본 연구에서는 국적외항선사를 대상으로 DEA에 의한 Malmquist 생산성지수를 측정하여 주요 재무비율(수익성, 재무안정성, 유 동성, 효율성, 생산성 간에 영향 관계와 판별력을 규명하여 생산성을 개선할 방안을 제시하였다. 2017년에 비하여 2018년에 생산성(MPI)이 증대한 선사보다 감소한 선사가 11개 많다. 생산성 감소는 주로 내부환경의 영향을 받는 기술적 효율성 변화지수(TECI)의 감소가 주요인이며, 생산성이 증대된 선사는 외부환경의 영향을 받는 기술변화지수(TCI)의 증대로 나타나고 있다. 또한 생산성(MPI)과 경영효율성(CRS) 간의 강 한 유의적인 상관관계를 보인다. 선사 내부요인에 의한 기술적 효율성변화지수(TEC)는 효율적인 선사가 유의적으로 높은데 순수효율성 변화가 아니고 규모효율성변화의 차이에 기인한다. 용선비/매출 비율은 생산성이 높은 선사(0.17)가 낮은 선사(0.21)에 비하여 낮고, 매출액영업이 익률은 MPI>1인 선사는 7%인데 MPI<1인 선사는 1%에 불과하여 용선비 규모와 영업수익성은 생산성과 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 판명된다. 따라서 외항선사는 용선비중을 줄이고 내부적인 경영효율 개선을 통한 규모 효율과 생산성을 증대시켜야만 채산성을 높일 수 있는 것으로 확인하였다.

This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of mixed probiotic on the immunity, productivity index and mortality rate in the broiler. Total of 120 one-day-old Ross broilers chicks were randomly assigned into two treatments (control dietary group and probiotic-treated group) with three replications of each treatment. The probiotic group broiler had a lower mortality rate than control during the experimental period. The productivity index in the probiotic group increased significantly than the control group. The weight of the bursa of fabricius was high in the probiotic-treated group than the control group. Activated the immunity level after fed the probiotic mixed diet compared to the control group. Furthermore, the probiotic diet significantly decreased the saturated fatty the control group. Whereas the probiotic mixed diet increased the unsaturated fatty acid than the control group. Afterward, the diet including probiotic induced positive impact on broilers immunity level. This indicates that a probiotic mixed diet could be protecting the intestine from the invasion of a pathogenic organism. It would be beneficial to the poultry industries by decrease the broiler mortality rate with elevated the immunity.

컨테이너 터미널에서 가장 중요한 운영 목표 중 하나는 각 선박에 대한 서비스 시간을 최소화함으로써 안벽의 생산성을 극대화하 는 것이다. 선박에 대한 서비스 시간을 최소화하기 위해서는 선박에 컨테이너를 싣고 내리는 해측의 안벽 크레인(QC: Quay Crane) 작업이 지연 없이 계속되어 그 효율이 극대화되어야 한다. 본 논문은 장치장과 QC 간 컨테이너 운반을 담당하는 트럭인 YT(Yard Tractor)의 운영 을 효율화함으로써 QC가 YT를 기다리게 되는 지체 상황을 최소화할 수 있도록 해 주는 전략 기반의 YT 배차 방안을 사용할 것을 제안한다. 특히 본 논문에서는 실제 컨테이너 터미널에의 적용을 위해 기존에 제안된 전략을 수정 보완하고, 실제 터미널 데이터를 이용한 시뮬레이션 실험을 통해 그 효과를 검증한다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of defoliation treatment on the growth and yield of strawberries. There was a remarkable growth in the above-ground part and root of untreated strawberry plants possibly due to higher amount of photosynthesis, while overall plant growth was suppressed as the level of defoliation treatment increased. In both the “Seolhyang” and “Maehyang” cultivars examined, defoliation treatment resulted in small fruits and a low number of fruits per plant. Notably, 50% defoliation significantly reduced the number of fruits per plant to 8.2, compared to 13.8 in untreated plants. Defoliation treatment also negatively influenced the fruit quality including color, sugar content, and solid-acid rate. However, no significant changes in fruit firmness was observed in either cultivar. Therefore, retaining enough leaves without defoliation treatment can be important to increasing fruit yield, producing high quality fruits and saving labor required for defoliation.

