예이츠는 『부활』에서 시대에 필요한 새로운 신화를 창조하려고 성서의 예수 그리스도 부활에 대해 히브리인과 그리스인과 시리아인들의 상반적인 논쟁을 역설적으로 통합 한다. 예이츠는 예수 그리스도의 죽음과 부활, 디오니소스의 죽음과 부활은 새로운 신화인 트로이가 부활되어야 한다고 필요성을 강조하고 있다. 『부활』에서 예이츠는 갈등과 상반은 항상 변화하기에 상관적이고 상대적이며 결국은 하나로 화합된다고 역설하고 있다.

본 논문의 목적은 창세기에 등장하는 야곱의 사다리에 숨겨져 있는 메시지를 신화적 상징과 신학적 담론의 관점에서 분석하여, 동일한 사건이 신화, 종교, 교리의 문맥에 따라 다양한 의미로 수용되고 발전하는 과정을 추적하는 것이다. 창세기에 등장하는 야곱의 사다리를 신화적 상징과 신학적 담론이라는 두 관점에서 접근할 수 있는 근거는 이 일화가 신화적 상징과 신학적 의미를 동시에 포함하고 있기 때문이다. 유대교도나 기독교인이 아닌 사람의 시각에서 야곱의 사다리는 그리스 로마 신화를 포함한 다양한 신화에서 발견되는 보편적 상징체계로 해석될 수 있다. 하지만 구약성경을 자신의 종교경전으로 간주하는 유대인이 나 기독교인의 관점에서 보면, 야곱의 사다리는 야훼 하나님과 신도 사이의 관계를 설명하는 보다 구체적이며 제한된 신학적 담론 안에서 논의될 수 있다. 야곱의 사다리는 다시 유대교와 기독교의 신학적 담론 안에서 각기 다른 의미로 해석될 뿐 만 아니라, 동일한 기독교 안에서도 가톨릭과 개신교에서 각기 다른 신학적 담론을 형성한다. 본 논문은 이 같은 목적을 위해 네 부분으로 구성되었다. 신화의 영역은 주로 엘리아데의 “우주의 축”의 개념에 따라, 유대교, 가톨릭, 개신교의 영역은 각기 성전, 교황, 만인제사장의 신학적 담론 안에서 “야곱의 사다리”를 분석한다.

이 논문은『북쪽』에 나타난 히니의 신화적 재현에 대해 비판한 비평가 들에 답하기 위하여 그의 산문과 늪지시편을 정독하여 그의 신화적 방법을 검토한다. 그는 두 공동체의 신화들을 이데올로기적 담론으로 진단하여, 신화가 허구이지만 그들 의 심리와 현실에서 실제로 크게 작용하고 있으며 분규와 대립을 더 악화시키는 원인 이라고 진단하였다. 과거의 모더니스트들이 현실을 표현할 매개로 신화를 활용했듯이 히니는『늪지사람들』의 고대 덴마크의 희생제의를 상징으로 활용해 북아일랜드의 신화로 인한 폭력과 심리적 현실을 표현하려하였다. 그의 늪지시편들은 이러한 신화로 인한 현실과 이성 간의 “힘의 장”으로서의 갈등을 보여준다.

W. B. 예이츠에 대해서는 “쇠퇴”라는 비평적 주제는 『보일러』(1938)라는 책자에서 다루어지는, 계시적 지지에 이르는 그의 마지막 단계의 우생학에 집중된다. 이 글은 예이츠의 초기를 다루는데, 최초의 성공작 『유신의 방랑』(1889)의 영웅적 신화의 전개를 다룬다. 예이츠는 제국적 남성의 코드나 그 반대의 식민적 아일란드적 야만성을 반복하지 않고, 데카당스와 쇠퇴의 두려움에 대항해서 남성의 힘과 신화적 영웅의 미덕을 시로 표현하려한다. 필자는 아일랜드의 모더니즘의 주요 수사법인 나태하고 무력한 남성상으로 이 문제를 극복한다고 본다.

