목적 : 본 연구는 Shaker 운동이 뇌졸중 환자의 연하기능에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 연하장애 환자 19명을 대상으로 Shaker 운동을 6주 동안 주 5일, 하루 30분씩 실시하였다. 중재 전·후로 비 디오 투시 연하검사를 촬영한 후 신 비디오 투시 연하검사 척도와 미국언어청각협회 연하척도(American Speech- Language-Hearing Association National Outcomes Measurement System Swallowing scale; ASHA NOMS scale) 를 사용하여 연하기능과 식이정도의 변화를 분석하였다. 결과 : Shaker 운동 후에 식이별 구강기와 인두기의 연하기능 변화는 인두기에서 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.001). 인두기 세부항목별 변화는 후두개곡잔여물, 후두거상과 후두덮개폐쇄, 이상동잔여물, 인두통과시간, 흡인 항목에서 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.01). 또한 모든 연구 대상자들은 ASHA NOMS 연하척도 단계에서 1∼2단계 향상되었다. 결론 : Shaker 운동은 뇌졸중으로 인한 인두기에 문제가 있는 연하장애 환자에게 식이단계 향상을 위해 효과적인 치료방 법임을 알 수 있었다.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of familiar exercise and novel exercise on motor function after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in rats. The rats were subjected to a unilateral striatal ICH via collagenase infusion. The rats were randomly divided into the following three groups: the CON (control group; rested one week post-ICH), the FE (familiar exercise group; familiar exercise was performed two weeks after one-week post-ICH period), and NE (novel exercise group; novel exercise was performed two weeks after one-week post-ICH period). We measured neurological behavior using a ladder rung walking test and a beam walking test; we measured the level of nerve growth factor (NGF) using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. We performed a one-way ANOVA test to analyze the scores obtained from the neurological behavior tests and the differences of NGF protein levels among the three groups. In the present study, the FE group and the NE group showed significant improvement during the neurological behavior tests and in their expression of NGF protein level, as compared to the CON group. Especially, NE group more increase than FE group in neurological behavior tests, the expression of NGF on motor cortex. In conclusion, these results suggest that, after ICH, familiar exercise and novel exercise enhance motor function and, novel exercise is more effective than familiar exercise.

This study aimed to determine the usefulness of classifying patients with neck pain on the basis of the results of passive scapular elevation test. We classified 21 patients with neck pain into positive (n=12) and negative (n=9) groups on the basis of passive scapular elevation test; the 2 groups then equally performed scapular stabilization exercise program for 30 min, 3 times a week, for 4 weeks. Visual analogue scale (VAS), neck disability index (NDI), and range of motion (ROM) were recorded both before and after the intervention for both groups. Paired t-test was used to determine that there were significant changes between before and after the intervention, and independent t-test was used for analyzing changes between two groups of dependent variables. After 4 weeks of training, we observed significant decrease in pain and disability (p<.05) and a significant increase in rotation, flexion, extension, and side-bending ROM (p<.05) in both groups. Further, between pre- and post-intervention evaluations, we observed a significant decrease in pain and disability and a significant increase in rotation and flexion ROM in the positive group than in the negative group (p<.05). These results indicate that passive scapular elevation test may be used to identify mechanical disorders of the cervicoscapular muscle in patients with neck pain. Therefore, we recommend the use of passive scapular elevation test to determine appropriate treatment intervention when treating patients with neck pain.