본 논문에서는 1980년-2017년까지 중국의 총요소생산성(TFP)을 구하고 R&D 자본스톡과 R&D spillover를 이용하여 설명하고자 하였다. R&D spillover는 기술흡수율을 이용하여 보정하였고 R&D 자본스톡은 기술정착률로 보정하였다. 회귀분석기간을 글로벌 금융위기 이전인 1980년-2007년으로 한정하여 분석한 결과 모든 변수가 양의 기여도를 보였으며, 여기서 얻은 각 변수의 TFP 탄력도를 이용하여 2017년까지의 TFP를 시뮬레이션한 결과, 추가 TFP 성장률 4.65%-11.16%를 예측하였다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of shading on the growth and productivity of strawberries. Photosynthesis was normally achieved under natural light without shading treatment, and vegetative growth of under- and aboveground part of strawberry plants were excellent. Strawberry fruit productivity and quality were different depending on shading conditions. In natural light, they were improved possibly by balanced vegetative and reproductive growth. However, under light-shading conditions with insufficient sunshine, photosynthetic activity deteriorated and carbohydrate production was therfore inadequate; this adversely affected plant height and quality. The negative effects were more pronounced at 50% shading condition. Shading treatments resulting in insufficient sunshine had a detrimental impact on plant productivity and growth; this implies that proper shading conditions could heip improve yield and fruit quality.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different compositions of environmental substrates on hydroponic tomato cultivation. Three different substrates were used in coir chip:dust (v/v=50:50; CP1), coir chip:dust (v/v=80:20; CP2), and rock wool cube with CP2 (CPR). The amount of irrigation during the cultivation period was 190 mL/(plant·time) in all substrates. The pH and EC were 5.8-6.2 and 2.6-2.9 dS/m, respectively. The drainage rate in CP1 was 31%, in CP2 was 36%, and in CPR was 29%. The growth of tomato plants in terms of height was higher in CP1 and CPR. The leaf area was greater in CP2. The fresh and dry weights were greater in CP2 and CPR treatments. The net photosynthesis in CP2 (19.31 μmol CO2/m2s) and root activity in CP2 were higher among all three treatments. The soluble solid content of fruit was not significantly different among treatments. The yield per plant in CP2 and CPR treatments was 17% greater than the yield per plant in CP1. Therefore, the most suitable substrate for hydroponic tomato cultivation is the substrate mixed with coir chip:dust (v:v=80:20; CP2), i.e., CPR.

The effect of insect feed powder on the growth performance and economic evaluation of ducks was investigated. One hundred and twenty-old Pekin ducks were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments (0% and 1% Hermetia illucens powder) with three replicates of 20 birds each for 14-42 d. No significant (p>0.05) difference in growth performance between the control and 1% H. illucens powder was observed, except the feed conversion ratio (p<0.05), for the experimental period. The treatments with 1% H. illucens powder improved the economic indicators in comparison with the controls. Therefore, a diet supplemented with 1% H. illucens powder could significantly improve the feed conversion ratios and increase the economic indicators.

The study was initiated to compare seasonal nutrient variations and rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity in each of leading rice farm with conventionally managed and recommended fertilized of the large-scale environment-friendly agricultural districts in Jangheung, Suncheon, and Okcheon provinces in 2017. Suncheon rice experimental farm plots included a recommended fertilization plot that had been additionally sown hairy vetch in the fall of previous year, while Okcheon rice farm included a recommended fertilization plot applying half amount of the compost in the conventional plot. A Jangheung rice farm only practiced crop-livestock farming system. Soil pH and EC in all experimental plots were suitable levels for rice growth to cultivate. Seasonal soil pH from March to September was the highest for Suncheon rice farm, and seasonal soil EC was the highest for Jangheung rice farm. Seasonal soil T-N increased in all the plots from March to June in particular for Suncheon rice farm, and Jangheung rice farm had the lowest seasonal soil P. Seasonal soil K decreased in all the plots, with the lowest levels observed for Okcheon farm. Seasonal soil NH4 + mostly increased by up to 90 mg/kg in Jangheung rice farm from March to June. Seasonal plant T-N, P and K concentrations were the highest for Jangheung rice farm. Seasonal plant T-N and P concentrations decreased from June to September, but K leveles were fluctuated between 2.0% and 2.5%. Seasonal SPAD value was the lowest in Suncheon conventional plot. Jangheung rice farm plot produced 6,303 kg of rice per ha, which was approximately two times higher than those of Okcheon recommended plot. The seasonal T-N, P and K balance was the highest in Okcheon conventional plot, with the lowest values observed for Suncheon conventional plot. As a result, Suncheon recommended plot showed relatively low levels of seasonal macro-nutrient balance and the highest rice production, which could be the most environmentally friendly farm practiced conducted in this study.

