Background : Bokbonja the Korean black raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miquel) fruit derived product, which is native to Korea. They contain potential anti-aging, anti-oxidants, depurative activities. Bokbonja refers to an immature berry of Rubus coreanus in the Korean pharmacopeia, Rubus chingii in Chinese pharmacopeia. Recently several Rubus species are available in the Korean drug markets which could easily find their way into drug prescriptions. Methods and Results : Hence we tried to detect the presence of these contaminating species in bokbonja products using SNP marker assisted by multi-plex PCR. We found a SNP region in the 26S region of these species and evaluated their potential to discriminate Rubus species. We designed a set of primer pairs such as, BokR primer has distinguished R.coreanus by producing a band at 852 bp and the primer sanF has differentiated R. crataegifolius by amplifying a band at 129 bp, while chiF has produced a band at 83 bp to distinguish R.chingii. These primer pairs effectively distinguished the bokbonja samples collected from various local markets as well as form drug store in Korea as well. The results were shocking as the bokbonja (R.coreanus) has a limited usage in Korea and either R. crataegifolius or R.chingii has been found in these samples. Taken together the primer pairs bokR, sanF, chiF along with 26S universal primers could effectively distinguish Rubus species in a single multiplex PCR reaction. Conclusion : Our results based on the 26S rDNA derived SNP region have shown that, the usage of R. coreanus is extremely limited and its often mistaken or adulterated with R. crataegifolius and R. chingii. It presses a panic situation in Korean peninsula to preserve bokbonja and the species R.coreanus which is endemic and superior in efficacy.

Background : Zinc (Zn) is one of dietary micronutrients and it is second highest trace element in the body. Over 95% of Zn is located in the cells, but its dominant storage site is absent in the body. Deficiency of Zn may result in anorexia, dysgeusia, dysosmia, skin rash, infection, alopecia, growth failure, and impaired wound healing. Therefore, adequate supplementation of Zn is very important to maintain normal physiological conditions. Methods and Results : Zinc sulfate monohydrate (ZnSO4)-loaded nanocomposites (NCs) were fabricated by using a hot-melt extruder (HME) system. Soluplus (SP) was adopted as an amphiphilic polymer matrix for HME processing. The micro-size of ZnSO4 dispersion was reduced to nano-size by HME processing with the use of SP. ZnSO4 could be homogeneously dispersed in SP through HME processing. ZnSO4/SP NCs with a 75 ㎚ mean diameter, a 0.1 polydispersity index, and a -1 mV zeta potential value were prepared. The physicochemical properties of ZnSO4/SP NCs and the existence of SP in ZnSO4/SP NCs were further investigated by solid-state studies. Nano-size range of ZnSO4/SP NC dispersion was maintained in the simulated gastrointestinal environments (pH 1.2 and 6.8 media). No severe toxicity in intestinal epithelium after oral administration of ZnSO4/SP NCs (at 100 ㎎/㎏ dose of ZnSO4, single dosing) was observed in rats. Conclusion : These results imply that developed ZnSO4/SP NC can be used as a promising nano-sized zinc supplement formulation. In addition, developed HME technology can be widely applied to fabricate nano formulations of inorganic materials.

Background : This study aimed to determine the anti-osteoclastogenic effects of extracts from CK berry’s and identify the underlying mechanisms in vitro. Methods and Results : Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signal mediators in osteoclast differentiation. AM extracts inhibited ROS production in RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner and exhibited strong radical scavenging activity. The extracts also attenuated the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated osteoclasts. To attain molecular insights, the effect of the extracts on the signaling pathways induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) were also investigated. RANKL triggers many transcription factors through the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and ROS, leading to the induction of osteoclast-specific genes. The extracts significantly suppressed RANKL-induced activation of MAPKs, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38, and consequently led to the downregulation of c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1) protein expression which ultimately suppress the activation of the osteoclast-specific genes, cathepsin K, TRAP, calcitonin receptor, and integrin β3. Conclusion : In conclusion, our findings suggest that AM extracts inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by downregulating ROS generation and inactivating JNK/ERK/p38, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-mediated c-Fos and NFATc1 signaling pathway.

