The US has huge interests in Hong Kong. In 1992, a few years before China resumed its sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997, the US adopted the U.S.-Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992. The keynote of the Act is to enhance the cooperation with and maintain the treatment to Hong Kong. This tune has changed in the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act of 2019, which is obviously the response of the US to widespread protests in Hong Kong arising from the Extradition Bill proposed by the Government of Hong Kong SAR. The new law includes several negative elements. It marks a change in the US policy towards Hong Kong and furthermore represents a change in the US policy towards China. The new law should not merely be understood as the US’s support for democracy and human rights in Hong Kong. Instead, it should be considered as a major leverage which the US may maneuver to engage a rising China.

법의 역사에서 ‘법의 지배’ 즉 ‘법치주의’가 가지는 의미는 매우 크다. 1215년 왕과 귀족 사이에 합의된 마그나 카르타(Magna Carta)는 법의 힘에 대한 신뢰에 바탕을 둔 귀족들의 이익에서 시작되었지만, 절대적이고 자의적인 왕의 권력을 능가할 수 있는 보편적인 ‘법의 지배’의 힘을 보여주는 것이다. 인권의 보호를 위해서도 ‘정의의 이념’과 함께 법의 지배는 중요한 의미를 지닌다. 아리스토텔레스, 롤즈, 오킨, 그리고 코넬 역시 ‘평균적 정의’와 더불어 ‘배분적 정의’를 실현하고자 하였다. 자연법론자인 풀러와 법실증주의자인 라즈도 ‘형식적 합법성’ 내지 ‘법 준수’ 라는 점에서 ‘법의 지배’에 대하여 직간접적으로 지지하고 있다. 타마나하 역시 인권과 인간 존엄을 보장할 것을 주장하며 광범위한 영역에서 법의 지배의 힘을 주장하고 있다. 법이 인간의 자유와 평등이라는 이상을 기초로 공정한 내용으로 제정되고 집행한다면, 모든 인간에게 유익하다. 이러한 점에 법의 지배의 중요성이 있다. 그리고 모든 인간에게 유익할 뿐만 아니라, 인간의 인권을 지키는 데도 중요하다. 법의 지배가 제대로 이루어진다면 시민들의 권리도 지켜질 뿐만 아니라 소수자의 인권 역시 지켜진다. 이 연구에서는 가장 소수자 중 어쩌면 가장 많은 수를 차지하는 여성의 인권을 ‘법의 지배’와 연관하여 분석하였다. 이는 형식적 법치주의 발전 단계에서 많은 권리에 여성에서 주어졌지만, 간과되어 왔던 권리를 현대법의 이상인 실질적 법치주의와 연계하여 보장하고자 하는 세계적인 흐름과도 부합한다.

Bilobalide isolated from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba has several pharmacological activities such as neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anticonvulsant. However, the effect of bilobalide on cancer has not been clearly established. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of bilobalide on cell growth and apoptosis induction in FaDu human pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. This was examined by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, nuclear 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride staining, DNA fragmentation analysis, and immunoblotting. Bilobalide inhibited the growth of FaDu cells in dose- and time-dependent manners. Treatment with bilobalide resulted in nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentation in FaDu cells. Furthermore, it promoted the proteolytic cleavage of procaspase-3/-7/-8/-9 with increase in the amount of cleaved caspase-3/-7/-8/-9. Bilobalide-induced apoptosis in FaDu cells was mediated by the expression of Fas and the activation of caspase-8, caspase-3, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Immunoblotting revealed that the antiapoptotic mitochondrial protein Bcl-2 was downregulated, but the proapoptotic protein Bax was upregulated by bilobalide in FaDu cells. Bilobalide significantly increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. These results suggest that bilobalide inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in FaDu human pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma via both the death receptor-mediated extrinsic apoptotic pathway and the mitochondrial-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway.