Adrian Piper performed a virtual masculine persona of 'Mythic Being' between 1973 and 1975. She disguised herself with an Afro-wig, sunglasses, a mustache, turtleneck shirt, etc. in order to be 'Mythic Being', hung around the everyday street and carried out performance. She imitated and reproduced a violent, sexual stereotype of a black man of the working class filled with hostility. Through a performance like this, Piper tried to do research on the racial prejudice and stereotypes implanted in the audiences' mind. In addition, Piper was able to experience gender freedom while doing an impersonation of a black man's erotic stereotype through 'Mythic Being', and did an experiment on what sort of liberation such an experience could give her as a black woman. In addition, Piper used an artful practice in 'Mythic Being' performance in an effort to produce contrary evidence that a racial stereotype could by no means represent the true identity of black people. The 'Mythic Being' in <The Mythic Being>series looks like someone who has a short and small body with lighter skin which clouds racial distinguishment despite the fact that it claims to stand for black masculinity. Besides, the Afro-wig and mustache of the 'Mythic Being' are worn awkwardly and exaggeratively as if they didn't belong to it. Such factors hint at the fact that Piper is not completely assimilated to the black masculine persona-'Mythic Being', but simply does an awkward imitation of it. In this way, Piper intended to expose the fact that it is by no means possible to explain the essence of the racial identity simply by using a stereotype while proving that performing a racial stereotype imitatively, though, is enough to acquire specific ethnicity, i.e. negritude.

예이츠는 신화를 상상과 현실을 이어주고 혼연일체가 되게 해주는 창조적인 매개체로 사용하였다. 그는 신화를 통해 예술과 인생, 자연과 초자연 등을 일체화 시켰다. 예이츠는 그의 시에서 아일랜드 토속 신화, 그리스 로마 신화, 성서 등을 사용하여 문학이 제공할 수 있는 상상력을 극대화하여 현실성을 부여하려 하였다.

This study examines the conceptual characteristics of fantasy movies. It also studies the process of socio-cultural changes of the mythical images such as heroes, goddesses and the devil that have often become the centre of fantasy movie characters. This study further examines the features of each character that correspond to specific mythical images. The purpose of this research is to suggest the conceptual and aesthetic characteristics of fantasy reflected in the characters and the costumes of fantasy movies, which were released since the year 2000. The followings are the results of the research: The conceptual characteristics of fantasy reflected in the characters and the costumes of fantasy movies are summarized as representation of reality, allegory and symbols, horror, desire, deconstruction and metamorphosis, otherness and counter-cultural sentiments. The aesthetic characteristics of the costumes of fantasy movies are defined as typicality and symbolism, grotesqueness, sensuality, hybridization, and otherness. These characteristics are very interconnected. The costumes of heroic characters appearing in fantasy movies show strong side of standard while the costumes of the evil characters revealed the limit of dualistic point of worldview centered on West. Heroic characters show realistic and human side that reflects the ethos of the time. Negative characters such as the devil or witches, which were created in human imagination and emotion, become the dynamic force of fantasy movies through their deviant actions. Their clothes, with variety and hybridization, become the source of creativity expected in present society.

This essay is a comparison between Celtic myth and Korean myth with emphasis on hero Cuchulain and Jumong. Cuchulain is a Celtic Irish mythological hero who appears in the stories of the Ulster Cycle. In this study the main text of Cuchulain is Lady Gregory's Cuchulain of Muirthemne. Jumong, whose birth name was Dongmyeongseongwang(東明聖王), was the founding monarch of Goguryeo. The best known version of the founding myths of Goguryeo is the Dongmyeongwangpyeon of the Dongguk I Sanggukgip(Collected Works of Minister Yi of Korea) by Yi, Gyu Bo. According to Jeseph Campbell's idea of monomyth the standard path of the mythological adventure of the hero is a magnification of the formula represented in the rites of passage: separation−initiation−return. A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder, fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won, and the hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man. Cuchulain and Jumong's hero-journey show the nuclear unit of the monomyth. Their stories exhibit with extraordinary clarity all the essential elements of the classic accomplishment of the impossible task. Cuchulain is the son of the sun god Lugh and Deichtire(a daughter of Maga, the child of the love god of Angus). Jumong is the son of Hae Mosu(解慕漱: the son of heaven) and Yuhwa(柳花:daughter of the river god Habaek(河伯). Cuchulain and Jumong are the child divine yet born of human mather. They are sons of sun and abandoned by their divine father. The characteristic adventure of Cuchulain is winning of the bride, Emma. The adventure of Jumong is going to succeed to his father-the father is the invisible founder of Buyeo. Cuchulain's adventure had given him the capacity to annihilate all opposition. At the age of seventeen Cuchulain single-handedly defends Ulster from the army of Connacht in the Tain Bo Cuailnge. Jumong's adventure had given him the capacity to rule his subjects. At the age of twenty-two, in 37 BC, Jumong established Goguryeo, and became its first "Supreme King." Goguryeo considered itself a successor to Buyeo. Cuchulain, the Irish Achilles, is the symbol of all those who fought for independence of Ireland. Jumong, the korean Achilles, is the symbol of the pride of Korean. The aim of this essay is that my comparative analysis contribute to the sense of universal understanding of the human condition.