Background : The Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is an annual plant of African and Indian origin. and there are a lot of flavonoids in the leaves. To determine the most suitable method for extracting of Kenaf cosmetic ingredients, the data of changes in polyphenol, flavonoid contents and DPPH radical scavenging activities were analyzed, based on concentration of surfactants and Extraction Methods. Methods and Results : The effect of autoclave extraction (AE) and ultrasonification extraction USE) with hydrophilic surfactant that is Brij35 diluted 15, 25 and 35 mM with water on antioxidant activity of Kenaf was investigated. The leaves of Kenaf; R from Israel were collected in 2016 and the collected leaves were dried and pulverized. The highest polyphenol content of Kenaf extracted was 47.54 ㎎/㎖ as Brij35 20 mM extract from AE after USE. The highest flavonoid content of Kenaf was 20.01 ㎎/㎖ as Brij35 25 mM extract from AE. The Brij35 20 mM extract from AE after USE showed higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than that of the other treatments. Conclusion : Based on the test results, the extracts obtained by AE or AE after USE showed excellent antioxidant activity and effective component than extracts by USE. The results of the DPPH radical scavenging activity and total polyphenol content of the extracts obtained by AE after USE than AE were slightly improved, but there was no significant difference. Therefore, it is considered that the extract obtained by autoclave extraction most effective for use as a cosmetic ingredient.

Background : Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is a multipurpose small tree with unique berries of high nutritional and pharmaceutical values has wide spread distribution from Eurasia to South east Asia. In recent times the medicinal benefits of vitamin tree are inclining, hence, efforts were taken to propagate them in vitro to exploit their medicinal property. Methods and Results : The tissue culture potential of them was investigated for the ability to induce shoot organogenesis in leaf explant, and induction of direct somatic embryogenesis from leaf tissue. Moreover, we also determined the effective induction medium for callus and somatic embryo production from H. rhamnoides. To induce the callus form leaf tissue, several phytohormone combinations such as α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzyladenine (BA), 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzyladenine (BA), and Kinetin (K) were tried with the Murashige and Skoog (MS) as well as woody plant medium (WPM). In MS basal medium, the combination of 2,4-D and K showed the best callus induction rate of 71%, whereas in WPM basal medium the combination of NAA and BA showed the best callus induction rate of 91%. The adventitious root induction form callus was also attempted by using MS and B5 medium with the phytohormone combinations of IBA 1 – 5 g/ℓ. In MS medium, root was induced only at 4 g/ℓ of IBA and 64%, 51% and 55% root induction results were obtained at 3 g/ℓ, 4 g/ℓ and 5 g/ℓ in B5 basal medium, respectively. The somatic embryos were induced only in half strength MS with the triple phytohormone ratio of 2:1:2 of NAA, BA, and K. Conclusion : The in vitro propagation of sea buckthorn was successfully employed by generating callus, adventitious roots as well as the induction of somatic embryos form the leaf tissues derived callus. Our results provided a valuable addition to the utilization of H. rhamnoides thus enabling their propagation.

Background : Ginseng root rot is a devastating disease caused by the fungus, Ilyonectria mors-panacis that generally attacks younger roots (-2 years), leading to defects in root quality, ginsenoside accumulation and also life cycle of the plant. Hence, there is an indispensable need to develop strategies resulting in tolerance against ginseng root rot. The protective role of silicon during pathogen infestation is well documented in other plant systems and a previous study demonstrated that silica nanoparticles are absorbed and accumulated more than the bulk silica in maize. However, the role of silica in ginseng-root rot pathosystem is unknown. Methods and Results : In the present study, we evaluated the effect of silica nanoparticles (N-SiO2) in Panax ginseng during I. mors-panacis infection. Long term analysis (30 dpi) revealed a striking 50% reduction in disease severity index upon 1 mM and 2 mM treatment of N-SiO2. However, N-SiO2 did not have any direct antifungal activity against I. mors-panacis. Candidate genes and metabolites based approach revealed jasmonic acid (JA) mediated sterol accumulation and incresed ginsenside biosyntesis as the key transcriptional reprogramming events orchestrated by N-SiO2 during the fungal infection. Conclusion : In a nut shell, N-SiO2 administration induces transcriptional reprogramming in ginseng roots, leading to increased phytosterol and ginsenosides synthesis resulting in enhanced tolerance against I. mors-panacis.

