Background : Lentinus edodes are highly utilized as food and medicine, and are known to be suitable for preventing diabetes, high blood pressure and arteriosclerosis. L. edodes were known for prevent obesity metabolisms. Also, present consumers persue the healthy and thin condition. Our research perpose is determined the prevent obesity using L. edodes extracts. Methods and Results : The effect on adipocyte differentiation and the accumulation of fat in the L. edodes extract on 3T3-L1 cell preadipocyte and cell toxicity were tested. We measurement to evaluate the inhibition effects of L. edodes extracts on the growth of 3T3-L1 cell adipocytes. The tested cells were treated with L. edodes extracts by ethanolic extracts (concetrations at 10, 50, 100 ㎍/㎖) and hot water extracts (temperature at 50℃, 60℃, 70℃, 80℃, 90℃), respectively. Cell toxicity did not affect the growth of cells growth in hot water extracts. Intracellular lipid accumulation was measured by Oil red O method. The inhibitory effect on 3T3-L1 cell by treatment different ethanolic extract concentrations and temperature of hot-waters. The optimal inhibitory conditions of lipid accumulation by ethanoic extracts and hot water extracts were determined the 32.5% ethanol extracts and 33.3% 50℃ hot water extracts. Conclusion : The results of this study showed that L. edodes extracts had an potentials for reduce lipid accumulation activities. Further more we will examine about the mechanisms of anti obesity activities from L. edodes extracts. This results provides that the basis for antiobesity foods or medicines using Lentinus edodes extracts.

Background : Domestic use of cosmetics has largely been dependent on imports for the opening of cosmetics raw materials, but research has been progressing actively on natural ingredients to develop new materials. Methods and Results : The extracts of hot–water and ethanol extracts from Stachys sieboldii were tested cytotoxicity, inhibition of melanin biosynthesis and NO production activity. The cytotoxicity of the hot water extract of S. sieboldii were 98.4, 95.0, 93.9 and 90.6%, respectively, when treated with 10, 50, 100, 500 ㎍/㎖. Cytotoxicity of S. sieboldii ethanol extract was 97.1, 95.3, 94.6 and 94.4%, respectively, at the concentrations of 10, 50, 100 and 500 ㎍/㎖. Melanin biosynthesis inhibitory effect of α-MSH at 100 μM increased to 118.1% in melanin, but decreased to 92.3% in S. sieboldii ethanol extract. NO production inhibition increased to 109.2% when treated with LPS and was 103.3% at 500 ㎍/㎖ of hot water extract and 105.9% at 500 ㎍/㎖ of ethanol extract of S. sieboldii. Conclusion : The ethanol extract of S. sieboldii did not showed the cytotoxicity, and reduce NO production. Therefore, ethanol extract of S. sieboldii had an potentials for developing whitening cosmetics.

Background : Dioscorea bulbifera (DB) contain steroidal saponin which has anticancer and anti-inflammatory. DB is a health-functional material used as edible and medical materials. However, DB has not been studied in detail as industrial purposes of fermentation. Methods and Results : D. bulbifera (DB) was fermented by Rhizopus oryzae CN105 for 3 days. Samples were prepared by adding 10% honey to the D. bulbifera (DBH) and honey free D. bulbifera (DB). The pH, total acidity (%) and reducing sugar (%) were investigated. The free sugar and color values related to taste components were analyzed. The pH level decreased while total acidity increased during fermentation. The free sugar and color values related to taste components were analyzed. The content of free sugar in the DB was the highest after 3 days of fermentation. In case DBH, only glucose was the highest after 3 days of fermentation. The content of fructose, sucrose and lactose were decrease during fermentation. Total polyphenol content of DB and DBH was measured by the Folin-Denis method. Total flavonoid content was measured by the Moreno method. Total polyphenol content and flavonoid content was the highest after 1 days of fermentation in both DB and DBH. Conclusion : The results showed that physicochemical components improved during fermentation in DB. But antioxidant activity was the highest after 1 days of fermentation in DB and DBH. These results are indicated that fermented DB can be used as a functional food.

