원전에서 발생되는 방사성폐기물에 대한 고화처리 방법 중 하나인 유리화기술이 일부 가연성폐기물에 대해 적용되고 있다. 국내외적으로 중저준위 방사성폐기물의 효과적인 감용과 안정적인 처분을 위해 다양한 폐기물에 대한 유리화기술 적용방안이 확대 연구되고 있으며, 최근에는 가연성폐기물 뿐만 아니라 알루미늄 금속과 같은 비가연성폐기물에도 유리화 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 공기조화계통 (HVAC)에는 주로 필터가 이용되고 있으며, 사용 후 필터는 여과재 (유리섬유 및 알루미늄)를 이용하여 배기체를 흡착하기 때문에 방사성폐기물로 처리가 되어야 한다. 본 연구는 필터에 대한 처리기술 연구를 위해 유도가열식 저온용융로 (Cold Crucible Induction Melter: CCIM)를 이용한 유리화 타당성 연구를 수행하였다. 사용후 필터에 대한 유리화 (Vitrification)는 먼저 유리섬유 및 알루미늄 함량을 고려한 최적의 유리조성을 개발 하였으며, 개발된 유리조성을 이용하여 최적의 폐기물 저감을 위한 용융변수와 최종 생성된 유리고화체의 특성을 분석하였다. 사용후 필터 유리화용 조성유리는 주로 SiO2와 B2O3로 구성되어 있다. 전기로를 이용한 용융물 특성시험에서는 폐기물 투입률 및 최종 생성물인 유리고화체의 특성이 검토되었다. 본 연구에서는 알루미늄 금속과 유리섬유로 구성된 필터에 대한 유리조성 개발과 이를 통해 생성된 유리고화체의 물리화학적 특성을 검토하고 유리화 타당성을 확인하였다.

Waste dusts generated from various metallurgical processes were investigated for effective management of the designated waste in South Korea. Source of the study were selected based on the industries registered on the Allbarosystem. Raw material, products and manufacturing process were investigated on-site and leaching behavior of six heavy metals (Cr6+, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, As) along with CN was studied in 41 waste dust samples. We identified 14 samples exceeded the Korean regulation standard out of which 5 samples were designated waste. We suggest that regular monitoring is essential for the proper management.

This paper describes the domestic and international status for melt decontamination, which has been known as the most effective technology for the volume reduction and recycling of the metal wastes generated from nuclear facilities. The recycle or self disposal of metallic wastes can be considered as one of the waste management options under the circumstances of the capacity limitation of a waste disposal in Korea. The limited recycle or self disposal of the metal wastes through an melt decontamination have the merit from the positive view point of the increase in resource recyclability as well as the decrease in the amount of wastes to be disposed resulting the reduction of disposal cost and the enhancement of disposal safety. Among the scenarios for recycle and reuse of the radioactive metallic wastes, the most feasible and reasonable one is limited reuse option, in which the ingot can be recycled as the products such as the waste drums and ISO containers. Prior to recycle and reuse in the nuclear sector, however, the regulatory criteria for the recycle and reuse of metallic wastes should be established in parallel with the development of the recycling technology.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the immobilization efficiency and sequential extraction of soluble phosphates (Na2HPO4 ·12H2O, Ca(H2PO4)2 ·H2O, (NH4)2HPO4) for the stabilization of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd) in abandoned mine soil. The application rate of stabilizers to soils was determinated PO4/Pbtotal molar ratio of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0. The immobilization efficiency was evaluate of TCLP (EPA method 1311) used in a landfill for heavy metals. After processing stabilization, the immobilization efficiency of Pb is more than 95% at molar ratio of 2.0 regardless kind of phosphate. For Cu Zn and Cd, on the other hand, the efficiency has the range of from 30% to 50%, even though molar ratio increase up to 4.0. It is relatively low in comparison with Pb. Leachability of heavy metals was reduced with increasing amounts of added phosphate. Phosphates, Na2HPO4 ·12H2O was more immobilization than Ca(H2PO4)2 ·H2O, (NH4)2HPO4. After sequential extraction, form of heavy metals in soil tends to increase strongly bond like forms of organic matter-bound(F4) and residual (F5). Especially the stable residual form increases in all metals. The growth rate of residual fraction was a little different heavy metals. The growth rate of Zn is greatest increased from 17% to 22% than other metals, it was followed by Zn > Cd > Pb > Cu. Phosphates, Ca(H2PO4)2 ·H2O was the greatest increased for residual fraction.

