The seismic performance evaluation of domestic thermal power generation facilities is not significant compared to its importance. Therefore, in this study, seismic performance evaluation of the chimney structure responsible for the exhaust function in the thermal power plant was performed using Abaqus, a finite element analysis program. As a result, we could obtain the flexural strength curves of concrete compressive failure and relative displacement of stack.

In this study, we evaluated the effect of branch (STB) and leave (STL) extracts from Sageretia thea on β-catenin level in human colorecal cancer cells, SW480 and lung cancer cells, A549. STB and STL dose-dependently suppressed the growth of SW480 and A549 cells. STB and STL decreased β-catenin level in both protein and mRNA level. MG132 decreased the downregulation of β-catenin protein level induced by STB and STL. However, the inhibition of GSK3β by LiCl or ROS scavenging by NAC did not block the reduction of β-catenin protein by STB and STL. Our results suggested that STB and STL may downregulate β-catenin protein level independent on GSK3β and ROS. Based on these findings, STB and STL may be a potential candidate for the development of chemopreventive or therapeutic agents for human colorectal cancer and lung cancer.

In this study, we evaluated the anti-cancer activity and potential molecular mechanism of 70% ethanol extracts of branches from Taxillus yadoriki parasitic to Neolitsea sericea (TN-NS-B) against human lung cancer cells, A549. TY-NS-B dose-dependently suppressed the growth of A549 cells. TY-NS-B decreased β-catenin protein level, but not mRNA level in A549 cells. The downregulation of β-catenin protein level by TY-NS-B was attenuated in the presence of MG132. Although TY-NS-B phosphorylated β-catenin protein, the inhibition of GSK3β by LiCl did not blocked the reduction of β-catenin by TY-NS-B. In addition, TY-NS-B decreased β-catenin protein in A549 cells transfected with Flag-tagged wild type β- catenin or Flag-tagged S33/S37/T41 mutant β-catenin construct. Our results suggested that TN-NS-B may downregulate β- catenin protein level independent on GSK3β-induced β-catenin phosphorylation. Based on these findings, TY-NS-B may be a potential candidate for the development of chemopreventive or therapeutic agents for human lung cancer.

해양사고를 야기한 선원의 행동오류를 식별하는 것은 해양사고의 예방 또는 저감에 관한 연구의 기초가 된다. 본 연구의 목적은 선원들의 행동오류를 세 가지 행동(즉, Skill, Rule, Knowledge)으로 모델링하는데 필요한 최적의 확률분포함수를 추정하는데 있다. 본 저자들 의 사전 연구에서 획득한 해양사고 종류별 행동오류 데이터를 이용하여 세 가지 행동오류에 최적인 확률분포함수를 추정하고, 확률분포함수에서 도출한 확률 값들 사이의 유의성을 검증하였다. 확률분포함수 추정에는 최우추정법(Maximum Likelihood Estimation, MLE)을 적용하고, 유의성 검증에는 분산분석(ANOVA)를 이용하였다. 실험결과 여덟 가지 해양사고 종류별 세 가지 행동으로 각각에 대해서 최소의 오차를 갖는 확률분포함수를 추정할 수 있었다. 이를 이용하여 계산한 여덟 가지의 해양사고 종류에 대한 세 가지 행동오류들의 확률 값들은 통계적인 유의성이 관측 되었다. 또한, 행동오류가 해양사고에 영향을 미치는 것으로 관측되었다.