Background : Lentinula edodes (Shiitake mushroom) is a common edible mushroom with a number of potential therapeutic and nutritional applications. However, the growth of Lentinula edodes were classified in accordance with nutrients have no differences in seemingly. The growth characteristics of L. edodes were difficult to find out influenced about between oak and medium. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a powerful tool to analyze the mechanisms underlying the biosynthetic pathways of these substances. Methods and Results : A gene encoding amylase AMY was successfully isolated from the L. edodes using RT-PCR. The putative amino acid sequence encoded by AMY showed the highest the homology with the sequence of glycoside hydrolase family 13. We compared the amylase activity and levels of gene expression in L. edodes grown on different breeding materials (oak, and medium), strains from oak (Chunbaegko, and Mori 290), and strains from medium (Tanong, and Carrefour), respectively. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR utilizing pairs of primers specific for AMY gene expression shows that the expression of AMY was induced polysaccharide, and increased during the process of fruiting body formation in L. edodes by medium compositions. Conclusion : This result indicates that amylase may play an important role of growth in morphogenesis of medium condition growth mushroom. The present work will contribute to RT-PCR studies in L. edodes.

Background : Angelica acutiloba is a perennial herb from the family Umbelliferous. The root was used as a substitute for the crude drug. As a by-product of making cheese from whey, it has many proteins and nutritional components, but it has a drawback in that it must be stored in a refrigerator because the storage facility is short. In order to solve such problems, an attempt is made to solve the environmental and economic problems by producing a liquid fertilizer fermented with a large amount of whey. Methods and Results : In this study, we studied the fermentation of wheat germ with lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus brevis) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The preliminary experiment was conducted to determine the test concentration of 300 fold dilution and 500 fold dilution. As a result, the application of 300 times dilution liquid prepared by fermentation of whey using lactic acid bacteria showed higher growth and higher growth rate with higher number of leaves and branches. Growth response of the 500 fold dilution was higher than that of the control, but the growth of 300 fold dilution showed the highest. Conclusion : Therefore, it is considered that the 300 fold dilution of Lactobacillus can be used as a substitute for compost when cultivating medicinal plants.

Background : The 1,2-unsaturated PAs, reported to be widely present in medicinal plants belonging to Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, and Fabaceae, cause hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity in humans and animals. Hence, there is a need for an analytical method that allows these dangerous plant toxins to be determined. In this study, we developed a method that can be used for the rapid and accurate determination of nine toxic PAs in medicinal plants using ultra-pressure liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–quadrupole–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF). Methods and Results : The compounds were eluted onto a C18 column with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile, and separated with good resolution within 11 min. all analytes was characterized by its precursor ions generated by ESI-Q-TOF and fragment ions produced by collision-induced dissociation (CID), which were used as a reliable database. The proposed analytical method was verified with reference to the ICH guidelines. The proposed UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF method was applied to four medicinal plants, and lycopsamin, echimidine, senkirkine and senecionine were detected by matching with reference standard, and additional six PAs were tentatively identified though chemical profiling. In addition, the QuEchERS method was the most efficient in comparison with methods like hot water and methanol in extraction efficiency of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Conclusion : The our proposed method can determine PAs rapidly and accurately in medicinal plants and will be utilize as an important data for other researchers who need analytical information of PAs.

Background : Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) have traditionally been used as Asian medicinal and culinary herb. Curcumin, a major compound of turmeric, has been known to have antitumor activity. However, curcumin is bioavailable because it is rapidly metabolized and released from the body. Therefore, the addition of adjuvants such as piperine, a potent inhibitor of drug metabolism, is one of the ways to increase the bioavailability of curcumin. Methods and Results : The yields of turmeric and black pepper ethanolic extracts (TM and BP) are 18.2 and 8.2% (w/w), respectively. The EC50 values of A549 and NCI-H292 cells exposed to TM were 77.8 ㎍/㎖ and 92.0 ㎍/㎖, respectively. No significant cytotoxicity was observed up to the 400 ㎍/㎖ in the A549 and NCI-H292 exposed to BP. Based on the central composite design, the co-treatment of TM and BP enhanced the cytotoxicity of A549 and NCI-H292 cells. The optimal combination concentration (optimal EC50 value) of TM and BP calculated by the response surface methodology assay were 48.5 and 241.7 ㎍/㎖. The conbination index assay confirmed that the cytotoxic effect at optimal combinatino concentration was due to the synergistic effect. Conclusion : We hypothesized that co-treatment of TM and BP enhanced cytotoxicity more than single treatment of TM against lung cancer cells, and cell death at this time may synergetic cytotoxicity effects associated with curcumin metabolism.

Concrete structures are exposed to complex degradation environments depending on their environmental characteristics. The concrete members of bridges are exposed to water and salt by rivers and oceans, and there is always a possibility of freezing and thawing damage in the upper and lower part of the bridge due to the continuous heat and heavy snow in summer and winter. In this study, a freeze-thaw test method which indirectly evaluates the strength reduction of concrete according to the repeated cycle of freezing and thawing was proposed, and the strength reduction rate was measured by using the concrete specimen. As a result, the concrete strength was reduced by 20% in freeze-thaw test method. In the future, it can be used as a basic data of the study on strength of each cycles.