The lower trapezius muscle is an important stabilizer and primary mover of the scapula. The potential use of ultrasound imaging to evaluate scapular muscle function warrants investigation. The purpose of this study is to use ultrasound imaging for determining the effectiveness of 4 different isometric exercises for maximally activating the lower trapezius muscles in healthy subjects. Twenty-eight (14 men and 14 women) volunteers were recruited for this study. Thickness measurements of the lower trapezius muscles were recorded during 4 exercises: latissimus pulldown (LP), prone V-raise (PV), prone row (PR), and modified prone cobra (MP). Lower trapezius muscle thickness was measured 3 times by 2 investigators at a point 3 cm lateral to the lateral edge of the T8 spinous process. The order of 4 exercise execution was randomized for each participant. To identify statistical significance, one-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used with the significance level of .05. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for intra-reliability was .86~.98 and inter-rater reliability .83~.96 for the lower trapezius, respectively (p<.01). Thickness changes in the lower trapezius muscles between the relaxed and contracted states in men were as follows: LP (, 182%), MP (, 167%), PV (, 149%), and PR (, 133%). In women the values were as follows: LP (, 163%), MP (, 131%), PV (, 129%), and PR ( mm, 100%). Thickness of the lower trapezius muscles significantly differed between exercises in both the gender (p<.01). The LP was the most effective exercise for increasing the activation of the lower trapezius muscle in both the gender. We recommend performing the LP exercise for strengthening the lower trapezius muscles.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ankle joint mobilization with movement (MWM) on the range of motion (ROM) in the ankle, on the muscle strength of lower extremities, and on spatiotemporal gait parameters in chronic hemiplegic patients. Fifteen subjects with chronic stroke were divided into two groups: an experimental group (8 subjects) and a control group (7 subjects). Both groups attended two or three sessions of physical therapy each week. The experimental group also attended additional MWM training sessions three times a week for five weeks. For both groups, the ROM of the ankle, the muscle strength of the lower extremities, and the spatiotemporal gait parameters in paretic limbs were evaluated before and after the training period. The results showed that the experimental group experienced more significant increases than did the control group in terms of passive (6.10%) and active (21.96%) ROM of the ankle, gait velocity (12.96%), and peak torque, of the knee flexor (81.39%), the knee extensor (24.88%), and the ankle plantar flexor (41.75%)(p<.05). These results suggest that MWM training in patients with chronic stroke may be beneficial in increasing ROM in the ankle, muscle strength in the lower extremities, and gait speed.

The aim of this study is to compare measurements of abdominal muscle thickness using ultrasonography imaging (USI) to those using a special transducer head device, during five different trunk stabilization exercises, ultimately to determine which exercise led to the greatest muscle thickness. Thirty eight healthy subjects participated in this cross-sectional study. The five types of trunk stabilization - i.e., a sit-up on the supine, an upper and lower extremity raise with quadruped on the prone, a leg raise in sitting on the ball, trunk rolling on the ball, and balance using sling on the prone position - were each performed with an abdominal draw. The thickness of the abdominal muscle - including the transverse abdominal (TrA), internal oblique (IO), and external oblique (EO) - was measured by USI with a special transducer head device, at rest and then at contraction in each position. Data were analyzed using one-way repeated ANOVA with the level of significance set at =.05. The results were as follows: 1) the TrA thickness was statistically significant (p<.05), whereas the IO and EO thicknesses were not (p>.05); 2) among the five types of trunk stabilization, TrA thickness significantly increased with the balance using a sling in the prone position, (p<.05), whereas no significant difference was noted for the four types of trunk stabilization (p>.05); 3) reliability data showed that there was a high degree of consistency among the measurements taken using the special transducer head device (ICC=.92). In conclusion, the balance using a sling in the prone position was more effective than any of the four other types of trunk stabilization in increasing TrA thickness in healthy subjects.

정보통신기술의 급속한 발전과 인터넷의 보급으로 전통적인 매체들이 상호융합하는 경향을 보이면서 사람들 사이의 의사소통의 태양과 구조를 새롭게 규정하는 변화의 시기이다. 이는 장차 모든 사람이 다른 모든 이들에 대해 정보의 발신자이자 수신자가 될 수 있는 가능성을 열어주는 새로운 지경의 도래를 예고하는 듯하다. 다양한 가치관과 목적을 가진 수많은 사람들이 각자의 자유를 향유하되 평화롭게 공존하는 사회가 인터넷으로 대표되는 새로운 매체를 통해 구현되는 사이버공간을 활용하여 어떻게 구현될 수 있을지는 지속적인 연구를 필요로 하는 문제이다. 인터넷을 통해 상당한 수준의 개방되고 자유로운 의사표현의 장을 확보하게 된 이용자들은 그러한 직접적이고 상호적인 교류의 수단을 활용하여 민주주의를 실질적으로 구현하기 위한 제도적 가능성에 대해서도 희망적인 기대를 갖는다. 그 긍정적 기대에 초점을 둔다면 자유로운 정치적 의사표현의 보장을 지지하게 되겠지만 새로운 매체의 활용이 가져올 부정적 효과에 경각심을 갖는다면 기존 법제를 토대로 신중한 접근을 선호하게 될 것이다. 이 글에서는 인터넷을 통해 구현되는 사이버공간에서 기대되는 표현의 자유와 민주주의의 가능성에 대한 근본적인 인식을 토대로 공직선거법 제93조 제1항에 대한 위헌확인사건(2007헌마1001)을 중심으로 하여 인터넷 선거운동의 자유와 규제에 대한 시각을 검토한다.