Background : Anemarrhena asphodeloides has efficacy such as anti-fungal, anti-cancerous, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, Anti-UV etc. Metal nanoparticles are used for photo imaging, cancer resection and drug delivery etc in medical field. Therefore A. asphodeloides nanoparticles will be expected better efficacy for therapeutic properties in medical field. Methods and Results : The water extract of A. asphodeloides mediated the synthesis of Aa-AgNPs and Aa-AuNPs. Their characterized by several physicochemical techniques such as UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FE-TEM, EDX spectroscopy, SAED pattern, DLS size analysis, XRD analysis, and FTIR analysis. Both Aa-Ag/AuNPs were evaluated for cytotoxicity towards 3T3-L1, A549, HT29 and MCF7. Aa-AgNPs and Aa-Au NPs were found to be spherical, face-centered cubic nanocrystals with hydrodynamic diameter of 190 and 258 ㎚. In vitro cytotoxic analysis revealed that up to 50 ㎍/㎖-1 concentration Aa-Au NPs did not exhibit any toxicity on 3T3-L1, HT29 and MCF7 cell lines, while being specifically cytotoxic to A549 cell line. On the contrary, Aa-Ag NPs displayed a significantly higher toxicity in all cell lines specially MCF7 cell line. ROS generation was not affected by Aa-Au NPs, but Aa-AgNPs has a higher potential to induce oxidative stress in A549 cells than HT29 and MCF7 cells. Aa-Au NPs have the potential for anticancer agent during lung cancer treatment. Aa-AgNPs is also exhibited to inhibit cell migration by induce oxidatie stress. Conclusion : The Aa-Au/AgNPs might have the anticancer potential and might be effective in the lung cancer therapy, however further evaluation is must needed.

Planetary global localization is necessary for long-range rover missions in which communication with command center operator is throttled due to the long distance. There has been number of researches that address this problem by exploiting and matching rover surroundings with global digital elevation maps (DEM). Using conventional methods for matching, however, is challenging due to artifacts in both DEM rendered images, and/or rover 2D images caused by DEM low resolution, rover image illumination variations and small terrain features. In this work, we use train CNN discriminator to match rover 2D image with DEM rendered images using conditional Generative Adversarial Network architecture (cGAN). We then use this discriminator to search an uncertainty bound given by visual odometry (VO) error bound to estimate rover optimal location and orientation. We demonstrate our network capability to learn to translate rover image into DEM simulated image and match them using Devon Island dataset. The experimental results show that our proposed approach achieves ~74% mean average precision.

미구엘 시카트(M. sicart)는 불쾌한 게임 디자인이 디자이너와 플레이어간의 상호작용을 발생시키며 이 를 통해 게임이 예술의 영역에서 해석될 수 있음을 시사 하였다. 본 논문에서는 이 불쾌한 게임디자인을 고프먼의 프레임 이론에 바탕하여 재해석한다. 보편적인 게임학이 추구하는 ‘사용자 중심’적 게임 디자인 은 게임의 플레임에 몰입하여 사용자 경험과 게임의 프레임에 일치감을 더하는 긍정적 다운키잉(Positive Down-keying)을 추구한다고 볼 수 있다. 반면에 불쾌한 게임 디자인은 게임의 프레임에 대한 플레이어의 관점에 ‘혼란함’을 주어 게임에 대한 반성적 관점을 가질 수 있도록 해준다. 예술의 영역에서 게임을 해 석하기 위한 방편에서 불쾌한 게임 디자인을 정의했던 시카트 이론은 불쾌한 게임 디자인과 전형적인 게 임 디자인을 나눠서 보지만 플레임 분석을 통한 불쾌한 게임 디자인은 게임 플레이에 대한 플레이어의 반성적 시각을 환기시키는 장치 혹은 테크닉으로 기존의 게임디자인과 관계할 수 있음을 알려주고 있다.

