연약지반이 두껍고 다양한 지층으로 구성된 지역에 건설되는 단일형 현장타설말뚝 교량은 다양한 지층을 통해서 단일형 말뚝으로 입력되는 지반운동에 대해서 내진안전성을 확보하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 설계지반운동에 부합되는 다수의 인공합성지진을 생성하여 이를 암반의 입력지반으로 하여 지반해석을 수행하여 각 지층에서의 지반가속도이력을 산정하였다. 이 가속도이력을 이용하여 각 지층의 지반을 등가스프링으로 모델화하고, 각 지층에서의 가속도시간이력을 입력지반 운동으로 하는 다지점 가진 지진해석을 수행하였다. 연약층의 비선형거동특성으로 입력지반운동의 세기는 크게 증폭되지 않아서 교량은 탄성영역 내에서 거동하였다. 한편, 특정 지층에서 산정된 가속도이력을 모든 지반스프링에 동시에 입력하면 응 답이 감소하였다. 따라서, 다지점가진 해석을 수행하지 않으면 이러한 형식의 교량의 내진성능을 과대평가할 수 있다.

In this study, the grid field olfactory odor method was supplemented to the domestic situation in the surrounding areas of a domestic science industrial complex. The actual condition of the occurrence of odor frequency in the field was then investigated over the first period of late spring to summer and the second period of autumn in 2017. The frequency of odor occurrence in the area around the science industrial complex was increased as odor discharge facilities in the nearby area were concentrated. The odor occurrence frequency of the total period was 0.09~0.28, that of the first period was 0.08~0.32, and that of the second period was 0.05~0.25. The odor occurrence frequency in summer was higher than in autumn. The frequency by which the measurement of odor occurrence by smell type was most dominant was mainly smell of chemicals, plastics, and livestock houses during the first period, and the smell of chemicals, burning gases, and plastics during the second period. And the frequency of each smell type was judged to be different according to season. The odor occurrence frequency was measured as higher than 0.15, which is the standard of Germany's odor frequency in an industrial area, and it was judged that measures for odor management in the region were necessary. Since most of the odor discharge facilities are non-continuous systems and the odor generation frequency is more important than the concentration of the minimum detection concentration, it was judged that the German grid method can reflect the odor occurrence characteristics of the odor complaints or receptors for a certain period of time compared to the domestic measurement method. In the future, it was judged that the field olfactory odor method would be able to replace the evaluation method of odor assessment in Korea with the survey method of odor assessment under actual conditions in areas where it is difficult to access the odor discharge source or the receptor where odor complaints occur.

This study was performed to evaluate the odor occurrence of offensive leather odor in a district in Gyeonggi-do, where Jeil industrial complex is located, and its residential district, by using olfactory field frequency measurement (Gird Method). In addition, we measured the composite odor. The target points were 9 spots in Jeil industrial complex and 12 spots in the residential district, and we conducted the measurements 13 times each spot. As a result, odor occurrence in descending order was investigated as follows, leather industry > drug industry > food industry. Moreover, odor exposure of the industrial complex exceeded the industrial zone standard of 0.15 (=German odor standard) in all 9 spots (average 0.78). In addition, odor exposure of the residential district exceeded the residential zone standard of 0.10 (=German odor standard) in 12 spots (average 0.78). All the composite odors were below 20 (industrial zone standard). However, as the odor intensity of the sampling site and the lab analysis data showed a large deviation, we found that much supplementation is needed of the odor analysis techniques in the equipment measurement methods.

The purpose of this study is to identify perceptions of South Korean activists who have been in contact with North Korean defectors, as well as to identify the characteristics of the voices in the field in comparison to the existing research results coming from academic circles. We conducted an in-depth interview with six South Korean activists who had long interacted with North Korean defectors. The research results are as follows. First, in the field, North Korean defectors’ language was viewed as one of the migrants who had been exposed to various environments rather than a sample of North Korean speech. Second, most informants hesitated to generalize the characteristics of North Korean defectors' speech. Rather, they pointed the speech variations found among North Korean defectors depending on various factors such as class, region of origin, generation, length of stay in South Korea, and age at time of entry. Third, they were wary of generalizing “straightness” as a characteristic of North Korean defectors' speech in recognition of the negative implications of the term. These suggest that there exists some gap between the results of academic circles done regarding North Korean defectors’ speech and language awareness in the field.

