596 composite asphalt pavement sections were selected as entire expressway asphalt pavement sections and the data were collected and organized according to the logic developed in this study. Three times the representation sections were selected as candidate sections and, finally, 85 sections were selected as representative sections. The distribution of structural conditions and influencing climate conditions and pavement materials in the representative sections were similar to those in the entire sections. In addition, the representative sections were spread evenly across the country. CONCLUSIONS : The sections presenting similar distributions of structural conditions and the influencing factors of entire expressway asphalt pavement sections could be selected in this study. Using the representative sections selected in this study, a remodeling index model will be developed for predicting the asphalt pavement sections that require large-scale repair.

A total of 87 kinds of dried sweet potato products from Korea, China, and Japan were collected to compare dried sweet potatoes' quality characteristics for preparing CODEX. The characteristics of Aw, moisture, and reliable soluble content, color, and hardness were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis. The moisture content varied from country to country in order of Korea (21%), China (20%), and Japan (25%). In terms of color, Chinese products were dark and red compare to Korean and Japanese. Chinese products had a wide distribution of quality characteristics in common, so the product quality was not uniform. As a result of the PCA analysis, 67.2% of the total variance was explained. The first component evaluated the degree of the drying progress and the second component evaluated the appearance of the product, how it was bright and yellow. Based on the first component, Japanese, Korean and Chinese products were placed from the left, so the drying degree varied from country to country. Japanese products were the softest, Chinese products were hard, and Korean products were moderately hard. In conclusion, the moisture and reliable soluble content, color, and hardness of the dried sweet potato are essential quality factors, and they are expected to help identify the primary quality elements of sweet potato in neighboring countries.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of storage temperature and pressure plate treatment on chemical composition in Prunus mume sugar extracts (PSEs). Green Prunus mume fruit was mixed with an equal amount of commercial sugar and stored at 4 or 25oC for 9 mon with or without a pressure plate. The alcohol contents in PSEs stored at 4oC were lower than those stored at 25oC. The amygdalin contents in PSEs stored at 25oC with pressure plate were significantly low. The sucrose in PSEs was converted into glucose and fructose during storage. The glucose, fructose and total phenol contents in PSEs stored at 25oC were higher compared with those at 4oC. The total soluble solid and polyphenol contents in PSEs were increased at 25oC until 90 d and 4oC until 150 d and then the contents were constant. The total acidity in PSEs stored at 4oC were higher than those at 25oC. These results indicate that storage temperature plays an important role in controlling the alcohol, amygdalin and sucrose contents in Prunus mume sugar extracts (PSEs).

타워형 집광태양열발전의 핵심요소인 헬리오스타트는 경량화를 통한 설비비 저감이 매우 중요한다. 반사판 면적 16m2의 기 존 헬리오스타트 대비 샌드위치 패널을 사용하여 무게를 50% 경량화한 헬리오스타트의 풍하중 평가를 수행하였다. 반사판이 수직, 45 도 경사인 경우에 대해 전산유체역학 해석을 하여 반사판에 작용하는 풍압을 산정하고 구조해석을 수행하여 최대응력의 발생부위 및 반사판의 변위에 의한 반사각도의 이격을 계산하였다. 45도 경사진 반사판이 바람이 불어오는 반대편으로 향한 경우가 바람을 마주보 는 배치보다 최대 풍하중이 더 크게 나타났으며, 반사판 풍하측으로의 유동박리에 의한 후류의 발달도 반사판의 배치에 따라 매우 상 이한 형태를 보였다. 경량화 모델의 경우 반사판 구동을 위한 기어의 배치를 변경하여 핵심 지지체인 기둥의 강성을 확보할 필요가 있 음을 확인하였다.

This study was conducted to investigate changes on the quality characteristics of Prunus davidiana sugar extracts (PSEs) by processing conditions. The PSEs were prepared by extraction with commercial sucrose at 4°C or 25°C for 9 months with or without a pressure plate. The quality characteristics of PSEs were analyzed for Bxo, pH, total acidity, Hunter color value, alcohol content, polyphenol content, DPPH radical scaveging activity, and free sugar content. Bxo increased significantly while pH decreased with increased storage period (p<0.05). The PSEs stored at 4oC scored lower than those stored at 25oC for total acidity, alcohol content, and polyphenol contents. The PSEs with pressure plate possessed lower alcohol content and higher polyphenol content and DPPH free radical scavenging activity than those without pressure plate. The sucrose content in PSEs decreased with increased storage period, while glucose and fructose contents increased. These results indicate that by increasing storage period, sucrose in PSEs is decomposed into glucose and fructose, and the quality characteristics of PSEs such as total acidity, alcohol, and polyphenol content depend on processing conditions.