The effects of sole, mixture heavy metals and soil samples was assessed based on the seed (Lactuca sativa L.) germination. In general, tested sole metals were showed considerable sensitivity on the germination, showing following EC50s: As(III) 1.02 mg/L, Cr(VI) 1.33 mg/L, Cu 2.26 mg/L, Cd 2.61 mg/L, As(V) 3.00 mg/L. Though obvious patterns were not observed on the effects by binary mixture metal, generally more synergistic mode was observed rather than antagonistic or additive. No significant correlation between toxicity and total metal contents was observed, but two groups classified according to contaminated arsenic concentration, showed considerable differences. Interactive effects of metals may vary depending on the bioassays used as well as on the mixture metals and their respective concentrations. Therefore, more detailed evaluation, such as with battery of assays, sample grouping and various mixtures, may comprise a useful tool for the assessment of the environmental samples with mixture contaminants.

There are some problems of lacking the information on the safety of cement products and for determining harmfulness due to differences in the concentrations of heavy metals according to organizations. Thus, the harmfulness of heavy metals in cement products has been monitored by one time per month since August 2008 and the results have also been noticed for every month. In this study, the concentrations of seven different heavy metals (Cr(Ⅵ), T-Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, As, and Hg) in cement products collected from 11 factories of 9 manufacturers are verified for every month and changes in the concentrations are also compared with the cement products of Japan, Germany, USA, and China. The company, HO, in domestic companies represents the highest values in four items and AJ shows the next high values. Thus, regarding these two manufacturers, it is necessary to take an effort for reducing the concentrations of five heavy metals through considering the major and alternative raw materials for producing their cement products. the chrome conversion rates in domestic cement products are about 36.4 % and that exhibits higher rates about 16.0 % and 8.3 %, 2.3 and 4.3 times, than that of Japan and USA, respectively.

An issue of environmental pollutions has been aroused according to increases in recycling alternative raw materials and alternative fuels, which are the inputed wastes of cement kilns in Korea. Also, the infections of heavy metals in cement products on healths and environments have been issued by the National Assembly and the press. Thus, in this study, a total of 198 waste samples, 109 alternative raw material samples and 89 alternative fuel samples, which are the coprocessing wastes in eight major cement producers in Korea, are collected for two months. Then, 18 different heavy metals according to types of wastes are analyzed and the concentrations of the alternative raw materials and alternative fuels are investigated for comparing them with the foreign management guidelines. In the case of the alternative raw materials, although arsenic, cadmium, and copper do not exceed the domestic autonomy agreement guideline, lead exceeds the autonomy agreement guideline, 1,000 mg/kg. In the case of mercury, it satisfies the references of domestic guideline (2.0 mg/kg), Switzerland criteria (0.5 mg/kg), and France criteria (10.0 mg/kg). In the case of the alternative fuel, arsenic, cadmium, copper, and lead satisfy the autonomy agreement guideline, and the average content concentration of Hg represents 0.7702 mg/kg and that satisfies the references of autonomy agreement guideline (1.2 mg/kg) and France criteria (10.0 mg/kg). However, it slightly exceeds the references of Germany guideline (0.6 mg/kg) and Switzerland criteria (0.5 mg/kg). In particular, some of dust, WDF, waste synthesis resin, and purified oil show a high detection level in mercury and that leads to increase the average concentration. In addition, by investigating the concentration of heavy metals in various auxiliary wastes loaded to cement kilns in Korea, a management reference for such alternative raw materials and alternative fuels for future cement kilns in stages is proposed.

넙치, Paralichthys olivaceus 수정란의 부화율을 이용하여 중금속(As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn)의 독성 영향을 조사하였다. 각각의 중금속 As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb 및 Zn 노출농도(0, 10, 100, 500, 1000, 2500, 5000 ppb)에 수정란을 48시간 노출시킨 후, 정상 부화율을 백분율로 나타냈다. 중금속을 포함하지 않은 대조구에서의 정상 부화율은 80% 이상이 나타났고, 중금속 노출농도가 증가 할수록 정상 부화율은 농도 의존적으로 감소하였다. 정상 부화율은 각각의 중금속 Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Cd에 대해 각각 100, 100, 100, 100, 500, 1000 ppb 이상의 농도에서 유의적인 차이가 나타났다. P. olivaceus의 정상 부화율에 대한 각각의 중금속 As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn의 반수영향농도(EC50)를 이용한 독성은 Cr > As > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd 순으로 나타났다. 각 중금속의 NOEC와 LOEC는 각각 NOEC(As: 100, Cd: 500, Cr: 10, Cu: 100, Pb: 100, Zn: 100), LOEC(As: 500, Cd: 1000, Cr: 100, Cu: 500, Pb: 500, Zn: 500)로 나타났다. 이들 결과로부터 자연생태계 내에서 Cr농도 10 ppb, As, Cu, Pb 및 Zn농도 100 ppb 및 Cd농도 500 ppb를 초과할 경우 P. olivaceus 수정란의 정상 부화율은 독성 영향을 받을 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로, P. olivaceus의 정상 부화율을 이용한 생물학적 평가방법은 중금속과 같은 유해물질에 대한 해양생태계의 영향을 판단하기 위한 시험방법으로 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study is to synthesize transition metal doped mesoporous silica catalyst and to characterize its surface in an attempt to decomposition of N2O. Transition metal used to surface modification were Ru, Pd, Cu and Fe concentration was adjusted to 0.05 M. The prepared mesoporous silica catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, BET surface area, BJH pore size, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray fluorescence. The results of XRD for mesoporous silica catalysts showed typical the hexagonal pore system. BET results showed the mesoporous silica catalysts to have a surface area of 537 ∼973 m2/g and pore size of 2∼4 nm. The well-dispersed particle of mesoporous silica catalysts were observed by SEM, the presence and quantity of transition metal loading to mesoporous surface were detected by XRF. The N2O decomposition efficiency on mesoporous silica catalysts were as follow: Ru>Pd>Cu>Fe. The results suggest that transition metal doped mesoporous silica is effective catalyst for decomposition of N2O.