In this study, we investigated the influences of abnormal high temperature on growth, yield and physiologically active substances of the strawberry. General strawberry cultivars in the 20℃ growth condition showed much better growth of leaf number, length, diameter along with plant height, compared with those in 22.5℃ or 25℃. But the cultivars of both ‘Sulhyang’ and ‘Mehyang’ showed good growth and development at 25℃ with the roots showing great growth at 20℃. The quality and yield of the strawberry were best in the 20℃ growth condition, but the merchantability deteriorated in the 25℃ high temperature condition. As for the content of the physiologically active substances of the strawberry, it increased at 20℃, the optimum growth temperature, but decreased at 25℃. The physiologically active substances in the strawberry differed among the cultivars, the contents of cyanidin-3-glucoside, cinchonine, ellagic acid and cinnamic acid higher in the ‘Mehyang’, whereas the content of fisetin is higher in the ‘Sulhyang’ cultivar.Consequentially, the high temperature in summer has a negative effect on the physiological active ingredients of the strawberry, which was increased in the strawberry cultivated at proper temperature, and high quality strawberry production was possible.

Background: This study was carried out to determine the physicochemical components of Rehmannia glutinosa (RG) fermented with Rhizopus delemar. Methods and Results: Physicochemical components such as changes in moisture content, pH value, total acidity, amount of reducing sugars as well as quantity of free sugars, free amino acids, and catalpol were investigated. Result showed that, the moisture content ranged from 64.26 to 65.51%. The pH and total acidity of the fermented RG decreased significantly during fermentation. The reducing sugar content ranged from 0.10 to 1.34%. The most abundant main free sugars were identified as raffinose, xylose, glucose, fructose, and sucrose. The sucrose content in 80% ethanol and in water extracts increased during RG fermentation. In total, 26 free amino acids were detected, including seven essential amino acids. In addition, the quantity of free amino acids decreased significantly during fermentation. Finally, the catalpol content of the fermented RG was highest on the 2nd day of fermentation at 2,028.67㎎/ 100 g. Conclusions: These results indicated that fermentation of Rhizopus delemar could be used to enhance biological activity, and that fermented RG could be used as a functional material and as an edible resource in food and functional materials industries.

선박이 계류삭을 이용하여 부두에 접안하는 경우, 과도한 선박 속력은 계류삭이 절단되는 사고를 야기할 수 있다. 이러한 계류삭의 파단 사고를 방지하기 위해서는 계류삭 파단 방지에 선박의 한계치 접안 속력을 알아야 한다. 본 연구의 목적은 계류삭 파단을 방지하기 위한 선박의 한계치 접안 속력 추정에 있다. 본 연구의 핵심은 선박의 속력을 모르는 경우 선박제원과 계류삭 제원을 이용하여 접안 시 한계치 접근 속력을 추정하는 방법이다. 본 연구에서는 선체저항과 계류삭의 탄성력 등에 관한 이론을 바탕으로 한계치 접안 속력의 추정 방법과 절차를 제안하였다. 135K LNG 선박과 IWRC, 6×36의 강선 계류삭을 대상으로 한계치 접안 속력을 추정한 결과, 추정한 접안 속력으로 접안하는 경우 계류삭이 파단이 되지 않는 것으로 분석되어 제안한 방법이 유효함을 알았다. 본 연구에서 제안한 방법은 실제 선박에서 계류삭 파단을 방지하는데 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

인성광상은 옥천누층군의 황강리층 내에 발달한 열극 충진 함 금-은 및 베이스 메탈 석영맥 광상이다. 광상 생성에 기여한 맥들은 녹니석화, 규화작용, 견운모화 그리고 탄산염화 작용 등 다양한 변질양상 및 광석 광물에 따라 네 시기로 구분된다. 첫 번째 시기(stage 1)에는 자형의 황철석 및 유비철석과 함께 투명하고 경제적 광석이 나타나지 않는(barren) 석영맥이 나타난다. 두 번째 시기(stage 2)에는 자형 석영 결정의 석영맥이 형성되며, 유비철석, 섬아연석, 황동석, 황철석 및 방연석이 나타난다. 세 번째 시기(stage 3)에는 유백색 석영맥과 소량의 섬아연석이 나타난다. 네 번째 시기(stage 4)에는 자형의 석영 결정을 포획한 방해석맥이 나타나며, 모암 내 탄산염 변질과 함께 소량의 유비철석, 황철석, 방연석, 섬아연석 및 황동석이 산출된다. 각 시기별 유체 포유물은 주로 염 결정이 포함되지 않은 다양한 밀도의 수용액 유체 포유물이 대부분이다. 각 시기의 균질화 온도(Th: ℃)와 염 농도(NaCl equivalent wt%)는 다음과 같다; 시기 1 (270~342 ℃ 그리고 1.7~6.4 wt%), 시기 2 (108~351℃ 그리고 0.5~7.5 wt%), 시기 3 (174~380 ℃ 그리고 0.8~7.5 wt%) 그리고 시기 4 (103~265 ℃ 그리고 0.7~6.4 wt%). 넓은 범위의 균질화 온도와 염농도는 광화 유체가 천수의 혼입에 의한 냉각과 희석이 있었을 가능성을 지시한다. 0.5~1.5 km의 인성광상의 계산된 고심도는 천열수 환경을 지시한다.