This study was conducted to find out the change in nutritional components and antioxidant activities of salted Chinese cabbage according to storage temperature and duration using supercooling. Salted Chinese cabbage was investigated every 2 weeks while it was stored at -2℃ and 2℃ for 8 weeks. This was followed by an analysis of freeze dried samples. The analyzed contents were free sugar and free amino acid contents, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, and TPC and TFC. Free sugar content of salted Chinese cabbage decreased with longer storage duration, while free amino acid did not change significantly. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities did not change significantly with storage duration whereas the TPC and TFC of salted Chinese cabbage stored at -2℃ was higher than that stored at 2℃ for 6 weeks. Therefore, the quality of salted Chinese cabbage was maintained in direct refrigerator storage for a long duration, showing economic and industrial values as a new storage technology.

We conducted a seasonal field survey to analyze the distribution patterns of a phytoplankton community and biological oceanographic characteristics in the Geum river estuary in 2018. The results showed that the phytoplankton community consisted of 58 genera and 116 species, showing a relatively simple distribution. It was controlled by diatoms at 70.2%, a low number of species in winter and spring, and a high number in summer and autumn. The phytoplankton cell density ranged from 10.0 to 2,904.0 cells mL-1, with an average layer of 577.2 cells mL-1, which was low in autumn and high in winter. The seasonal succession of phytoplankton dominant species was mainly centric diatoms from winter to summer, including Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii, Cerataulina bergonii, and Skeletonema costatum-ls in winter, S. costatum-ls and C. bergonii in spring, and Eucampia zodiacus and Th. nordenskioeldii in summer. However, the autumn species depended upon the regions, with the inner bay dominated by the centric diatom, Aulacoseira cf. granulata, the mixed areas by S. costatum-ls, and the open sea by the dinoflagellate, Lingulodinium polyedra. According to principal component analysis (PCA), the phytoplankton community was greatly affected by the inflow and expansion of freshwater, including high nutrients, which are introduced annually through the rivermouth weir in Geum river estuary. However, the estuary, which is strongly affected by annual freshwater, was limited to areas near Geumran Island, which is adjacent to the river-mouth weir.

漢語 어휘집 《譯語類解》는 중인층인 역관의 외국어 학습을 돕는다는 뚜렷한 목적을 가지고 1682 년에 간행됐다. 그런데 이 책은 주된 사용층이 아닌 조선후기의 사대부 지식인 사이에서도 종종 언급되었다. 본고에서는 이러한 의외의 현상을 類別하고 각각의 사대부 독자가 지닌 자국어에 대한 태도를 사회언어학의 측면에서 접근하고자 한다. 權萬은 변방의 지식인이라는 조건에 기인한 문화적 소외감으로부터 출발하여, 중화의 음률을 터득하고 제대로 된 한시를 쓰는 것을 자신의 목표로 설정했다. 그 과정에서 권만은 《역어유해》와 《노걸대》 등의 중국어 학습서를 접했으나, 이처럼 당대의 漢語 현실을 재현한 결과물은 그를 만족시키지 못했다. 권만의 구도 안에서 한어는 중화의 언어와 오랑캐의 변종적 언어라는 위계로 나뉘며, 그가 참조한 《역어유해》는 후자의 영역에 해당한다고 간주됐다. 그는 16세기 초에 간행된 《사성통 해》로 회귀하여 正音, 즉 동아시아 문화권에 통용되는 표준음을 찾고자 했다. 李瀷의 인용법은 그가 권만과는 상당히 다른 시각으로 《역어유해》를 접했음을 보여준다. 이익은 조선 땅에서 재배되는 특정한 식물의 구체적 특성을 기술하고 이름을 밝히기 위해 ‘玉薥薥’(옥수수) 과 같은 작물의 이름을 《역어유해》로부터 추출했다. 권만이 漢語의 발음기호를 확인하기 위해 《역 어유해》라는 사전을 검색했다면, 이익은 해당 어휘의 지시 내용에 주목했다. 安鼎福은 스승의 시각을 계승하여 《역어유해》에서 ‘饅頭’라는 한어 어휘를 검색하고 그것이 ‘상화’라는 조선 음식에 상응함을 확인했다. 丁若鏞과 金邁淳에게 주된 관심의 대상은 조선의 고유어 어휘가 아니라 자국에서 사용되는 수많은 한자어들이다. 중국 고전 한문에 뿌리를 둔 이 어휘들이 근본에서 벗어나지 않고 원의대로 정확히 사용되고 있는지의 문제가 이들에게는 대단히 중요했다. 이 구도 안에서 중국의 한자어와 조선의 한자어는 상하의 위계질서로부터 벗어나기 어렵다. 李德懋와 李圭景이 공유한 언어학적 구도는, 정약용이나 김매순의 그것과 분명히 구별된다. 이덕 무는 중립적인 시선으로 동아시아 각국의 언어를 검토하며 자국어에 대한 지식의 체계를 만들어나 갔고, 각국의 언어 사이에 위계를 부여하거나 질서를 회복하려는 의지를 작동시키지 않았다. 이규경 은 조부의 언어학적 구도를 계승하였을 뿐 아니라 자국어에 대한 구체적인 자각이라는 점에서 보다 확장된 시야를 확보할 수 있었던바, 이는 그가 적극적으로 수집하여 제시하고 있는 고유어 物名의 상세한 목록을 통해 확인된다.