Background : Cu ion is an essential mineral of animal feed. But rapid degradation of Cu ion in animal intestine causes poor immune activity and potential environment hazard. Therefore, to enhance immune system and control metal ion deliverly in intestine, we developed Cu ion nano suspension. In animal feed, > 127 ㎎/g of Cu ion are found but only 5 - 7 ㎎ are used out of them. Therefore, huge loss of Cu ion causes environment, economy and animal health problem. Methods and Results : Seven formulation were prepared to prepare nano suspension (particle size < 200 ㎚) of CuSO4. The particle diameter, polydispersity index, and zeta potential values of the samples were measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and laser Doppler methods (ELS-Z1000; Otsuka Electronics, Tokyo, Japan). Absorbance and Cu ion concentration was measured using UV-VIS Spectrophotometer. Cu ion nano particle (< 200 ㎚) was found in a formulation comprised of Cu ion : surfactant (lipophilic : hydrophilic) and PEG. In consistence with this result, total absorbance and concentration was found higher in the same formulation compared to control. Conclusion : From our experiment we may conclude that mixture of Cu ion : surfactant (lipophilic : hydrophilic) and PEG successfully prepared nano suspension which slow down the degradation of Cu ion in intestine with improving feed quality, animal health and prevent potential environment pollution.

지난 2015년을 기준으로 하여 국내에서 발생된 가축분뇨의 양은 연간 4,653만톤에 달한다. 이중 90.2%인 4,199만 1천톤은 퇴비(80%, 3,724만 4천톤)나 액비(10.2%, 474만 7천톤)로 전환되어 농경지에 재순환되었다. 그러나 가축분뇨 퇴비와 액비의 주요 수용처인 농경지 면적이 지속적으로 감소(‘86,214만 1천ha → ‘16,164만 4천 ha)되고 있는 상황에서 환경관련 규제(악취관련 규정, 오염총량제, 농가 퇴･액비 관리강화, 방류수 수질기준 강화 등)가 강화되고 있는 추세에 있어 기존의 퇴･액비 자원화방법을 일정 부분 분담할 수 있는 가축분뇨에너지자원화 기술개발 필요성이 한층 더 높아지고 있다. 가축분뇨 에너지자원화 방법의 대표적인 사례로서 지금까지는 혐기소화에 의한 바이오가스 회수방법이 일반적이었지만 최근 2~3년 이래로 가축분뇨 고체연료화 방법이 또 하나의 가축 분 에너지 자원화방법으로 대두되었다. 축종별로 차이가 있기는 하지만 일반적으로 가축분뇨중의 약 15% 정도가 고형성 물질로 구성되어 있으며 이 고형물중의 약 80~90%는 유기물질이다. 2015년에 발생한 가축분뇨 중 우분이 28.8%를 차지하였고 젖소분이 12.3%, 돈분이 39.7%, 계분이 15.9% 그리고 기타가축 분뇨가 3.3수준이었다. 소나 말, 돼지 분뇨에 비해 닭의 분뇨는 무기물질 함량이 상대적으로 더 높았다. 이는 닭이 모이를 섭취하면서 함께 들어간 모래가 근위라는 소화기관에서 먹이를 잘게 부수는 역할을 하다가 배출되기도 하고 사료 중에 포함된 칼슘이나 인, 기타 광물질 그리고 분뇨수거과정에서 함유되기도 하는 것에 기인한 것으로 판단된다. 완전건조 상태의 우분과 돈분(모돈, 분만돈, 자돈) 그리고 계분의 열량 값(고위발열량)은 각각 3,836 kcal/kg, 3,667kcal/kg(모돈), 3,273kcal/kg(분만돈), 3,153kcal/kg(자돈) 그리고 2,840kcal/kg 수준이었다.