There has been a significant decline in the number of rail accidents in Korea since system safety management activities were introduced. Nonetheless, analyzing and preventing human error-related accidents is still an important issue in railway industry. As a railway system is increasingly automated and intelligent, the mechanism and process of an accident occurrence are more and more complicated. It is now essential to consider a variety of factors and their intricate interactions in the analysis of rail accidents. However, it has proved that traditional accident models and methods based on a linear cause-effect relationship are inadequate to analyze and to assess accidents in complex systems such as railway systems. In order to supplement the limitations of traditional safety methods, recently some systemic safety models and methods have been developed. Of those, FRAM(Functional Resonance Analysis Method) has been recognized as one of the most useful methods for analyzing accidents in complex systems. It reflects the concepts of performance adjustment and performance variability in a system, which are fundamental to understanding the processes of an accident in complex systems. This study aims to apply FRAM to the analysis of a rail accident involving human errors, which occurred recently in South Korea. Through the application of FRAM, we found that it can be a useful alternative to traditional methods in the analysis and assessment of accidents in complex systems. In addition, it was also found that FRAM can help analysts understand the interactions between functional elements of a system in a systematic manner.

The aim of this paper to provide grounds for Jeju 4.3 Human Rights educational activities to students. We have 2015 Revised Social Studies Curriculum Basic Direction - Goals and Contents of Korean History - Goals of Korean History (Revised July 27, 2018). It helps students to grasp the process of pre-modern Korean history, and use it as the basis for understanding self-identity and tradition comprehensively and systematically. Through the in-depth understanding of modern and contemporary history in Korea, students develop the ability to gain insight into the historical problems of modern Korean society. Through the process of exploring and interpreting various historical materials, students develop their ability to think critically with a critical mind and identify the historical roots of the problems faced by modern Korean society and their relevance to the world, and jointly seek ways to solve problems that can be realized at the learner level.

As Jeju people hopes to make an effort to find its place for 4.3 Grand Tragedy in the Sun, they will contribute to world peace beyond the Jeju 4.3 Tragedy. It will be a starting point that Jeju people propose to U.S. Congress “the Korea Jeju Human Rights and Peace Island Act 2021". It was meaningful that Jeju National University students suggested their idea about enactment of Jeju 4.3 Reconciliation Act to U.S. Congress at the meeting of both office of Congressman Mark Takano and Congresswoman Judy Chu on May 1, 2019. It may be going forward for us to do Jeju Massacre Consultation based on Jeju 4.3 Reparative Justice with cooperation of both U.N. lawyer and international law professors. It would be a historic achievement in the Human Rights and Democracy in 21st century similar to the Civil Liberty Act 1988 to Japanese Internment cases and the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act 2019 to Hong Kong democratization.

Brucellosis is the most common zoonosis worldwide, which is caused by Brucella spp. In humans, it can be mainly occurred by direct contact with infected animals or consumption of contaminated dairy products. This study focused on human brucellosis caused by B. melitensis discovered from Chinese worker in Korea in 2015. We investigated molecular epidemiological evidence to find the infection source. We first performed several PCR methods including 16S rRNA PCR, multiplex PCR and real-time PCR to identify Brucella species. We also conducted MLVA typing for epidemiological trace-back analysis. The isolate from the patient was confirmed to B. melitensis through Brucella-specific PCR. In clustering analysis with B. melitensis from foreign countries, this human isolate was correlated with B. melitensis isolates from humans and sheep in China by 99.9% similarity. Thus, we assumed the brucellosis patient has been already infected in China followed by migration to Korea according to molecular epidemiological analysis with history evidence. Moreover, we suggest it needs to take measures to reduce the risk for intercountry transmission of brucellosis due to the influx of infected people from abroad.

Despite the maritime industry’s significant role in the global economy, maritime accidents are a threat to life at sea and maritime economic performance. Furthermore, the human factor still accounted for as the main factor causing maritime accidents. Every year, many maritime accidents occur in Japan and Hong Kong, with collisions being the most common. In this study, Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique (HEART) method is applied to the collisions data to identify the common mistakes committed by seafarers by determining the generic task, error-producing conditions and the value of Human Error Probability (HEP). This study aims to find the causes of collision in Japan and Hong Kong, compare them between the two countries, and apply HEART methodology to various maritime accidents. The data was sourced from the maritime accident data report of the Japan Transportation and Safety Board and the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Marine Department from 2008 to 2016. There are 27 collision cases for Japan and 21 for Hong Kong. In general, human error is the most common factor leading to collisions. In conclusion, in Japan’s collision assessment, fairly simple tasks performed rapidly or with scant attention are identified as the most common generic task. However, in Hong Kong, most of the accidents occur during complex tasks. Japan has 101 EPCs for 27 cases while there are 115 EPCs for 21 cases that occurred in Hong Kong. Both Japan and Hong Kong have the time shortage, inadequate checking of progress, and poor information exchange among seafarers on the bridge as the common error-producing conditions occurred.