이 연구의 목적은 10학년 학생들의 공간능력의 차이에 따라 판의 운동과 관련된 개념 이해가 어떻게 다른지 알아보는 데 있다. 이를 위하여 공간능력과 판의 운동 관련 개념 검사 도구를 선정 개발하였다. 공간능력 검사는 KTC에서 개발한 적성종합 검사지 20문항을 사용하였다. 또 다른 검사지는 판의 운동과 관련된 개념을 묻는 것으로 총 10문항으로 구성되었다. 검사지들은 광역시 소재 10학년 학생 118명에게 투입하여 상관관계를 분석하였고, 공간능력 검사점수를 통해 공간능력이 높은 집단과 낮은 집단으로 구분하여 두 집단 간의 판의 운동 관련 개념 이해 정도 차이를 분석하였다. 또한 공간능력 점수가 높은 학생 3명과 낮은 학생 3명을 표집하여 반구조화된 면담을 실시하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 공간능력 점수와 판의 운동 개념 성취도의 상관관계를 분석한 결과, 상관계수 r=0.439 (p〈.01)로 둘 사이에는 보통 수준의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 공간능력 검사 점수에 따라 상 하 두 집단으로 구분하여 두 집단 간의 판의 운동 관련 개념 성취도에 차이가 있는지를 알아보기 위해 t-검정을 실시한 결과, 두 집단 사이에 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 공간능력 차이에 따른 판의 운동과 관련된 개념 이해를 조사하기 위해 공간능력 점수 상 하 두 집단에서 각각 3명씩 표집하여 면담을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 공간능력 점수에 관계없이 바르게 이해하고 있는 개념, 공간능력 점수에 관계없이 잘못 이해하고 있는 개념, 공간능력에 따라 이해 정도가 다른 개념으로 나누어 볼 수 있었다. 면담 학생 대부분이 해구와 해령, 맨틀의 상승과 하강 지역, 발산 수렴 경계에 대해 알고 있었다. 해구와 해령의 단면 모습에 대해서는 대부분 학생이 오개념을 가지고 있었다. 이에 반해 판의 생성과 소멸과정, 판 경계에서 일어나는 지각변동, 해저확장에 관한 내용에 대해서는 공간능력 점수가 높은 학생들은 대부분 바르게 이해하고 있었고, 공간능력이 낮은 학생들은 많은 오개념이 있음이 확인되었다.

The church growth movement, which is one of the most influential school of mission theology in the 20th century, was born in the postcolonial turmoil which traditional Western churches began to experience stagnation and decline on the home front in North America as well as Europe. In this climate of uncertainty, the research of Donald A. McGavran who had been influenced by the research project of J. Wascon Pickett for the church growth in India, questioned the status quo in missions. This produced The Bridges of God (1955) which suggests new ways to envision the missionary task of the churches. Later on McGaveran’s church growth theories based on research continually challenged the traditional mission strategies and suggested more effective and culturally sensitive ways to win people to Christ. Under his influence, church growth, together with his strong recommendation to adopt research for the church growth, became an indispensable and essential] condition of missions. It is because effective mission strategy based on research for church growth is an indicator of faithfulness to God's command to him. Whereas early church growth movement was mainly concerned with the twothird world church, in 1970s it had been applied into the North American church. Later on many institutes of church growth and church growth scholars have influenced missiology through the different research models. However, it is notable that, while social scientists focus on the contextual factors over which the church have no control, McGavran’s research paradigm usually emphasizes on institutional factors over which the church has control. Nevertheless, it does not discard its contextual factors. By accepting the methodologies of social sciences, the church growth movement has continually developed the effective manuals for research to standardize the research procedures. Although research is not a perfect tool for church growth, strategic research for church growth may well be the most important legacy of church growth movement.