The durability of the steel structure can be affected by atmospheric corrosion environments as temperature, humidity, airborne salt etc.. However, atmospheric corrosion environments can be locally changed depending on structural condition and shape. To estimate the local atmospheric corrosion environments depending on structural member exposed to the marine environment, corrosion level of structural member in steel bridge was examined from exposure tests.

Steel water gate can be vulnerable to corrosion problem, since it is generally contacted with water or maintained with relatively high humidity condition. In this study, to evaluate the level of corrosion damage of water gate, corrosion exposure test was conducted using monitoring steel plate and monitoring sensor in actual steel water gate. From exposure test results, corrosion rate and corrosion environment were examined depending on the height or the structural type of water gate.

In this paper, an experimental design of an experimental study was carried out to evaluate the pullout performance of an cast-in-place anchor. Then, an analytical examination of the planned experiment was carried out. The size of the specimen was determined by reference to the installation depth of the anchor. The test specimens were checked for bending cracks according to design standards. The numerical analysis model was constructed according to the final test plan, and the result of the analysis was that the crack occurred at the center of the section. Therefore, the ultimate specimen which cone fracture of concrete was induced by modeling by reinforcing steel reinforcement on the outside of specimen was planned.

This study was performed to analysis of chemical constituent in Polygonum multiflorum root (PMR) by different dry methods (hot-air dry, shade dry, and freeze dry). The results are summarized as followings; major free sugar were detected fructose, glucose, and sucrose in dried PMR based on various dry methods. The highest content of free sugars was found in freeze dried PMR. The four organic acids were detected in dried PMR by HPLC analysis. The content of oxalic acid in shade dried PMR was higher than the dried PMR by different dry methods. The content of total amino acid and essential amino acids were high in the orders of freeze drying > shade drying > hot-air drying. The potassium and magnesium levels of freeze dried PMR was significantly higher than the other drying method of PMR. Whereas the calcium and sodium levels were higher in hot-air dried PMR. The major fatty acids were determined the linoleic acid in PMR by different dry methods.

While cities became bigger and bigger since 1990s, many indiscretely high buildings started to be built in the mountain areas inside a city and in the rural areas in the suburb of each city. To regulate such indiscrete developments, the government prepared for some relevant legal and institutional criteria by having enacted the “Landscape Act” and established a strong management means in the legal and institutional aspects by having introduced the natural landscape deliberation system and the landscape deliberation one into the “Natural Environment Conservation Act.” However, since some uniform levels of absolute height and no. of stories are suggested legally and institutionally, it is hard to consider the effects of a real building structure onto the relevant landscape. Accordingly, this thesis is intended to grasp the contrast of the landscape elements in the allowable height section, which is presented through landscape sensitivity. As the results from the visual contrast rating on a small apartment complex located in Dangjin and a large scale of apartment complex in Seosan as the apartment complexes surrounded with natural landscapes that were selected as the subjects of this study, the following conclusion can be finalized. First, there were deducted some factors, that is, forms, lines, colors, textures and sizes as the ones with which can measure and evaluate the contrasting properties when a structure gets into a natural landscape. Second, in case of a small scale of apartment complex (in the foreground) compared to a large one (in the foreground), it was found that the contrasting properties were bigger. In addition, it was also found that the contrasting property of the landscape factor of the foreground compared to that of the middle one becomes bigger depending on a distance. Third, as the results from an evaluation on the contrasting properties of the landscape factor depending on the changes of each floor of a structure, it was found that the factors, that is, forms, lines, colors, textures and sizes are very significant. Among those factors, the factors, forms and lines in a small scale of apartment complex (in the foreground) showed each log regression. But in all of the other cases, they showed each line regression. Fourth, as the results from examining the regression coefficients of the landscape factor, the coefficients of the shapes and lines have similar coefficients and the colors and the textures have similar ones, too. In case of the sizes of apartment complexes, the colors and the textures of a large apartment complex (in the foreground) have similar coefficients, in case of that in the middle ground, the shapes and lines have similar coefficients. Fifth, as the results from estimating the contrasting properties of the landscape factor on the floors within the allowed scope of the landscape sensitivity, it was found that the contrasting property was 3.5 to 4.9 in case of a small scale of apartment complex (in the foreground), but 2.5to 3.7 in case of a small scale of one. In case of a large scale of apartment complex, the value was 3.5 to 5.3, but in case of a large one in the middle ground was 2.9 to 4.9. Sixth, it was comprehended that the contrasting properties of the landscape factor become different depending on each size of apartment complex and the distance of a view point. In this study, it is intended to find the meaning from the aspect that the results can be used as the baseline data for comprehending a proper range of heights of structures objectively during a natural landscape deliberation or a landscape deliberation.