A light-emitting diode (LED) is most efficient in terms of economic benefits. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of LED lighting intensity on milk production, milk composition, and the immune response of Holstein cows. Thirty-eight lactating cows were assigned to four experimental groups: control group (exposed natural daylight without LED light) and three LED treatment group (50 lux; natural daylight and 6 h LED light of 50 lux intensity, 100 lux; natural daylight and 6 h LED light of 100 lux intensity, 200 lux; natural daylight and 6 h LED light of 200 lux intensity). There was a significant effect on the decrease ratio in milk production in 200 lux group. Lactose was significantly increased in 100 lux than the other LED treated groups. In addition to the hemolytic biochemical analysis, AST and β-HB were significantly increased in the 50 lux than the other groups. Prolactin and IGF-1 levels were significantly increased in 200 lux compared to other groups. Besides, cortisol was significantly higher in 50 lux and lowered in the 200 lux than the control, while IgA and IgG were not significant among the groups. Therefore, it was concluded that LED lighting intensity had some impact on blood parameters and immune responses in dairy cows with increased milk production.

The study was initiated to compare crop productivity as affected by a long-term application with homemade liquid fertilizers in leading organic cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) farms in Suncheon and Kimcheon provinces. A Suncheon farm have applied an EM (effective organism) liquid fertilizer for one year and fifteen years, designating as EM 1-year and EM 15-year plots, respectively, with 4-year and 5-year application of native microbes-liquid fertilizer in Kimcheon farm, designating as Micro 4-year and Micro 5-year plots, respectively. pH in the EM-liquid fertilizer was high to approximately 7.7, and EC in the Micro-liquid fertilizer was 0.1 dS/m higher than those of EM-liquid fertilizer, with similar macro-nutrient concentrations observed in the both liquid fertilizers. Soil EC was the highest to the 10.0 dS/m for the liquid fertilizer with EM 1-year and showed less than 1.5 dS/m for other liquid fertilizer plots. Micro-liquid fertilizer plots had soil OM contents less than 20 g/kg, which was approximately two times less than those of EM plots. Soil microbial properties were not significantly different among the liquid fertilizer plots. SPAD and PS II values were significantly increased by EM 15-year plots with high levels of soil OM and EC. Liquid fertilizer plot with EM 1-year had high concentrations of T-N, Ca, and Na in the cucumber crops but low concentrations of P and Mg, in particular for low K of 1.2% which was two times less than those of desired level for an optimum cucumber growth. The lowest fruit yield was observed for the liquid fertilizer plot with EM 1-year with the highest soil EC accumulated. Liquid fertilizer plot with EM 15-year produced the expanded volume of crop canopy and increased fruit yield. Therefore, long-term of continuous application with an organic liquid fertilizer would have sustainably improved soil stability and the crop productivity.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary microbial-fermented molasses on egg production and egg quality in laying hens.In total, 90 Hy-line Brown laying hens were divided into two treatment groups (control and 1% microbial-fermented molasses)with three replicates of 15 birds each. During the experimental period, supplementation of hen diets with 1% microbial-fermented molassesdid not influence egg weight, hen-day egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio (p > 0.05), except for feed intake. Regarding egg quality, diets containing 1% microbial-fermented molasses significantly affected eggshell thickness, Haugh unit, and albumen height (p < 0.05). However, there were no remarkable differences between control and 1% microbial-fermented molasses in eggshell color and egg yolk color (p > 0.05). These results indicate that supplementing 1% microbial-fermented molasses to the diet of laying hens improved egg quality parameters such as eggshell thickness, Haugh unit, and albumen height rather than egg production.

This study was conducted to evaluate the growth performance of broilers fed different levels of Hermetia illucens powder. A total of 400 broiler chicks (1-day old Arbor Acres) were fed commercial diets containing H. illucens powder at 0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% with four replicates (25 chicks per replicate), for 35 days. Weight gain in broilers fed diets containing different levels of H. illucens powder increased significantly at 28 and 35 days, compared with that of the control (p<0.05). However, feed intake and mortality showed no differences among the treatments as a function of time. At 21, 28, and 35 days, broilers fed different levels of H. illucens powder had lower feed conversion rates (p<0.05) than their counterparts fed the control diet. In conclusion, 0.5% H. illucens powder is the optimal level for improved weight gain and feed conversion.