수은은 환경에서 자연적으로 발생하는 중금속이다. 무기 수은의 상당량은 주로 광물, 광산, 산업 폐기물 등의 인위적인 원천에서 습식 및 건식 대기 증착을 통해 수생 시스템을 들어가게 된다. 대체로 물가의 바닥에 사는 박테리아에 의해 무기물의 수은 메틸화 반응은 수중 먹이 사슬에 있는 생물들에게 농축이 된다. 높은 농도의 수은과 메틸수은에 노출 될 때 인체에 미치는 영향은 신경과 생식의 죽음에 이르기 까지 하여 큰 국제적 문제를 일으킨다. 최근 철강 산업 도시인 포항의 형산강, 구무천, 칠성천의 재첩과 퇴적물에서 높은 수은 농도가 검출 되었다고 보고되었다. 구무천과 칠성천은 포항 산업 단지를 포함하고 있고 형산강으로 합류되는 하천임을 보았을 때, 두 개의 강에서 수은 오염에 산업 폐수의 영향과 형산강과 연관이 있는지 알아보기 위한 연구는 필수적이다. 따라서, 이 예비 연구의 목적은 형산강, 구무천, 칠성천에서 수집 된 퇴적물의 총 수은과 메틸수은 농도를 조사 하는 것이다.

국내에서 발생되는 가축분뇨의 양은 1일 12만톤 이상에 달한다. 이는 음식물쓰레기를 포함한 각종 폐 유기성 물질의 발생량 중에서 많은 편에 속한다. 그러나 가축분뇨는 전체의 15% 정도가 고형성 물질로 구성되어 있고 이 고형물중의 80~90%가 유기물이므로 생물학적으로 분해가 잘 되는 물질이다. 이런 이유로 가축분뇨는 부숙 과정을 거친 후 유기성 퇴비나 액비 등으로 이용되어져 왔다. 지난 2015년을 기준으로 보면 가축분뇨 전체 발생량 4,653만 톤 중에서 각각 80.0%와 10.2%에 달하는 3,724만여 톤과 475만 톤에 달하는 가축분뇨가 퇴비화와 액비화 방법에 의해 처리되었다. 그러나 최근 들어 가축사육 농가의 규모가 대형화 되어감에 따라 일부 특정한 지역에서는 발생된 가축분뇨의 총량을 경작지가 소화하는데 어려움이 발생할 수 있다는 우려가 있다. 근래에는 퇴비화와 액비화 방법 이외의 기술로서 바이오가스화 방법이 도입되어 가축분뇨 처리현장에 적용되었으나 아직은 그 비중이 높지 않다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 우분을 대상으로 하여 고체연료화 하는 기술을 개발하고, 그 적용효과를 분석하였다. 첫 단계로서는 우분의 수분상태에 따라 가공방법을 달리 적용할 수 있는 가공장치를 개발하여 그 효과를 분석하였다. 수분이 60% 이하일 경우에는 막대 형태의 펠릿으로 그리고 60% 이상일 경우에는 둥근 구 형태로 우분 고체연료를 가공할 수 있었다. 각각의 가공장치를 이용하여 제조한 우분 고체 연료의 크기는 막대 형태는 6~10 mm, 구 형태는 3~20 mm 사이로 가공되었다, 구 형태의 고체 연료는 선별기를 이용하여 일정한 크기별로 분리할 수 있었다. 가공된 우분 펠릿의 건조는 천일 건조, 대류형 열풍기 건조, 적외선 건조, 과열 중기 건조 방법을 적용하였다, 건조 시간은 천일 건조 > 대류형 열풍기 건조 > 적외선 건조 > 과열 중기 건조 방법의 순으로 나타 났다. 과열 증기 건조는 건조시간은 짧지만 건조용량을 대형화하는 기술을 추가적으로 개발할 필요가 있다. 가공 후 건조된 상태인 우분 펠릿의 겉보기 비중은 약 250~350 kg/m³ 수준이었으며, 건조된 우분 펠릿의 저위발열량은 3,000~3,200 kcal/kg 수준이었다.

The current seismic design parameter demands less distortions and preservation of nonstationary characteristics and phase angle in design acceleration time histories. This research presents an improved iterative spectral matching method in the time domain for generating acceleration time series compatible with the target design spectrum with high frequency enrichment. A modified correction function in time domain referred as windowed adjustment functionto modify the selected initial input ground motion is proposed.