At present, ECDIS has been widely used in ship positioning, collision avoidance and navigation, and has developed into an important part of integrated navigation and automation system. However, most ECDIS software focuses too much on system function and technical level when realizing powerful navigation AIDS, neglecting the problems that the crew are most concerned about, such as realizing the human-computer interface operation quickly and simply as well as obtaining the information of human-computer interaction effectively and accurately. In order to improve the design of Electronic Chart Display and Information system（ECDIS）human-computer interface and its usability effectively, a new method for evaluating ECDIS human-computer interface is proposed. Starting from the concept and connotation of usability, five-factor personality model is used to measure the users’ personality type in reference to the essence of usability (user’s emotional experience) and calculate the basic emotional variant of users. Then, according to the users’ emotional stimulation after finishing the given ECDIS task and combining with the system Usability scale (SUS), a tool dedicated to usability testing and five dimensions of usability evaluation proposed by Jakob Nielsen, father of usability, the emotion relationship model of usability and users is established by using partial least square method ( PLS ), and the validity of the model is verified with an aim to locate the key indicators that affect the usability of the ECDIS human-computer interface, It will be more helpful to improve the usability of ECDIS human-computer interface.

인간의 삶은 끊임없는 욕구충족의 과정과 직결된다. 매슬로우는 인간의 욕구 위계론을 주장하였다. 동양의 명리학 이론으로도 인간의 욕구를 분석할 수 있다. 본 연구는 다양한 분야에서 활용되고 있는 매슬로우 욕구이론과 명리학 관점에서 욕구이론의 공통점, 차이점을 비교, 분석하고 서양의 성격검사 도구와 융합적 관점에서 활용하는 방법을 모색하는 연구이다. 연구 결과, 명리학 관점에서는 인간의 욕구를 십성(十星)의 이론에 근거하여 자아의 욕구, 연구⋅표현의 욕구, 실현의 욕구, 안정추구의 욕구, 수용의 욕구로 구분하였다. 십성은 매슬로우 욕구 5단계를 복합적으로 포괄하는 이론으로 정립할 수 있었다. 매슬로우 이론은 단계별⋅위계적 이론으로만 정립되어 있고 분석 도구로서 활용성이 미흡하였지만, 명리학 욕구이론은 선천적으로 타고난 욕구와 시간의 흐름에 의해 변화⋅발현될 욕구 예측, 욕구의 강약과 지속성 분석으로 시⋅공간적 상황까지 아우르는 성격특성, 욕구 분석이 가능하였다. 그리고 검사자의 나이, 성별, 검사장소 등의 제약을 받지 않아서 객관적인 자료로 활용가치가 높은 것으로 판단되었다.

오늘날과 같이 빠르게 변화하는 외부환경 속에서, 대부분의 현대 기업들에게 인적자원은 기업의 경쟁 력을 결정하는 중요한 자원임을 부정할 수 없다. 게다가, 4차 산업혁명과 지식기반사회로의 진입은 기업들로 하여금 전략적 의사결정의 중요한 부분으로 인적자원 개발을 위한 교육훈련 투자를 고려하도록 하고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 기업의 전략적 의사결정의 주체인 최고경영자와 TMT(Top Management Team) 의 특성이 기업의 인적자원 개발 투자에 미치는 영향에 주목한다. 최고경영자의 유형을 전문경영자와 가족경영자로 구분하면, 기업조직과의 일체성을 가지는 가족경영자는 기업 경쟁력의 핵심적인 원천으로 연구된 인적자원의 교육훈련비 투자에 더 많은 투자를 할 것으로 기대하였다. 마찬가지로, 지배주주(controlling shareholder)일가의 가족구성원으로서 이사회(BOD: board of directors)의 멤버로 선임된 가족임원(family member in BOD, family officer)의 경우에도 자신과 기업을 동일시하는 측면에서 가족경영자와 동기 측면이 다르지 않으므로, 기업의 인적자원에 대한 교육훈련비 투자에 긍정적인 효과를 가질 것으로 예측하였다. 또한, 가족임원의 존재는 가족경영자가 인적자원의 교육훈련비 투자에 미치는 긍정적인 영향을 강화하는 방향으로 조절할 것으로 가설을 설정하였다. 실증결과, 가족임원 보다는 가족경영자 여부가 인적자원에 대한 교육훈련비 투자에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었고, 가족임원의 조절효과 또한 정(+)의 방향으로 유의하게 확인되었다. 이는 오늘 날과 같이 인적자원의 중요성이 나날이 높아지고 있는 상황에서, 가족경영자의 장기적인 시각이 전문경 영자의 근시안적인 시각에 비해 인적자원에 대한 교육훈련비 투자를 중요한 기업 경쟁력의 원천으로 고려하고 있다는 점과 가족임원이 존재하는 경우에 이 효과가 강화될 수 있다는 시사점을 가진다.