Green manure crops can be efficient replacements of high nutrient materials such as livestock compost, organic fertilizers, etc. in organic farming. Grass-legume mixtures or mixed cropping of legumes with non-legumes can aid in abating the shortcomings of each plant type under monoculture (i.e. legumes have low biomass yields while grasses are poor at fixing nitrogen). This study was conducted to investigate the effects of barley (B) and hairy vetch (H) mixtures on green manure yield in nutrient accumulated organic upland soils of Korea. In one cropping season, single crops of barley and hairy vetch (Barley: 160 kg/ha, Hairy vetch: 90 kg/ha) as well as mixtures of both crops at different seeding rates (B66:H33, B33: H66) were grown and the obtained results are as shown below. The biomass yield and nutrient productivities were higher in barley-hairy vetch mixture. The biomass yield and total phosphorus content were higher for the mixed crops by 78~132% and 200% respectively than those of the hairy vetch monoculture. Total nitrogen content of the mixed crops was also higher than those of the barley monoculture by 43~44%. The biomass yield (5.60 Mg/ha) and nutrient contents (87.7 kg N/ha, 23 kg P2O5/ha) were highest in the case of B66:H33 seeding rate. Accordingly, this study concludes that the barley-hairy vetch mixtures cropped at B66:H33 seeding rate is efficient in increasing green manure productivity due to complementary effects observed and the highest biomass yield and nutrient contents.

This study evaluated the duck growth performance and the economic benefits on using illite as a feed additive for ducks. Illite powder at three levels (0%, 1%, and 1.5%) was added to commercial duck diets, and fed to 180 one-day-old ducks (Pekin, 3 replicates, 20 ducks per pen) using a randomized block design for 39 days. During the experimental period, there were no significant growth performance differences between treatments (p>0.05), except with the feed conversion ratio (p<0.05), for all periods (8-39 days). In addition, the dietary supplementation of 1% and 1.5% illite did not significantly improve (p>0.05) Feed Intake Cost (FIC), Weight Gain Value (WGV), Meat Production Cost (MPC), Economic Efficiency (EE), Profitability (P), or cost benefit ratio for 8 to 21 d, 22 to 39 d, and 8 to 39 d. However, the differences in meat production cost and profitability between treatments were statistically significant (p<0.05) for all periods (8-39 d). In conclusion, adding 1% and 1.5% illite to duck diets is not beneficial for improving either the duck growth performance or the economic indicators.

Paddy-upland rotation system is one of the important cropping system for improving soil quality and crop productivity. we conducted to investigate the effect of paddy-upland rotation system on soil properties and crop productivity in reclaimed tidal land. The paddy-upland rotation could be effective to conserve soil water contents and prevent from salt damage when cultivating upland crops. The first two years of maize cultivation after rice cultivation could be effective to secure stable production. However, in case of soybean crop, the rotation effect might be lower than that of maize. In the first year, the yield of soybean was 214 kg/10a. In the second and third year, the yields of soybean decreased consecutively to 152, 123 kg/10a respectively. In this paper, it would be suggested that maize be cultivated for up to two years and soybean be cultivated for one year after rice crop grown in reclaimed tidal land. This study could be provide basic data of the physico-chemical properties applicable to paddy-upland rotation system at reclaimed tidal lands.

Light is an essential and powerful element to animals. A light-emitting diode (LED) is most efficient in terms of economic benefits. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of LED lighting time on milk production, milk composition, and the immune response of Holstein cows. Forty lactating cows were assigned to four experimental groups: control; natural daylight, treatment; am3-6, pm6-12 and pm6-am6. We found that there was no significant effect on the decrease ratio in milk production among the groups. Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) was significantly decreased in pm6-am6 and pm6-12 than the control. With regard to the hemolytic biochemical analysis, GLU was significantly increased and CRE, T-BIL were significantly decreased in the pm6-12 than the control. IGF-1 levels were significantly increased in pm6-12 compared to other groups. Besides, cortisol was significantly lowered in the pm6-12 than the control, while prolactin, IgA and IgG were not significant among the groups. In addition, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were also significantly increased in pm6-12 than the control. However, antioxidant enzyme activity and superoxide dismutase were not significant among the experimental groups. Therefore, it was concluded that LED lighting time had some impact on blood parameters and immune responses in dairy cows without any changes in milk production.