In head sea, a ship has mainly the longitudinal motion such as vertical acceleration and pitch. In that case, the motion characteristics of a ship will have changed as the location different from each of place vertically and horizontally on board. The author carried out an experiment about the ship's vertical acceleration and pitch according to the location for the head sea, and analyzed the data with the aid of the statistical and spectral analyzing method to get the motion characteristics of the vessels. The response of vertical acceleration and pitch not deeply depend on the decks vertically, but displayed the relative big different value horizontally even if same deck. The biggest response of vertical acceleration and pitch among the accommodations was shown at scientist room, but the value of it not reached to the minimum requirement of ISO 2631-1 for working on board.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of mirror therapy on motor function recovery following a stroke through a systemic review and meta-analysis. In total, nine of the 48 studies were identified from search engines between 1997 and 2011, as well as from a review of the reference lists of each identified study. The quality of each study was assessed using Jadad scale, and the effect size was calculated as a Cohen's effect size using MetaAnalyst (Beta 3.13). The overall effect size of the mirror therapy was 2.005 (95% confidence interval=1.041~2.970) in a random-effects model. This finding suggests that mirror therapy is beneficial for improving motor function following a stroke. The results from the subgroup analysis according to categorical variables were as follows: First, the effect size was larger for an onset time of less than 1 year (1.166) than for a duration of 1 year or more (.668). Second, the effect size of unpublished dissertations (1.610) was larger than published articles (1.221). Third, motor recovery of upper extremities (1.609) had a greater effect than motor recovery of lower extremities (.903). The major limitation of this study is the relatively small study population. Therefore, further individual studies of mirror therapy should be conducted in order to generalize the effects. In addition, mirror therapy supervised by a physical therapist should be recognized as a potential approach to manage motor function following a stroke and recommended to patients to improve their motor function.

The lumbar multifidus muscle, which can be separated into deep fascicles (DM) and superficial fascicles (SM), is important for lumbar segmental stability. However, no previous studies have investigated the effect of lumbar stabilization exercises on the thickness of DM and SM. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess DM thickness after three different lumbar segmental stabilization exercises. In total, 30 healthy male participants were recruited and randomly assigned to one of three exercise groups: hollowing in the quadruped position (H-Quad), contralateral arm and leg lift (CALL), and bilateral arm and leg lift (BALL). Each lumbar segmental stabilization exercise was conducted over 4 weeks. Ultrasonography was used to compare the DM and SM thickness before and after the 4 weeks of exercise. A mixed-model analysis of variance using Scheffe's post-hoc test was used for statistical analysis. The results showed a significant effect for the measurement time (before vs. after 4 weeks of exercise) in the DM (F=31.26, p<.05) and SM (F=4.56, p<.05). At the end of the 4 weeks, the DM thickness had increased significantly in the H-Quad exercise group, and the SM thickness had increased significantly in the CALL and BALL exercise groups. Also in the BALL exercise group, the SM thickness was greater compared with that in the H-Quad exercise group. These findings suggest that the thickness of the DM and SM were increased by different types of lumbar segmental stability exercise after 4 weeks.

본 연구의 목적은 행성운동 법칙에 관한 케플러의 귀추적 사고를 도입한 학습자료를 개발하고 이를 고등학교 수업에 적용하여 학생들의 귀추적 추론을 밝히고자 하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 태양의 자기장, 피겨 스케이터의 각운동량 보존, 케플러의 정다면체 이론을 포함한 제시문과 과제문항을 개발하였다. 본 연구의 대상은 과학고등학교 학생 79명과 일반계 고등학교 학생 83명이었고 과제문항에 대한 응답을 비교 분석하여 학생들의 추론 전략 유형과 특성을 논의하였다. 본 연구의 결과, 학생들은 태양의 자기장에 대한 케플러의 생각을 근거로 화성의 운동에 대하여 불완전 유비귀추, 유비귀추, 자료의 재구성 전략을 사용하여 추론하였다. 케플러 제2법칙에 대한 귀추적 추론에서는 불완전 유비귀추, 유비귀추, 모델 구성 및 조작 귀추 등이 나타났다. 이와 관련하여 피겨 스케이터 유비 자체가 학습자들에게 대안개념을 유발할 수 있으므로 실제 수업에서 좀 더 구체적인 설명이 요구됨을 알 수 있었다. 또한 케플러 제3법칙에 대해서는 특히 정다면체 개념과 기존의 알고 있는 지식을 통합하는 개념적 결합 전략을 사용하여 추론한 경우도 나타났다. 적절한 유비귀추를 보여준 과학고 학생의 비율이 일반고 학생보다 여러 과제에서 더 높게 나타난 반면 일반고 학생은 과학고 학생에 비하여 불완전 유비귀추를 더 많이 보여주었다. 본 연구는 케플러의 귀추적 사고를 모델링하여 가설을 형성하는 과정에서 발휘되는 귀추전략을 밝힘으로써 이와 관련한 수업에서 구체적인 방안을 찾는데 근거 자료가 될 것이다.

