In Korea, the chemical oxygen demand(CODsed) in freshwater sediments has been measured by the potassium permanganate method used for marine sediment because of the absence of authorized analytical method. However, this method has not been fully verified for the freshwater sediment. Therefore, the use or modification of the potassium permanganate method or the development of the new CODsed analytical method may be necessary. In this study, two modified CODsed analytical methods such as the modified potassium permanganate method for CODMn and the modified closed reflux method using potassium dichromate for CODCr were compared. In the preliminary experiment to estimate the capability of the two oxidants for glucose oxidation, CODMn and CODCr were about 70% and 100% of theoretical oxygen demand(ThOD), respectively, indicating that CODCr was very close to the ThOD. The effective titration ranges in CODMn and CODCr were 3.2 to 7.5 mL and 1.0 to 5.0 mL for glucose, 4.3 to 7.5 mL and 1.4 to 4.3 mL for lake sediment, and 2.5 to 5.8 mL and 3.6 to 4.5 mL for river sediment, respectively, within 10% errors. For estimating CODsed recovery(%) in glucose-spiked sediment after aging for 1 day, the mass balances of the CODMn and CODCr among glucose, sediments and glucose-spiked sediments were compared. The recoveries of CODMn and CODCr were 78% and 78% in glucose-spiked river sediments, 91% and 86% in glucose-spiked lake sediments, 97% and 104% in glucose-spiked sand, and 134% and 107% in glucose-spiked clay, respectively. In conclusion, both methods have high confidence levels in terms of analytical methodology but show significant different CODsed concentrations due to difference in the oxidation powers of the oxidants.

The purpose of this study is to verify a RCS strengthening method for Medium & Low-rise R/C buildings using the nonlinear analysis. In this study, a three-story R/C building that represents a typical Korean school constructed in the 1980s was selected. Seismic capacities of the building before and after RCS strengthening are evaluated based on the nonlinear static and dynamic analyses.

The purpose of this paper is to verify the seismic strengthening effect of R/C buildings strengthened with the Carbon Fiber Composite Cable(CFCC). In this study, a three-story R/C building that represents a typical Korean school constructed in the 1980s was selected, and its seismic performance before and after strengthening was evaluated based on the nonlinear dynamic analyses. The result indicated that the seismic strengthening effect of the proposed CFCC method was verified in terms of both strength and ductility demands, compared to the building before strengthening

본 연구에서는 스케일 특성을 이용하여 기후변화에 따른 일단위 이하의 극한강우를 평가할 수 있는 방법을 제안하였으며, 서울을 비롯한 6개 주요 기상관측소 지점을 대상으로 적용성을 평가하였다. 우선, 과거 관측자료를 이용하여 스케일 특성을 이용한 확률강우량 산정기법의 적용성을 평가하였으며, 평가 결과 빈도분석과 스케일 특성으로 산정된 확률강우량의 절대상대오차가 10% 내외의 범위를 보였다. 또한 기준기간의 기후시나리오를 이용하여 적용성 평가를 수행한 결과 100년 빈도이내에서 20% 내의 절대상대오차를 보였다. 평가 결과를 통해 본 연구에서 적용한 스케일 특성 기법은 미래 확률강우량 산정 시 신뢰성 있는 결과를 도출할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

배아줄기세포를 이용한 형질전환동물의 제조는 유전자의 기능 연구에 필수적이다. 특히 유전자 파괴 생쥐는 유전자의 기능 연구뿐만 아니라 사람 질병 연구에 중요한 모델이 되어 왔다. 유전자 적중법(gene targeting)과 유전자 함정법(gene trapping)은 ES 세포에서 녹아웃(knockout) 생쥐를 제조하는 대표적인 방법이다. 20여 년 전 유전자 적중법과 함정법이 최초로 개발된 이후에 이 기술은 많은 변화를 거쳤다. 특히 상동재조합에 기초한 전통적 유전자 적중법은 대량 제조기반의 조건부 유전자 적중법의 개발로 이어졌고, 유전자 적중법 및 유전자 함정법의 장점 요소의 조합은 유전자를 파괴하는 범위를 넓혔고, 유전자 적중을 더욱 효율적으로 만들었다. 이런 기술은 특정 유전자를 표적으로 하는 다양한 종류의 돌연변이 형질전환동물을 제조할 수 있게 하여 포스트게놈 시대에 요구되는 전체 유전체의 기능 연구를 더욱 효과적으로 진행시켜 줄 것이다.