In this paper, a design for a vehicle body of an armored robot for complex disasters is described. The proposed design considers various requirements in complex disaster situations. Fire, explosion, and poisonous gas may occur simultaneously under those sites. Therefore, the armored robot needs a vehicle body that can protect people from falling objects, high temperature, and poisonous gas. In addition, it should provide intuitive control devices and realistic surrounding views to help the operator respond to emergent situations. To fulfill these requirements of the vehicle body, firstly, the frame was designed to withstand the impact of falling objects. Secondly, the positive pressure device and the cooling device were applied. Thirdly, a panoramic view was implemented that enables real-time observation of surroundings through a number of image sensors. Finally, the cockpit in the vehicle body was designed focused on the manipulability of the armored robot in disaster sites.

Temporal and spatial characteristics of the frequency of several weather types and the change in air pollutant concentrations according to these weather types were analyzed over a decade (2007-2016) in seven major cities and a remote area in Korea. This analysis was performed using hourly (or daily) observed data of weather types (e.g., mist, haze, fog, precipitation, dust, and thunder and lighting) and air pollutant criteria (PM10, PM2.5, O3, NO2, CO, and SO2). Overall, the most frequent weather type across all areas during the study period was found to be mist (39%), followed by precipitation (35%), haze (17%), and the other types (≤ 4%). In terms of regional frequency distributions, the highest frequency of haze (26%) was in Seoul (especially during winter and May-June), possibly due to the high population and air pollutant emission sources, while that of precipitation (47%) was in Jeju (summer and winter), due to its geographic location with the sea on four sides and a very high mountain. PM10 concentrations for dust and haze were significantly higher in three cities (up to 250 μg/m3 for dust in Incheon), whereas those for the other four types were relatively lower. The concentrations of PM2.5 and its major precursor gases (NO2 and SO2) were higher (up to 69 μg/m3, 48 ppb, and 16 ppb, respectively, for haze in Incheon) for haze and/or dust than for the other weather types. On the other hand, there were no distinct differences in the concentrations of O3 and CO for the weather types. The overall results of this study confirm that the frequency of weather types and the related air quality depend on the geographic and environmental characteristics of the target areas.

This study investigated the applicability of horticultural media with recycled coir substrates the growth of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. Pekinensis) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) crop. The six different types of coir based substrates were A, Coir 45: Perlite 35: Vermiculite 12: Zeolite 8 (%), B, Coir 55: Perlite 25: Vermiculite 12: Zeolite 8 (%), C, Coir 65: Perlite 15: Vermiculite 12: Zeolite 8 (%), D, Coir 75: Perlite 5: Vermiculite 12: Zeolite 8 (%), E, Coir 85: Perlite 5: Vermiculite 5: Zeolite 5 (%) and F, nursery media (control). The pH and Electric conductivity of the horticultural nursery media were 6.06–7.00 and 0.45–1.10 dS/m-1, respectively. The nursery media containing coir substrates had higher level of Total N, Ca, K, Mg and P than those without coir. Additionally, it was observed that the growth of Chinese cabbage was the best on D (containing 75% coir) while that of lettuce was the best on E (containing 85% coir). In general, when substrates containg a higher percentage of coir were used, the growth of Chinese cabbage and lettuce was ideal. Additionally, the P, Ca, and Mg content in both plants was not significantly altered by the amount of coir present in the media. However, with an increase in the amount of coir substrate, the chlorophyll, N, and K content was increased. After harvesting, there was no significant difference in the chemical properties of the horticultural nursery media of both plants. Thus, it can be suggested that, coir substrate after a single use could be recycled as horticulture nursery media.