본 연구에서는 실습선의 다방향 불규칙파중 종방향 운동응답특성을 선형 스트립이론에 기초한 상용코드(MAXSURF v.16)를 이용하여 해석하였다. 해석에 앞서 상용코드의 검증을 위해 파나막스급 컨테이너선에 대해 실험조건과 동일한 선형과 해석조건을 적용하여 계산한 결과와 기 계산된 결과(Flokstra, 1974)가 상호 유사한 경향을 얻어 해석의 신뢰성을 확보하였다. 계산조건으로는 Fn=0.257에서 파랑외력을 ITTC 파스펙트럼에 기초한 뷰포트 스케일 5(T=5.46, H1/3=2m)의 파스펙트럼을 산출하였고, 조우각은 선수사파(Head & bow seas, 150˚)를 적용하여 상하동요(Heave)와 종동요(Pitch)의 선체운동응답스펙트럼을 해석하였다. 다방향 불규칙파에 대한 운동응답스펙트럼은 선수사파에서 상하동요의 경우는 미소하게 단파정파에서 높은 스펙트럼 분포를 보이고 종동요의 경우는 장파정파에서 높게 나타났다.

이 연구에서 우리는 사용자의 동작인식을 이용한 운동 게임 시스템을 제안한다. 이 시스템은 사용자가 몇 종류의 게임을 수행하면 그 동작을 인식하고 피드백을 화면에 제공함으로써 스스로 인식하지는 못하는 동안 자연스럽게 운동을 할 수 있도록 고안되었다. 사용자의 동작은 적외선 시간 지연 측정법을 사용하는 깊이 카메라를 이용하여 인식하였고 인식된 동작은 데이터베이스에 저장되어 있는 모범 동작과 비교를 통하여 그 정확도를 산정하였다. 우리는 이 시스템을 위해 두더지 잡기, 낚시, 스트레칭과 같은 세 종류의 게임을 개발하였다. 개별 동작과 시나리오는 물리치료 전문가들에 의해 개발되었다. 제안된 시스템을 이용하여 사용자는 실내에서도 지루하지 않게, 즐기면서 운동을 할 수 있게 되었다.

The objective of this study was to investigate the motility and kinematics of boar sperm that while stored at 4C. The samples of fresh boar semen were place into an extender, Androhep, and stored at . In three of these samples, cryoprotectants were added. The sperm's motilities and kinematics were evaluated by using microscope () and the viability status was evaluated by using with eosin staining method. The 5 sample groups are; Goup A:Androhep (extender), stored at . Group B:Androhep (extender), stored at . Group C:Androhep (extender), + 3% glycerol (cryoprotectant), stored at . Group D:Androhep (extender), + 3% DMSO (cryoprotectant), stored at . Group E:Androhep (extender), + 3% ethylene glycol (cryoprotectant), stored at . In group A, the sperm's motility was reduced. On day one the sperm's motility was () and day 5 the motility was (). In group B, C and D the sperm's motility were reduced to 0 on day 5. In group E the sperm's percentage of motility decreased. On day one the sperm's motility was () and day 5 the motility was (). When comparing cryoprotectant in samples of boar sperm there is a slight improvement in the results when the use of Androhep Lite (extender), + 3% ethylene glycol (cryoprotectant), stored at are used. Based on these results, ethylene glycol can protect sperm from heat shock at , but not satisfactory level. However, it showed the possibilities of liquid semen preservation at by using cryoprotectant.

이 연구에서는 추계학적 그린함수법에 의한 단층 모델을 이용하여 지진파를 합성하고 단층 파라미터의 변화에 의한 지반 운동의 차이를 평가하였다. 모멘트 규모 6.5의 단층을 예제로 선정하였고 아스페리티 면적의 통계값을 이용하여 슬립의 분포를 모델링하였다. 평가를 위해 고려된 단층 파라미터들은 진원의 위치, 전단파 속도 대비 파열 전파속도 비, 상승시간, 절점주파수 그리고 고주파감쇠 필터 등 이었다. 요소지진원에 적용된 파라미터들은 구조권역별 특성이 다른 지역의 값을 사용하였고 다른 파라미터들은 발생 가능한 임의의 값을 사용하였다. 생성된 지반운동 시간이력으로부터 응답스펙트럼을 작성하였으며, 파라미터의 값을 달리하여 비교하였다.이로부터 각각의 단층파라미터에 의해 영향을 받는 주파수 구간 및 스펙트럼 가속도의 차이를 평가하였다.