이 연구의 주된 내용은 1999년 1월 29일 제정된 교원의 노동조합 설립 및 운영 등에 관한 법률에 의해 교원노동조합과 단체교섭제도가 도입된 배경과 이후의 성과를 검토하여 그 드러난 문제점들을 살펴보고 현행 법률과 그 시행령에 내재되어 있는 법제상의 문제점에 기인한 점은 없는지를 찾아보고자 하는 것이다. 더 나아가 산업경제 시기의 유산인 현행의 교원노동조합체제가 과연 21세기에 부합하는 교육발전을 위한 교직단체의 모습으로 근본적으로 얼마나 타당성이 있는지를 분석할 것이다. 연구 결과는 향후 교원의 노동조합 설립 및 운영 등에 관한 법률 및 동시행령 개정을 위한 입법 정책 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

본 논문에서는 유역과 강우특성을 통합하여 오염물질 부하량을 계산할 수 있는 접근방법을 제시하였다. 이 기법의 기본적인 개념은 특정유역에서 강우시 발생하는 오염물질의 유량 가중평균 농도, 즉 EMC 변화는 오로지 강우패턴에 의해 결정된다는 가정에 기초하고 있다. 이러한 가정은 적어도 유역의 토지이용에 급격한 변화가 없고(적어도 강우가 집중되는 경작기간동안) 점 오염원이 적은 농촌유역에서는 타당하다. 따라서, 다양한 농촌유역과 강우 패턴 조건에서 조사된 많

옻나무의 묘목생산성을 높이기 위하여 근삽에 있어서 BA의 처리방법과 삽식법을 공시하였다. 삽식 당일에 삽수를 1,000 mg/L BA 용액에 1분간 침지처리가 적하법보다 초기에 신초의 발생율은 낮았으나 5주 이후부터 급격하게 증가하여 10주 후에 는 약 85%로 가장 높았으며, 적하법에서는 BA의 처리 간격이 신초의 발생에 큰 영향이 없었다. 2일 간격으로 100 μl의 BA를 적하한 삽수에서 수장이 가장 컸으며 엽수도 많았고, 다음으로 침지처리가 묘소질에 효과적이었다. 분지의 발생은 침지처리구 보다는 적하처리구의 유묘가 삽수와 가까운 지점에서 발생하였다. 평삽이 사삽과 직삽에 비하여 신초의 발생이 약 1주일 빨랐고 신초의 발생도 3주 이후부터 6주까지 급격하게 증가하는 경향이었는데, 삽식 10주 후의 신초발생율은 약 96%로 가장 높았다. 평삽구의 묘가 약 40cm로써 가장 컸으며 평삽구의 묘가 약 40cm로써 가장 컸으며 제 1분지의 발생부위도 낮은 경향이었다. 평삽의 경우 각각 다른 부분에서 발생하는 2~3개의 신초를 각각 분리하여 하나의 묘목으로 생육시킴으로써 묘목의 대량증식에 효과적이었다.

A new technique to grow a manganese-doped zinc-sulfide(ZnS：Mn) has been proposed using the repeated deposition of the Hot Wall method. The optical characteristics and crystallinity for the ZnS and ZnS：Mn thin films deposited on a quartz glass substrate by the method were investigated. Also, The ZnS：Mn thin film elcetroluminescent devices were fabricated by the method to study luminescence characteristics. All films showed (111)-oriented cubic structure. By the repeated deposition, the deposition rates were decreased, and the optical characteristics and crystalline properties were improved, which clarifies that the method is effective to deposit the thin films with good crystallinity Futhermore, the crystallinity was more improved by the doping of Mn. Only one peak emission at around 585nm originating from Mn luminescent center is observed In the photoluminescent and electroluminescent spectra of ZnS：Mn films and the luminance of the ZnS：Mn-based thin film electroluminescent devices was obtained below 60cd/m2 . The optical and crystalline properties, luminescence characteristics are discussed in terms of the effects of the repeated deposition and Mn-doping.

Apple fruit grading is largely dependant on skin color degree. This work reports about the possibility of nondestructive assessment of apple fruit color using infrared(NIR) reflectance spectroscopy. NIR spectra of apple fruit were collected in wavelength range of 1100~2500nm using an InfraAlyzer 500C(Bran+Luebbe). Calibration as calculated by the standard analysis procedures MLR(multiple linear regression) and stepwise, was performed by allowing the IDAS software to select the best regression equations using raw spectra of sample. Color degree of apple skin was expressed as 2 factors, anthocyanin content by purification and a-value by colorimeter. A total of 90 fruits was used for the calibration set(54) and prediction set(36). For determining a-value, the calibration model composed 6 wavelengths(2076, 2120, 2276, 2488, 2072 and 1492nm) provided the highest accuracy : correlation coefficient is 0.913 and standard error of prediction is 4.94. But, the accuracy of prediction result for anthocyanin content determining was rather low(R of 0.761).