Visual inspection is regarded as one of the critical activities for quality control in a manufacturing company. it is thus important to improve the performance of detecting a defective part or product. There are three probable working modes for visual inspection: fully automatic (by automatic machines), fully manual (by human operators), and semi-automatic (by collaboration between human operators and automatic machines). Most of the current studies on visual inspection have been focused on the improvement of automatic detection performance by developing a better automatic machine using computer vision technologies. However, there are still a range of situations where human operators should conduct visual inspection with/without automatic machines. In this situation, human operators’performance of visual inspection is significant to the successful quality control. However, visual inspection of components assembled into a mobile camera module belongs to those situations. This study aims to investigate human performance issues in visual inspection of the components, paying more attention to human errors. For this, Abstraction Hierarchy-based work domain modeling method was applied to examine a range of direct or indirect factors related to human errors and their relationships in the visual inspection of the components. Although this study was conducted in the context of manufacturing mobile camera modules, the proposed method would be easily generalized into other industries.

교정당국은 유엔고문방지위원회 및 국가인권위원회 등으로부터 수용자 의료처우의 문제를 개선할 것을 요구받는 등 관련문제 해결은 매우 시급한 과제이다. 특히 중증질환, 자비부담 외부치료, AIDS/HIV보균, 노인, 여성, 정신장애 수용자 등에 대한 의료 처우 실태는 더욱 열악한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 이 연구는 국제인권법, 즉 유엔피구금자최저기준규칙, 유엔수용자처우기본 원칙, 노인수용자및만성질환자처우규칙, 여성차별철폐협약, 방콕규칙 등에서 제시한 의료처우준칙을 살펴보고, 이를 바탕으로 현행 형집행법령의 한계 및 그 개정방향을 제시함으로써 보다 인권적 의료처우의 제도개선을 도모코자 하였다. 첫째, 형집행법상 의료의 장을 별도로 두어 의료처우의 체계화를 이루어야 한다. 둘째, 중증질환 수용자 의료처우를 위한 교정시설 의료환경의 법제화가 필요하다. 셋째, AIDS/HIV보균 수용자에 대한 처우규정의 명문화가 필요하다. 넷째, 수용자의 고령화 추세를 고려한 별도의 교정처우 및 의료처우 개선에 대한 교정당국의 인식과 시설개선, 의료진 확보, 예산확보 등이 필요하다. 다섯째, 성인지적 관점의 여성 수용자 의료처우에 대한 인식개선이 필요하며, 여성의료인력의 확보가 시급하다. 여섯째, 교정정 신병원의 설립과 의료진 확보를 법제화하여야 한다. 일곱째, 교정시설 전문의 신분의 재검토와 처우개선이 필요하다. 여덟째, 전반적인 의료처우의 근거규정을 상위법인 형 집행법에 두어 그 실효성을 높여야 한다. 아홉째, 교정본부를 교정청으로 승격하여 그 책임 하에 국제인권법에 걸맞는 형집행법령을 개정하고 의료처우제도 등을 전격적으로 도입, 개선할 수 있도록 제도개선이 필요하다.

This study defines Korean wave stars as Korean wave human brands and examines the influence of the characteristics, attachment, and self-congruity of the Korean wave human brand on brand equity. For this, this study surveyed Chinese female consumers in their 20s and 30s who consume many Korean wave products from May 2018 to June 2018. First, human brand characteristics, attachment, self-congruity, Korean wave aspiration level, and brand equity according to demographic characteristics were identified. Second, characteristics, attachment, self-congruity, and the aspiration level of the Korean wave human brand showed correlations with brand equity. However, brand awareness, a sub-factor of brand equity, does not show correlations with self-congruity. Third, characteristics, attachment, self-congruity, and Korean wave aspiration level had a positively influenced brand equity. Fourth, when looking into the mediated effect of attachment on brand equity, both human brand characteristics and self-congruity showed a partially mediated effect. Fifth, when analyzing the adjustment effect in the Korean wave aspiration level, a group with higher Korean wave aspiration level showed more correlations with attachment and brand equity. This study found that attachment and self congruity are important elements in forming human brand and brand equity. This study is significant in that it verified the influence of Korean wave brand power that has been on the rise recently on brand equity and provided a theoretical basis that has allowed researchers to determine that the characteristics, attachment, and self-congruity of Korean wave human brand significantly influence brand equity.

