When examining existing theories of crime, we are led to an agreement that crime is eventually private as well as public evil. However this conclusion may neglect a possibility that whoever lives his life as a good citizen under the constraint of law in a nation-state may someday find himself to be a criminal. Crime is not just a problem caused by a special kind of man. Even if we can tell criminal activities as delinquent, it is not unreasonable that they are not abnormal. Based on the assumption that a few special persons commit crimes, so far most literatures on crime tend to concentrate on either some properties of criminals or the relation between environmental and human factors. Circumscribed by its narrow presupposition, criminology cannot but provide the crippled power of explanation over the ocean of criminal cases in reality. If we admit crime is a normal phenomenon of everyday social routine, it may be more profitable for the future studies of correction to focus on the question of how to defend our society from criminal delinquencies in practice than to make efforts in making conflictive arguments in theory. Also how to rehabilitate criminal victims who have been excluded from the process of criminal justice should be stressed as a main theme in light of criminal policies. In consideration of these problematics, this study tries to show the future direction of correction policies. Chapter 2 explains the existing theories and groups them into two families according to their analytic dimensions. Classifying the theories of innate or inherent criminality as of 'personal level causes,' I call the theories of socio-environmental factors as of 'social level causes.' In chapter 3, I examine both the existing theories on crime and some problems in the current corrective system with a critical viewpoint. In chapter 4, I want to present a few alternatives for the future direction of correction. These alternatives include the cooperation and coordination between criminal justice agencies, reparation for criminal victims, and the introduction of private jails or penitentiaries. In this article, I argue we should concentrate our attention rather on correcting offenders individually by changing their relations with structural factors than on searching for the more evident causes of crime. In terms of improvement I also propose some measures such as the introduction of governmental indemnification for the whole society as well as individuals directly victimized by crimes and the prisoners' reimbursement system for their own penitentiary costs. We are so deeply accustomed to the rational and mechanical type of assumption that we cannot be readily accept the critical review developed in this study. However we explore the causes of crime to improve our society in practice. If we accept this ultimate purpose of criminological studies, it cannot be denied the importance of practical efforts to enhance the efficiency of corrective policies as well as to realize common good for all the people pertinent to the social phenomena of crime including offenders as the objects of correction, victims, law enforcing agencies and even tax payers who want social security.

This study examined the environmental factors that increase juvenile delinquencies, reviewed the current state and problems of the policy for protecting delinquent juveniles, and proposed improvement plans. Environmental factors that increase juvenile delinquencies are believed to be rapid urbanization, the malfunction of families and schools, changes and diversification of the value system, the influence of mass communications, etc. Therefore, as social and political measures for protecting delinquent juveniles, it is necessary to promote juvenile delinquency prevention movements by local societies, reinforce the function of families, strengthen the all-round education of schools, establish a new value system, and tighten regulations on mass communications harmful to juveniles. In addition to these, as measures based on the Juvenile Law, it is required to individualize and diversify educative measures, pay special attention to sending delinquent juveniles to training schools or reform schools, develop various types of training schools and their programs, create regulations on the juvenile diversion of the police, and assure a due procedure in the protective process of juveniles.

Falls are the most serious health problems in elderly population. They are a major cause of premature death, physical injury, immobility, psychosocial dysfunction, and nursing home placement. To reduce the alarming rate of falls and related excessive mortality and morbidity, efforts must be made to detect persons at risk of falling and to prevent or reduce the frequency of falls. To facilitate such approaches, it is essential to find the cause of falling (and under what conditions) of the elderly and the factors that are associated with risk of falling. This study was aimed at designing interventions that minimize risk of falling by ameliorating contributing factors while maintaining or improving patient's mobility.

Assignable causes producing temporary deviation from the underlying system can influence on process adjustment and process monitoring in dynamic feedback control system. In this paper, the impact of assignable causes on EWMA forecasts and process adjustment which is based on the EWMA forecasts are derived for optimum control methods.

충청북도 옥천군 지역의 붉은점모시나비에 대한 소멸원인과 복원방안을 조사하였다. 붉은점모시나비는 과거 중부지역인 옥천군에서 비교적 많은 개체가 발생하였으나, 그 수가 계속 감소하여 1997에는 두 마리의 성충만 확인되었고, 1998년에는 확인되지 않았다. 따라서 현재 옥천군지역에서 붉은점모시나비는 소멸된 것으로 추정된다. 붉은점모시나비의 소멸원인을 알아보기 위하여 1990∼1998년간 옥천군 7곳의 서식지에 대한 조사 기록의 분석과 여러기관에 소장된 표본