Baroque music is not only characterized but also classified by the dualism of stile antico and stile moderno. Though the definitions of dualism are different depending on theorists and composers, Monteverdi's theory and practice of prima prattica and seconda prattica are known more widely. From the view point of Monteverdi, it can be said that prima prattica is the contrapuntal style of Renaissance as a technique making music more important than the text and seconda prattica is the homophonic style making word more important than music. These two styles or techniques appeared throughout the Baroque period, but the Baroque period was opened by seconda prattica regarding stile moderno. Seconda prattica was beginning to appear in the Venetian school already at the end of Renaissance, but the embodment of it was realized by camerata of Italy at about 1600. They developed monody to depict the meaning of text clearly and made the new music forms finally come into the world, Seconda prattica became a technique creating new styles or forms that left the style of the previous period. Monteverdi did not make new music with seconda prattica, but his introduction of seconda prattica made a great contribution to the settlement and development of Baroque music. Since Monteverdi led the creative activity from the end of Renaissance to the middle of the Baroque period as we know, his works have all characteristics of prima prattica and seconda prattica. Especially, when we look over the 8 madrigal collections among his works, the first 4 collections were written with prima prattica and the last 4 colletions were written with seconda prattica. Monteverdi's seconda prattica attempts changes not to monophony but polyphony with the new styles and techniques such as homophony, chromatics, dialogue in monodic style and concitato style. Considering the above, Monteverdi could be considered a progressive with conservative inclination. Monteverdi's seconda prattica is understood also in the background of the conservative style. Seconda prattica was used in his madrigal collections(some parts of 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8). These are summerized as follows; (1) From the fourth collection, Monteverdi emphasized the meaning of text by means of monophonic texture and also employed polyphonic melisma for the expression of the text. Chromatics and dissonance do not appear frequently, but those being used are very expressive. Monteverdi showed a turning point of compositional technique for the music of the future. (2) Seconda prattica accepting unprepared dissonance began to appear from the fifth collection. Using the new technique of harmony and continue in madrigals, the new form known as contino madrigal was born. Monteverdi presented this for the first time when he put continue into the last 6 madrigals of the 5th collection. Another characteristic of seconda prattica found in the 5th collection is the continuo accompaniment, and concertato style by the combination and contrast of ensemble and chorus. (3) The 6th collection describes the meaning of the text by means of various musical devices. About half of the madrigals in the 6th collection are madrigal cycles. Lamento d'Arianna and Sestina expressing condolence to Martinelli are among the best known examples. (4) The 7th collection titled "concerto" is consisted of various madrigals for 2, 3, 4 and 6 voices including monody. The instrumental music for sinfonia, ritornello and concertato expression appears frequently. Each madrigal has a continuo melody and there are no madrigals written in the old style. (5) The 8th collection (Madrigali Guerrieri et Amorosi) is characterized by various expression as the title, "war and love" shows. For example, the expression of the first madrigal, Altri canti d' Amor is maximized by 6 voices, enlarged instrumentation and developed concertato style. Monteverdi partially employed concitato style as well as non harmonic tones more skillfully, and also triadic melodies and running repeated motives for the expression of terror, fury and warlike feelings. Monteverdi is the first composer who introduced the theory of Baroque dualism. He also explained the structure of Baroque music applying the theory of dualism to his madrigals. Monteverdi is a composer who lived in a transitional period between Renassance and Baroque, but he did not stay for only playing a bridge role to link both periods and showed a model for mature music employing dualism. Monteverdi not only introduced the theory of dualism but also transmitted sconda prattica to the various new techniques in his madrigals, making a great contribution to the development of dramatic works including opera and new music forms.

When the breach of contract is at issue between the contracting parties, the decision of the contents of obligation has an important meaning. The contents of obligation is decided by the construction of cont-ract. Therefore, the construction of contract has very important meaning for the decision of the contents of obligation. And the Civil Law of Korea includes provisions to settle disputes related to contract, and most of these provisions have the nature of voluntary law. And when there is no intention of the contracting parties, or it is not clear, the voluntary law comes into application(Civil code art. 105). Ultimately, voluntary law not only becomes the standard of the construction of the contract, but also it is applied as the law to settle dispute. Thus, it needs to clear what is the relation between the construc-tion of contract and the application of law. Therefore, this paper aims to clarify the relationship between the construction of contract and the appli-cation of law.

The new flexible controlling method integrated with some existing maneuvers of reducing a great head way during approaching a pilot station or anchor berth, namely , Super Rudder (Woo) controlling method originally was developed. The conclusions of this paper are drawn. 1) Super Rudder (Woo) controlling method has the shortest distance along base course and distance off base course among all reducing maneuvers including Rudder Cycling. 2) This new method is flexibly adjustable to a range of yaw angles 5-35 degrees either ship's side depending on traffic situations, 3) This new method is versatile controlling maneuver enabling shipandlers to reduce or stop a ship's headway and to adjust the proper courses to a pilot station or anchor berth.