Mt. Bonghwa reaches a height of 800 m (2,870 ft) and stands on the flank of Mt. Daeam-san, which has an elevation of 1,304 m (4,278 ft). It is important to survey the flora of Bonghwa-san in that it is a way to make out what kind of plant species exist in DMZ due to the geographical characteristics of Bonghwa-san adjacent to Korean DMZ. Therefore this study was conducted to elucidate the distribution of vascular plants and their value of Bonghwa-san. The vascular plants that were collected 10 times from May 2015 to April 2017 consisted of a total of 525 taxa; 93 families, 309genera, 458 species, 4 subspecies, 58 varieties and 5 forms. The observed rare plant species as designated by Korea Forest Service were 12 taxa including Echinosophora koreensis, Epimedium koreanum, Anemone koraiensis etc. Endemic species were 16 taxa containing Cirsium setidens, Heloniopsis koreana, Salvia chanryoenica etc. 31 taxa were recorded as naturalized plants and their naturalized rate and urban index were noted as 5.8% and 7.25%. Among the surveyed 525 taxa, edible, medicinal, pasturing, ornamental, timber, dye, fiber and industrial plants included 213 taxa, 172 taxa, 196 taxa, 50 taxa, 23 taxa, 10 taxa, 6 taxa and 3 taxa, respectively.

Background : Hair care products are mainly prepared by mixing chemicals and natural extracts, such as those obtained from medicinal plants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 70% ethanolic extracts from the whole plant of Houttuynia cordata and tymosin β4 powder mixtures on the growth of HaCat cells, hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPC), and 3T3-L1 cells. Methods and Results : In the ratio of tymosin β4 more than 10% concentrations, the cell viability of HaCat and HFDPC cell were increased by higher tymosin β4 concentrations. The mixtures of 70% ethanolic extract of H. cordata and tymosin β4 had no toxicity potential to 3T3-L1 cell viability. In this test, the content of thymosin β4 was higher concentration, as the anti-inflammatory effect was increased. The lipid differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells adipogenesis rate significantly increased in a treatment concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion : These results suggest that a optimal mixture ratio of hair growth effect was 70% ethanolic extract of H. cordata solution 50% and tymosin β4 solution 50%. This mixture solution could be used in the development of hair care products.

Background : Lentinula edodes contain a variety of biosurgical substances and a large amount of beta-glucan, which is known for immune-boosting effects. L. edodes was cultivated in nation wide of Korea. And, almost farmhouse using imported strains from Japan and China. Therefore, this study was conducted to prove the excellence of domestic strains to replace imported strains. Methods and Results : In this study, beta-glucan content, which is a unique immune component of domestic and imported strains, was compared to the native immune component of domestic L. edodes strains and imported L. edodes strains. In this test, the Korean strains such as Baekwahyang, Sanjo303ho, Suhyanggo, Cheonbaekgo, and the imported L. edodes strains is Mori290, Moriyujiro. The analysis results are as followings. The proximate compositions were ranged 3.74 - 5.50% in ash, 15.22 - 25.84% in crude protein, 0.93 - 1.43% in crude fat, 6.95 - 9.89% in crude fiber of Korean L. edodes strains and imported L. edodes strains, respectively. Major minerals of Korean L. edodes strains and imported L. edodes strains were potassium (684 - 904.05 ㎎%), calcium (0.46 - 0.65 ㎎%), sodium (8.77 - 11.01 ㎎%), magnesium (30.45 - 33.93 ㎎%). The content of beta-glucan from Korean L. edodes strains and imported L. edodes strains were ranged from 35.69% to 38.68%. Conclusion : As the results of chemical analysis were showed the no difference between Korean L. edodes strains and imported L. edodes strains. These results are meaning that the Korean L. edodes strains quality of the components is not inferior to imported strains. We expected that the Korean L. edodes strains could replace imported L. edodes strains.