A Cultivation method to minimize the damage caused by high temperatures was studied by investigating the effects of groundwater cooling treatment on the growth, yield, and quality of strawberries. In the groundwater cooling treatment, the daily average temperature of the rhizosphere was reduced from 26.9°C to 24.9°C . The root length increased by 0.3–9.2 cm, depending on the cultivar and growth period. The leaf number, leaf area, leaf length, leaf diameter, and plant height also increased, especially in the cultivars ‘Seolhyang’ and ‘Maehyang’, resulting in higher fresh and dry weights. The number of fruit per plant increased from 7.7 to 12.5 in ‘Seolhyang’, and the fruit weight increased by 0.3 g in ‘Seolhyang’ and 1.3 g in ‘Maehyang’. The fruit hardness increased, but no significant difference in fruit coloration was observed. The sugar content of the fruit was improved by 0.2–0.3 °Brix. Therefore, groundwater cooling of the rhizosphere was effective in improving the growth and productivity of strawberries under abnormally high temperature conditions and can be considered a cost-efficient cooling system.

해양사고를 야기한 선원들의 행동오류 식별은 해양사고 예방, 저감 또는 억제에 중요한 단서가 된다. 본 연구의 목적은 SRKBB(Skill-, Rule-, and Knowledge Based Behavior) 이론을 이용하여 해양사고 종류별로 선원들의 행동오류를 식별하는데 있다. 행동오 류 식별을 위하여 9년간(2008∼2016)의 해양사고 재결서 1,744건에 기록된 사고내용을 수집한 후, 사고를 야기한 선원들의 행동오류를 SBBE(Skill-Based Behavioral Error), RBBE(Rule-Based Behavioral Error), KBBE(Knowledge-Based Behavioral Error) 세 가지 종류로 분류하였다. 행동오류 분류를 위하여 SRKBB 이론을 적용한 행동오류 분류용 프레임워크를 제안하고, 이 프레임워크를 이용하여 행동오류 데이터를 구축하였다. 사고종류별 행동오류의 빈도를 분석한 결과, 충돌사고는 SBBE가 가장 높은 빈도로 관측되었고, 이어서 RBBE가 두 번째로 높은 빈도로 관측되었다. 이에 반하여 좌초, 전복 및 침몰 등의 사고는 KBBE 중에서 높은 빈도로 관측되었다. 연구결과, 해양사고 종류별로 선원들의 행동오류 식별이 가능하였고, 해양사고 종류별 사고 예방에 필요한 선원들의 행동오류 보정에 관한 단서를 확보할 수 있었다.

본 연구에서는 신규 기능성 화장품 소재 개발을 위해 어리연꽃으로부터 분리한 sweroside를 이용하여 섬유아세포 내에서의 항노화 효과를 확인하였다. CCD-986sk 세포를 이용하여 sweroside의 항노화 효과를 측정한 결과, UVB에 의해 증가된 ROS의 발현을 억제하였으며, pro-collagen의 발현을 증가시키며 MMP-1의 발현을 억제하는 것으로 확인되었다. 이 결과를 종합해보면, sweroside는 화장품 분야에서 신규 항노화 기능성 소재로서의 활용 가능성이 있는 것으로 판단된다. Abstract: To develop a new functional agent for cosmetics

4차 산업혁명에 힘입어 가상현실에 대한 관심이 높아지고 VR기기들의 많은 발전이 이루어 졌다. 이러한 기기들 중 모션 시뮬레이터는 가상현실의 실재감 향상에 많은 기여를 한다. 본 논문에서는 모션 시뮬레이터와 VR콘텐츠의 효율적인 연동을 위해 기존 시뮬레이터와 제어 방식의 사례에 대해 분석하고, VR콘텐츠 내의 모션 제어 요소를 추출하여 크게 4가지로 분류하였다. 이러한 사전 연구를 바탕으로 본 논문은 VR콘텐츠 제작 시 보다 효율적으로 콘텐츠와 시뮬레이터를 연동할 수 있도록 돕는 모듈형 모션 제어 방식을 제안한다.