This paper examines animal motifs related to Cuchulain in Ulster Cycle, especially Lady Gregory’s Cuchulain of Muirthemne and Celtic culture. In the preface of the text Yeats said that she will have given Ireland its Mabinogion, its Morte d’Arthur, its Nibelungenlied. The Ulster sagas are documents surviving from a Celtic culture unaffected by the Latin civilization of the rest of Europe. Set a century before the time of Christ, the Ulster stories posit an older world than any known in other European vernaculars. The narrative materials were transcribed as early as 8th century continued to be part of living literature until 18th. Esteem for the Ulster Cycle passed into English during the 19th century, when nationalists searched ancient literature for heroes to replace those imposed on Irish children by English-run schools. During the generation of Lady Gregory, William Butler Yeats and John Millington Synge the Red Branch Cycle fostered widespread adaptation in English. Lady Gregory expected to let Irish students know that the Cuchulain stories were put into permanent literary form at about the same date as Beowulf, some 100 to 250 years before the Scandinavian mythology, at least 200 years before the oldest Charlemagne romance, and probably 300 years before the earliest draft of Nibelungenlied. In Cuchulain of Muirthemne there are twenty stories in English. Lady Grogery have exchanged for the grotesque accounts of Cuchulain’s distortion into the appearance of a god. In the Cuchulain’s stories still remains the ancient heart of Ireland and Celtic culture. In the Celtic supernatural world animals can talk, move about like humans, jest, warn and shapeshift. The Celts not only relied on animals for their survival but they respect them, learned them, and honoured them. The legendary Irish warrior and solar hero, Cuchulain, son of the god Lugh, exhibited the ‘hero light,’ a flaming aura, around his head when he entered the state of battle frenzy. As a lineage of Angus the hero fell in love with a swan goddess Fand. And was unsuccessfully wooed by the Morrigan in her raven aspect. Cuchulain, whose name means “Culan’s Hound,” was a Gaelic hero likened in his exploits to both the Greek Hercules and Achilles. He is said to have been able to perform a ‘salmon’s leap.’ In the War for the Bull of Cuailgne the hero single- handedly defends Ulster against the depredations of Connacht, as led by Medb and Ailill. The young Cuchulain, a superhuman, semi-divine hero has two chariot- horses, the Black of Saingliu and the Grey of Macha. The clairvoyante Grey cries tears of blood at the foreknowledge of his death. when the Ulster hero Cuchulain is finally killed, he has such a fearsome reputation that it is not until one of the raven-goddesses alights on his shoulder that his enemies believe he is dead and dare to approach and behead him. To the Celts, animals were special and central to all aspects of their world

Motivated with thinking of a new literary theory so called diaspora, the purpose of this paper is to explore Heaney’s postcolonial writing as he misreads the myth in decolonized Ireland. The relationship between the decolonial discourse and diasporic theory is riding on a current issue in writings. I assume that a growing interest among readers reflects this prevailing term for his work. His writing method and idea owe more to diasporic attitude in the respect that he subverts the established Irish myth. Heaney have been witnessed historical moments of Irish reality so he broke the fabricating historical myth. Heaney explored the traditional literature in Ireland, characterized by the effects of the experience of colonization and a sense of intellectual and spiritual deprivation. By way of this historical experience of authentic decolonization of his mother land, Heaney's writing became, more and more, politicized against the crisis which the repressive force of imperialism caused to occur. Under this traumatic disasters of Ireland, Heaney’s poetic quest makes him the practical struggle against the colonial power in a poetic way. And he creates a new decolonial place. It could be said that the poet attitude like that is diasporic writing as a new writing one.

The Two Kings, based on the myths of Edain in the ancient pagan Ireland, is Yeats’s long autobiographical narrative poem. This poem expresses not only the poet’s private love story but also his deep concern in the national affairs with realistic consciousness of responsibility. Therefore, in spite of its mysteriousness it shows that Yeats has traveled far into the actual world since his earlier narrative poems. In this poem Yeats adopted only the main part of the original story and changed its plot and reversed its ending on purpose. He reconstructed the original story and recreated it as a “universal” private mythos through imaginative embellishment and creative modification. Furthermore, by clothing each mythical character with multi-roles and -symbols, he succeeded in making the poem a piece of work with both individuality and universality. Through the symbolical behaviors of the characters, Yeats states his firm conviction that a man’s life should be determined by his own free will, and that the lovers’ happiness should dwell in their earthly life, not in their union after death. And the poet asserts that nothing is more important than the reliance and morality between human beings for our true life and happy love. In addition, the poet contends that a leader of a nation must deliver his subjects from their chronic oppression and poverty.