화석 연료 사용량 증가로 야기되는 지구 온난화를 비롯한 여러 환경문제와 자원 고갈로 인해 화석 연료를 대체 할 수 있는 연료원이 요구되고 있다. 이에 동식물성 기름으로부터 추출한 바이오디젤은 재생 가능한 연료로 주목을 받았으나 여러 한계를 보였고, 단위면적당 높은 에너지 수율과 빠른 성장속도 및 친환경적 특징을 겸비한 미세조류가 3세대 바이오디젤의 원료로 주목받고 있다. 본 연구는 독립영양과 혼합영양을 가능하게 하는 광 조건이 바이오매스 축적 지질의 지방산 특성 변화와 상관관계를 도출하여 바이오디젤 생산성 향상 방안을 고찰하였다. 본 실험에서 배양한 미세조류는 지질 축적능력이 우수한 Botryococcus braunii 종을 명암주기를 조절하여 광영양 및 혼합영양 조건으로 배양하였고, 회수한 바이오매스를 fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)형태로 지질을 추출하여 FAME 구성 성분과 FAME 수율을 비교 평가하였다. 실험결과는 독립영양과 혼합영양에 상관없이 C16, C18, C20 지방산이 주요 FAME의 구성 성분으로 밝혀져 바이오디젤로써 이용 가능성이 충분함을 확인하였다. 광영양 조건에서 전체 지질의 61.1%가 FAME 형태로 추출되었고 구성성분 중 C16, C18, C20 지방산의 함량이 각각 52.3%를 차지하였으며, FAME 수율(g FAME/g biomass)은 2.4%로 도출되었다. 혼합영양 조건에서 74.3%의 FAME이 추출되었고 C16, C18, C20 지방산의 함량은 73.9%를 차지하였으며, FAME yield는 3.1%로 도출되었다. 이 결과는 폐수로부터 수확한 미세조류 바이오매스가 대체 연료원으로 이용가치가 높음을 보여준다.

Background : Multi-stage system were used for development of stable ginseng seedling production. Bed-soil for the production of ginseng seedling in the multi-stage was similar to the conventional bed-soil but the weight of the bed-soil was high and the efficiency of operation in the multi-stage was lowered. In this study, the yield and quality of ginseng seedling was investigated by commercial lightweight bed-soil in the multi-stage facilities, and the possibility of application of lightweight bed-soil. Methods and Results : This study was carried out by a 3-stage cultivation bed using a 50 ㎜ sandwich panel in a house shaded with 85% light-shielding net. The width of the cultivating bed was 90 ㎝, the height was 30 ㎝, and the height of each stage was 50 ㎝. In the first and second stages, the amount of light was insufficient, so two rows of fluorescent lamps were installed and the third stage was used natural light. Ginseng seeds were sown on the cultivating bed in November 2016, and ginseng seeds (native species) were sown with a density of 3 × 3 ㎝. The chemical properties of lightweight bed-soil were pH 5.11, and EC 0.76 dS/m. It was suitable for ginseng seedling cultivation. The bulk density was 0.21 Mg/㎥. Among the growth characteristics of the ginseng seedlings, the root length was the longest as 17.0 ㎝ in the conventional cultivation, and the second stage was the longest at 14.8 ㎝ in the multi-stage facility. The root diameter in the multi-stage system was 0.2 - 0.4 ㎜ thicker than the conventional one. Root weights of lightweight bed-soil were similar to those of conventional cultivation. The yield of ginseng seedlings in the 1 st, 2 nd and 3 rd stage was 721.3 g, 692.0 g, and 394.7 g/1.62 ㎡ respectively. Conclusion : In the production of ginseng seedling using multi-stage facilities, the commercial bed-soil was better than the conventional bed-soil (light, workability). The differences in yields in the multi-stage facilities can be overcome if the growth management such as moisture management is more systematic. If we develop the technology to reuse the bed-soil after harvesting the ginseng seedling, it will be economical and able to supply to farmers.

Amaranth (Amaranth caudatus) is attracting attention as a preference crop in Gyeongsangbuk-do province. To determine its growth potential and cultivation requirements, we investigated its growth characteristics, dry matter productivity, and grain yield according to the growing period. Growth and dry matter productivity were significantly higher for plants that were sown on May 10th when the temperature was the highest, whereas the yield was significantly higher for plants that were sown on April 10th. Amaranth grain yield ranged from 96 to 243 kg according to the sowing date and cultivation year. The optimum harvest time for plants that were sown on April 10th, May 10th, and June 10th were 120, 110, and 110 days after seeding, respectively. The mean temperature and growing period had a significant quadratic function with yield. Based on these equations, the optimum growing temperature was estimated as 20.6℃ and the optimum growing period as 104-119 days after seeding.