Proteasome inhibitors can improve the efficiency of cancer treatments by inhibiting nuclear factor κB(NF-κB) activation in cancer cells. Lentils are a type of beans of which consumption of such beans is increasing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of lentils extract (LE) on the proteasomal activities, NF-κB activation, and cell cycle in HepG2 human liver cancer cells. LE treatments inhibited proteasomal activities at concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 μg/mL respectively, and repressed NF-κB activation at concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 μg/mL respectively, in HepG2 cells. LE treatments at concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 μg/mL respectively, increased sub-G1 cell population in HepG2 cells, which may be the result of apoptosis. The results suggest that LE inhibited NF-κB activation partially with its proteasome inhibitory activities, and the increase of sub-G1 cell population was induced partially, by inhibition of NF-κB activation in HepG2 cells.

Aloin [1,8-Dihydroxy-10-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-3- (hydroxymethyl)-9(10H)-anthracenone]은 알로에에서 추출한 천연 안트라퀴논이다. 다양한 유형의 인간 암세포에서 항산화, 항암 효과가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌지만 인간 대장암 세포 HT-29에서 aloin의 항암 효과는 밝혀지지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 aloin이 인간 대장암 HT-29 세포에서 세포 사멸 작용을 발휘할 수 있는 메커니즘을 조사하였다. Aloin 이 세포 생존율에 영향을 미치는지 알아보기 위해 대장암 세포 HT-29, 흑색종 세포 A375SM, 위암 세포 AGS를 aloin(0, 100, 200, 300 및 400 μM)으로 처리하였을 때, HT- 29에서는 농도 의존적으로 세포 생존율을 감소시켰고, A375SM과 AGS 세포에서는 암세포 생존율의 감소가 보이지 않았다. 이러한 HT-29에서의 세포 생존율 감소가 세포자멸사로 인한 감소인지 확인하기 위해 DAPI stain과 flow cytometry를 실시한 결과 apoptotic body가 유의적으로 증가하고 세포 자멸사가 증가한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이와 같은 결과를 바탕으로 aloin이 대장암 세포 HT- 29에서 세포 사멸 관련 단백질 발현 양상에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위해 western blotting을 실시하였다. Aloin은 Bax, PARP의 분절을 농도 의존적으로 증가시켰고, caspase- 3, -8을 활성화시켰지만, Bcl-2는 대조군에 비해 변화가 없었다. Aloin에 의해 유도된 세포자멸사 기전을 확인하기 위해 MAPK pathway 중 p-p38과 p-ERK의 발현을 확인한 결과, p-p38을 up-regulation시키고 p-ERK의 downregulation을 유도했다. 따라서, aloin은 인간 대장암에서 암 세포 성장 억제 효과 및 암세포 사멸 유도로 암예방 약제로서의 개발 가능성이 있다고 사료된다.

Herbal medicine has been the basis for medical treatments through much of human history, and such traditional medicine is still widely practiced today. Modern medicine makes use of many plant-derived compounds as the basis for pharmaceutical drugs. In traditionally, Achyranthes aspera, Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) seed and Acanthopanax senticosus have been used for the treatment and prevention of bone-related diseases. In this study, we investigated the pharmacological effect of mixture of Achyranthes aspera, Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) seed and Acanthopanax senticosus and the other herbs. Two types of enzymes were used to enhance the extraction components of amino acid, mineral content, free sugar, and flavor recovery in extracting natural herbal mixtures(NME). We evaluated regulation of osteogenic differentiation in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells using alkaline phosphatase staining, alizarin red S staining and RT-PCR. The CCK-8 assay indicated that NME had no cytotoxicity but increased cell survival. In addition, NME promoted the mineralization and expression of osteogenic differention marker genes in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Therefore, NME has an effect of promoting proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cell.