본고는 현대 한국의 현장에서 실천되며 관찰되고 있는 의례 가운데 조상을 중심대상으로 재(齋)하고 제사(祭祀)하고 기도하는 문화에 주목한 연구다. 조상은 불교, 유교 및 20세기에 확산된 다양한 신종교들의 의례에 빠지지 않고 등장하는 신격이다. 초기 천주교나 개신교 등 소위 서양에서 유입된 종교가 이 조상문제를 쟁점 삼았던 역사에 비추어보면 현대 이들 종교 신앙인들이 조상을 포괄적으로 안고 가는 흐름은 분명히 ‘한국적’이라고 하지 않을 수 없다. 본고는 20세기의 의례와 조상을 결합하였을 때 보이는 현대 한국인들의 조상의례문화의 개성을 포착하려고 하였다. 이 때 방법론적으로 인류학·민속학에서 주로 활용하는 현장연구를 기초로 자료를 구성하였고, 여기에는 몇몇 현장 제보자들의 목소리를 담기도 했다. 또한 연구의 시각은 가급적 각 종교의 맥락과 기능을 감안하되, 현대 조상의례문화의 공통점과 비교의 지점을 ‘예속(禮俗)’의 변용이라는 측면에 초점을 두었다. 이러한 연구의 제측면을 포함하여 본문에서는 조상의례를 대상 신격인 조상 및 그 실천 주체, 장소성, 그리고 시간 및 세시 등으로 나누어 논의를 진행하였다. 그 결과 조상의례 가운데 유교 가례와 그 현대적 변용에서 쟁점이 되는 부분이 불교나 신종교의 현장에서 특별히 강조되고 있지는 않아 보였다. 가령 모시는 조상을 보면, 불교 합동차례에서는 고/비(考/妣)와 고인이 된 형제자매가 절대다수였고, 주인의 조고/조비 혹은 그 이상의 대수는 거의 나타나지 않았다. 이에 비해 무교는 상대적으로 모시는 조상의 대수가 올라가기도 했다. 그런 만큼 조상을 모시는 대수의 문제는 비록 현대에도 각 종교에서 중요하게 고려할 필요는 있어보였다. 한편 재와 제를 행하는 시간과 장소의 예속 변화도 쉽게 감지할 수 있었다. 이에 대한 각 종교의 철학적․사상적 차이를 감안 하더라도, 현대 우리사회의 조상론적 쟁점에 대한 종교계의 실천적 논의가 미진한 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

PURPOSES: This study developed a new backfill method for mini trenching. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of the new backfill method in the field. METHODS: In this study, asphalt pavement was created to verify mini trenching. Trenching test sections were then made in various trench widths in the asphalt pavement. The trench widths were 10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm, and 25 cm. For the trenching test section, a general backfill method and new backfill method (2-layer SCB) were devised and applied. To evaluate the test section, a vehicle loading test and FWD (falling weight deflectometer) test were performed. RESULTS : In the vehicle loading test, the duct vertical strain of the general section was up to 22 times larger than that of the 2-layer SCB section. According to the results of the FWD test, the D0 deflection of the 2-layer SCB section was smaller than that of the general section. These results indicate that 2-layer SCB has a good structural performance. With the use of FWD data, BLI (base layer index) and MLI (middle layer index) were analyzed. BLI is an indirect index for evaluating base layer. The BLI of the 2-layer SCB section was smaller than that of the general section, because the bottom layer (cellular mortar) of the 2-layer SCB is superior to that of the general section. MLI, on the other hand, is an indirect index for evaluating subbase layer. As the trench width increases, MLI increases. The MLI of the 2-layer SCB section was smaller than that of the general section. These results indicate that the damage is relatively greater when the trench width increases and that the 2-layer SCB strengthens a relatively weakened subbase. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the performance of the 2-layer SCB was analyzed. The results of the study showed that good performance was obtained when 2-layer SCB was applied to a mini trenching section.

We used three gas sensors to monitor hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which were frequently emitted from environmental facilities, such as municipal wastewater treatment, livestock manure treatment, and food waste composting facilities. Two electrochemical (EC) sensors for detecting hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, and a photoionization detector (PID) sensor for detecting VOCs were characterized in this study. The performance of their linearity by concentration levels, lower detection limit (LDL), repeatability, reproducibility, precision, and response time were tested under the laboratory condition. The linearity according to concentration levels were favorable for all three sensors with high correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.98). The ammonia sensor showed the highest LDL (18.6 ppb) and the hydrogen sulfide and VOC sensors showed 22.3 ppb and 26.7 ppb of LDL, respectively. The reproducibility and precision were favorable for all three sensors, indicating a lower relative standard deviation (RSD) than 0.9% in the reproducibility test and 7.2% in the precision test. The response times to reach target concentration were varied from 1 to 12 minutes. The ammonia sensor needed 12 minutes of response time at 1 ppm target the NH3 concentration and the hydrogen sulfide and VOC sensors needed less than 2 minutes of response time.