This research investigated to reduce mass of heavy metals in AMD(acid mine drainage) by microbial mats formed on the channel bed. As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn components were monitored in water and microbial mats, at three points (AMD1, AMD2 and AMD3), in a total of six times. Average daily discharge mass of heavy metals was highest in July, Fe component contained more than 76% of total discharge mass. Discharge mass of heavy metals of AMD and heavy metal contents in microbial mats decreased with downstream at channel. Heavy metal components that average daily discharge mass is over 0.5 kg were Fe, Cu and Zn, and they were highest in July. Average removal efficiency of heavy metals in AMD was highest about 21% in Fe, this microbial mats were due to form from precipitation of Fe component in AMD by aerobic iron bacteria. Relative content for As component in microbial mats than AMD was over 16 times, this As components were due to absorb at iron oxide and iron hydroxide on the surface of microbial mats.

산성광산배수에 존재하는 AsO4는 슈베르트마나이트의 SO4를 치환하여 강하게 흡착되고 이로 인하여 슈베르트마나이트가 쉽게 침철석으로 전이되지 않게 해준다. 이러한 슈베르트마나이트에 대하여 주요 중금속 흡착에 대한 연구는 일부 이루어져 있으나 실제 AsO4로 치환된 슈베르트마나이트에 대한 흡착 특성에 대해서는 기존에 연구된 바가 없다. 본 연구에서는 AsO4로 치환된 슈베르트마나이트에 대하여 Cu, Pb, Zn 등의 대표적인 중금속 세 종류에 대하여 각 중금속의 농도가 3, 10, 30, 100 mg/L에 대하여 pH 4와 6의 두 범위에서 시간에 따른 흡착 실험을 실시하였다. 흡착 실험 결과 모든 중금속에 대하여 pH 6인 경우 pH 4에 비하여 흡착량이 큰 범위로 증가하였다. 전체적인 흡착량에 있어서 두 pH 범위에서 모두 Pb가 가장 큰 흡착량은 보였으며 Cu와 Zn의 흡착량은 비슷하였다. 시간에 따른 흡착속도는 전체적으로 모든 농도에 대하여 시간이 증가하면서 흡착량은 증가하였으나 Zn의 경우 대부분의 흡착이 초기에 일어나 시간이 지나면서 뚜렷한 흡착의 증가는 일어나지 않았다. 이러한 흡착량 증가는 특히 고농도의 용액인 100 mg/L에서 그 증가하는 양상이 뚜렷하였다. 다양한 흡착속도 모델을 적용한 결과 AsO4로 치환된 슈베르트마나이트에서 일어나는 중금속의 흡착속도는 아마도 확산에 의하여 주로 좌우되는 것으로 나타났다. 기존의 연구에서 순수한 슈베르트마나이트가 pH 6에서 세 중금속에 대하여 거의 비슷한 흡착량을 보이고 pH 4에서는 Cu와 Pb가 비슷하게 Zn보다 높은 흡착량을 보이는 것을 고려하면 본 연구 결과 AsO4 슈베르트마나이트는 확연하게 다른 흡착 경향을 보이고 이는 AsO4가 슈베르트마나이트의 SO4를 치환됨으로 인하여 슈베르트마나이트의 표면 및 흡착특성이 달라짐을 지시한다. 이는 산성광산배수에서 AsO4의 흡착이 슈베르트마나이트의 안정성뿐만 아니라 각 중금속의 거동에도 큰 영향을 줄 수 있음을 보여준다.