As high-rise buildings came in, the landscape of rural areas and natural landscapes often got damaged. Therefore, this study aims to prevent this, grasp the extent of the influence of the surrounding landscape, to grasp the range of height that can be permitted and present the direction of landscape management of agriculture and natural landscape. This study tried to grasp the range of height by using price sensitivity analysis method for two apartment and apartment complex which entered DangJin city and SeoSan city. First, in the case of a two apartment, the range of the height allowable section was from the 6th floor to the 11th floor in close range view, and it was a section from the 7th floor to the 12th floor in medium range view. In the case of the apartment complex, the range of the height allowable range was from the 10th floor to the 17th floor in close range view, the 9th floor to the 16th floor in medium range view. The stress index was found to be positive in a two apartment in close range view, and in the apartment complex case. therefore it was better to set it to a lower in the Range of Acceptable Height(RAH). Second, it showed no difference in the sensitivity of landscape to gender. Thirdly, the results of the landscape sensitivity analysis of major and non-major showed the difference in the medium range view picture of the apartment complex. Majors are lower than the point of minimum height(PMinH) than non-Majors. In the case of major, the stress index was 1.4. it turned out that it was better to make a decision closer to point of minimum height (PMinH). In the case of non-major, the stress index was –1.3. it was also able to accept decision close to the point of maximum height (PMaxH). Since the results of the above research gave changes only in the variable of the height of the landscape, we can not grasp the point of interaction with other variables, and future research is considered necessary.

본 연구에서는 재고미의 사료가치 평가를 위해 무처리(Control)를 비롯한 Extruding, Roasting, Steam 처리구들의 영양소 성분분석, in vitro 소화율, in situ 소화율을 분석하였다. In vitro 실험에서 Extruding은 건물 소화율과 gas 발생량이 타 처리구에 비해 상대적으로 높았고, 가장 낮은 pH를 보였으며, 특히 배양 시간 초기에 소화가 신속히 발생하였다. NH3-N 함량은 배양 6 h 이후에서 Control이 Extruding, Roasting, Steam에 비해 유의적으로 높은 값을 보였고, 이는 가열처리된 단백질의 반추위 미생물의 이용성 저하에 따른 결과로 보이나, 더 정확한 결과를 위해 건물 소화율 분석뿐 아니라 CP 소화율 분석이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. VFA 발생량에서는 Extruding이 다른 처리구들에 비해 배양 6, 12 h에서 유의적으로 높았는데 이는 Extruding 처리구의 분해가 배양 초기에 주로 이어져 발생한 결과로 추정된다. 전분을 발효시키는 박테리아에 의해 높은 비율로 생산되는 propionate 증가 폭에서도 같은 경향을 보였다. In situ 소화율은 in vitro의 소화율과는 다소 차이가 있는 것으로 여겨지나, 이는 실험 방법에 대한 오차로 여겨질 수 있으며, ED(유효분해율)를 통해 in vitro 시험과 소화율의 경향성이 유사한 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구결과를 근거로 상대적으로 적합한 사료가공 처리방법은 무처리, Roasting 및 Steaming인 것으로 보여진다. 또한 무처리(control)의 경우 가공처리에 따른 추가비용 발생이 없으므로 경제적으로 유리할 것으로 판단된다. 재고미가 TMR의 원료로 이용될 수 있다면 국내에서 자급 가능한 사료원료로써 우수한 경제성을 지닐 수 있을 것이다.

최근 미세조류를 에너지원으로 활용하는 기술이 많은 관심을 받으면서 미세조류 고액분리 기술에 대한 연구가 진행 중이다. 미세조류 분리 기술에는 미세조류의 밀도차를 이용하여 분리하는 방법인 원심 분리법, 중력･응집 침전법, 부유선별법과 막 여과법이 있다. 그 중 막 여과법은 다른 공정에 비해 거의 모든 미세조류를 여과 할 뿐만 아니라 가장 간단한 구조로 초기비용이 적게 발생한다는 장점이 있다. 그러나 고밀도의 미세조류는 막오염(fouling)을 야기한다는 단점이 있다. 막 오염(fouling)은 처리수의 투과 수량을 감소시킬 뿐만 아니라 2차 적인 수질오염을 야기시킬 수 있다. 이에 따라 온도가 높은 유입수와 상대적으로 온도가 낮은 처리수의 온도차이로부터 발생하는 증기압 차이를 사용하는 막 증발법을 이용하고자 하였다. 막 증발법은 압력을 구동력으로 사용하는 일반적인 분리막 공정에 비해 온도차를 구동력으로 사용하기 때문에 유입수 중 입자성 물질의 막 표면으로의 물리적인 이송(convection)이 없으므로 막 오염(fouling)이 상대적으로 적게 발생한다는 장점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 선행연구에서 도출한 공정인자를 이용하여 미세조류를 고액 분리에 따른 투과 성능 및 막 세정 효과를 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 세정 주기와 세정 방법이 막 회복 및 제거율에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 한다.