n-Butanol is used to assess how odor intensity correction affects judges’ evaluation of the odor intensity based on the concentration. The odor intensity correction effect is verified by using three types of test solutions which are used for the selection of judges based on their concentration levels. The correction effect is statistically analyzed according to gender, odorant type, and concentration on the group and individual level. The result shows that n- Butanol correction affects the odor intensity evaluation for three odorants in different ways. In most cases, n- Butanol correction increases the panelists' sensitivity to the odor intensity change, and results to be close to the theoretical value. The female panelists can more accurately evaluate the sourness intensity of acetic acid after n- Butanol correction. All panelists regardless of gender can more accurately evaluate the fishiness intensity of trimethylamine after n-Butanol correction. For evaluating the caramel smell intensity of methylcyclopentenolone, a full panel without n-Butanol correction is recommended. Therefore, n-Butanol correction should be included in the process of judge selection and the odor intensity assessment.

The purpose of this study was to optimize the rice protein extracted using a response surface methodology. The experiment was designed based on a CCD (Central Composite Design), and the independent variables were the high pressure (X1, 0-400 MPa) and processing time (X2, 0-10 minutes). The results of the extraction content (Y1), residue content (Y2), and recovery yield (Y3) were fitted to a response surface methodology model (R2= 0.92, 0.92, and 0.93, respectively). Increasing the pressure and processing time has a positive effect on the extraction content (Y1), residue content (Y2), and recovery yield (Y3). Therefore, these high-pressure conditions (independent variables) can significantly affect the improvement in rice protein extraction efficiency. Thus, the optimal conditions of X1 and X2 were 400 MPa and 10 min., respectively. Under these optimal conditions, the predicted values of Y1, Y2, and Y3 were 62.93, 57.53 mg/g, and 91.76%, respectively.

Commercial direct refrigerators have good energy efficiency, but are difficult to use for supercooled storage due to their large temperature deviation. Placing insulators and conductors inside the refrigerator could reduce these temperature deviations to within 0.3 degrees, allowing for the supercooled storage. The supercooled storage of salted Chinese cabbages during ten weeks was progressed to compare the other low temperature storages. The nucleation temperatures of salted Chinese cabbage were around -2.5oC and the freezing points were around -0.4oC, so -2oC was selected for the supercooled storage. The growth rate of lactic acid bacteria and yeast at -2oC storage was lower than that at 2oC storage. The reducing sugar was maintained higher due to the growth rate of lactic acid bacteria. The supercooled storage had an effect of delaying the fermentation of the salted Chinese cabbage, which may have the effect of delaying the fermentation of kimchi. This enhancement method of the direct refrigerator was effective for the supercooled storage and would be promising for commercial use.