Background : Lentinus edodes are highly utilized as food and medicine, and are known to be suitable for preventing diabetes, high blood pressure and arteriosclerosis. L. edodes were known for prevent obesity metabolisms. Also, present consumers persue the healthy and thin condition. Our research perpose is determined the prevent obesity using L. edodes extracts. Methods and Results : The effect on adipocyte differentiation and the accumulation of fat in the L. edodes extract on 3T3-L1 cell preadipocyte and cell toxicity were tested. We measurement to evaluate the inhibition effects of L. edodes extracts on the growth of 3T3-L1 cell adipocytes. The tested cells were treated with L. edodes extracts by ethanolic extracts (concetrations at 10, 50, 100 ㎍/㎖) and hot water extracts (temperature at 50℃, 60℃, 70℃, 80℃, 90℃), respectively. Cell toxicity did not affect the growth of cells growth in hot water extracts. Intracellular lipid accumulation was measured by Oil red O method. The inhibitory effect on 3T3-L1 cell by treatment different ethanolic extract concentrations and temperature of hot-waters. The optimal inhibitory conditions of lipid accumulation by ethanoic extracts and hot water extracts were determined the 32.5% ethanol extracts and 33.3% 50℃ hot water extracts. Conclusion : The results of this study showed that L. edodes extracts had an potentials for reduce lipid accumulation activities. Further more we will examine about the mechanisms of anti obesity activities from L. edodes extracts. This results provides that the basis for antiobesity foods or medicines using Lentinus edodes extracts.

Background : Domestic use of cosmetics has largely been dependent on imports for the opening of cosmetics raw materials, but research has been progressing actively on natural ingredients to develop new materials. Methods and Results : The extracts of hot–water and ethanol extracts from Stachys sieboldii were tested cytotoxicity, inhibition of melanin biosynthesis and NO production activity. The cytotoxicity of the hot water extract of S. sieboldii were 98.4, 95.0, 93.9 and 90.6%, respectively, when treated with 10, 50, 100, 500 ㎍/㎖. Cytotoxicity of S. sieboldii ethanol extract was 97.1, 95.3, 94.6 and 94.4%, respectively, at the concentrations of 10, 50, 100 and 500 ㎍/㎖. Melanin biosynthesis inhibitory effect of α-MSH at 100 μM increased to 118.1% in melanin, but decreased to 92.3% in S. sieboldii ethanol extract. NO production inhibition increased to 109.2% when treated with LPS and was 103.3% at 500 ㎍/㎖ of hot water extract and 105.9% at 500 ㎍/㎖ of ethanol extract of S. sieboldii. Conclusion : The ethanol extract of S. sieboldii did not showed the cytotoxicity, and reduce NO production. Therefore, ethanol extract of S. sieboldii had an potentials for developing whitening cosmetics.

Background : Dioscorea bulbifera (DB) contain steroidal saponin which has anticancer and anti-inflammatory. DB is a health-functional material used as edible and medical materials. However, DB has not been studied in detail as industrial purposes of fermentation. Methods and Results : D. bulbifera (DB) was fermented by Rhizopus oryzae CN105 for 3 days. Samples were prepared by adding 10% honey to the D. bulbifera (DBH) and honey free D. bulbifera (DB). The pH, total acidity (%) and reducing sugar (%) were investigated. The free sugar and color values related to taste components were analyzed. The pH level decreased while total acidity increased during fermentation. The free sugar and color values related to taste components were analyzed. The content of free sugar in the DB was the highest after 3 days of fermentation. In case DBH, only glucose was the highest after 3 days of fermentation. The content of fructose, sucrose and lactose were decrease during fermentation. Total polyphenol content of DB and DBH was measured by the Folin-Denis method. Total flavonoid content was measured by the Moreno method. Total polyphenol content and flavonoid content was the highest after 1 days of fermentation in both DB and DBH. Conclusion : The results showed that physicochemical components improved during fermentation in DB. But antioxidant activity was the highest after 1 days of fermentation in DB and DBH. These results are indicated that fermented DB can be used as a functional food.

Background : Lentinula edodes (Shiitake mushroom) is a common edible mushroom with a number of potential therapeutic and nutritional applications. However, the growth of Lentinula edodes were classified in accordance with nutrients have no differences in seemingly. The growth characteristics of L. edodes were difficult to find out influenced about between oak and medium. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a powerful tool to analyze the mechanisms underlying the biosynthetic pathways of these substances. Methods and Results : A gene encoding amylase AMY was successfully isolated from the L. edodes using RT-PCR. The putative amino acid sequence encoded by AMY showed the highest the homology with the sequence of glycoside hydrolase family 13. We compared the amylase activity and levels of gene expression in L. edodes grown on different breeding materials (oak, and medium), strains from oak (Chunbaegko, and Mori 290), and strains from medium (Tanong, and Carrefour), respectively. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR utilizing pairs of primers specific for AMY gene expression shows that the expression of AMY was induced polysaccharide, and increased during the process of fruiting body formation in L. edodes by medium compositions. Conclusion : This result indicates that amylase may play an important role of growth in morphogenesis of medium condition growth mushroom. The present work will contribute to RT-PCR studies in L. edodes.

Background : Angelica acutiloba is a perennial herb from the family Umbelliferous. The root was used as a substitute for the crude drug. As a by-product of making cheese from whey, it has many proteins and nutritional components, but it has a drawback in that it must be stored in a refrigerator because the storage facility is short. In order to solve such problems, an attempt is made to solve the environmental and economic problems by producing a liquid fertilizer fermented with a large amount of whey. Methods and Results : In this study, we studied the fermentation of wheat germ with lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus brevis) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The preliminary experiment was conducted to determine the test concentration of 300 fold dilution and 500 fold dilution. As a result, the application of 300 times dilution liquid prepared by fermentation of whey using lactic acid bacteria showed higher growth and higher growth rate with higher number of leaves and branches. Growth response of the 500 fold dilution was higher than that of the control, but the growth of 300 fold dilution showed the highest. Conclusion : Therefore, it is considered that the 300 fold dilution of Lactobacillus can be used as a substitute for compost when cultivating medicinal plants.

Background : The 1,2-unsaturated PAs, reported to be widely present in medicinal plants belonging to Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, and Fabaceae, cause hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity in humans and animals. Hence, there is a need for an analytical method that allows these dangerous plant toxins to be determined. In this study, we developed a method that can be used for the rapid and accurate determination of nine toxic PAs in medicinal plants using ultra-pressure liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–quadrupole–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF). Methods and Results : The compounds were eluted onto a C18 column with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile, and separated with good resolution within 11 min. all analytes was characterized by its precursor ions generated by ESI-Q-TOF and fragment ions produced by collision-induced dissociation (CID), which were used as a reliable database. The proposed analytical method was verified with reference to the ICH guidelines. The proposed UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF method was applied to four medicinal plants, and lycopsamin, echimidine, senkirkine and senecionine were detected by matching with reference standard, and additional six PAs were tentatively identified though chemical profiling. In addition, the QuEchERS method was the most efficient in comparison with methods like hot water and methanol in extraction efficiency of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Conclusion : The our proposed method can determine PAs rapidly and accurately in medicinal plants and will be utilize as an important data for other researchers who need analytical information of PAs.