Anti-diabetic activities of cultured mycelia from Ganoderma applanatum are being evaluated in this study. The OGTT and 4-weeks of repeated oral efficacy tests are conducted in mice at the doses of 0 (vehicle treatment), 25, 75 and 225 ㎎/㎏/day, respectively. In human study, the test article was administered orally every day for 8-week at a dose of 1,500 ㎎/㎏, tid and placebo group. The blood glucose levels (BGL) at 0.5 hour after treatment are significant decreased in all treatment groups of OGTT test. In the 4-week test, BGL of 75 and 225 ㎎/㎏/day group is continuously decreased during all treatment periods and the BGL of 25 ㎎/㎏/day group show decreasing trends at the final week, the pancreas weight of all treatment groups are being increased, and the Langerhans-islet numbers were increased at all treatment groups with a dose-response manner. There are no test article-related abnormal signs and the fasted blood glucose (FBG), postprandial blood glucose (PPG) and HbA1c are decreased significantly after 8-week treatments. These results that the cultured mycelia from Ganoderma applanatum could decrease BGL by protecting the degeneration of Langerhans islets.

본 연구의 기본 목적은 한국의 중소기업을 대상으로 전략적 인적자원관리 관행이 이직의도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 파악하고, 팀 리더의 감성리더십이 이들의 관계를 조절하는가를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이상의 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 선행 연구들에 대한 이론적 고찰을 통해 연구모형을 설정하였으며, 20 개 중소기업의 315명으로부터 수거된 자료를 분석에 활용하였다. 본 연구의 실증분석을 통하여 얻은 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 전략적 인적자원관리 관

Bladder cancer is a common cancer in smoking men and may correlate with mechanosensitive potassium channels because the urinary bladder is a stretch sensing organ. Two-pore K+ channels (K2P), such as TASK3 and TREK1, have recently been shown to play a critical role in both cell apoptosis and tumorigenesis. Of the channels, TREK1 can be activated by many physiological stimuli, including polyunsaturated fatty acids, and intracellular pH, hypoxia, and neurotransmitters. Here we attempted to determine whether TREK1 is functionally expressed in bladder cancer 253J cells. K2P channels, including TREK1, TREK2, TASK1, TASK3, and TWIK1, were quantified in cultured human bladder cancer 253J cells using real time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Among them, TREK1-like channel was recorded at a single channel level using the patch-clamp technique. The TREKl-like channel, with single-channel conductance of ~90 pS at −80 mV, was recorded in symmetrical 150 mM KCl using an excised inside-out patch configuration. The current- voltage relationships were linear and were insensitive to tetraethylammonium. The channel was activated by membrane stretch, free fatty acids, and intracellular acidosis. These results with electrophysiological properties resemble to those of K2P channel, for instance, TREK1. Therefore, we conclude that TREK1 channel is functionally present in bladder cancer 253J cells.

Uncovering enzyme (UCE), encoded by the human NAGPA, is a trans-Golgi enzyme that adds the mannose-6- phosphate recognition tag on lysosomal enzymes destined for the lysosome. Mutations in NAGPA are known to cause stuttering, a common speech disorder with unknown etiology. The human NAGPA gene is transcribed into two different forms, probably due to alternative splicing. One of them, known as a brain isoform, is lacking exon 8 (102-bp). We performed quantitative real-time PCR for the NAGPA brain and non-brain isoforms in a cDNA panel originating from 16 human tissues and 24 sub-brain regions. According to our findings, the relative quantity of the NAGPA brain isoform in the brain was 4.7 times more than that in the control cDNA, a pooled mixture of equal amounts of cDNAs from the 16 different tissues. Further analysis using the cDNA panel originating from 24 different sub-brain regions revealed that the cerebral cortex contained the largest amount of NAGPA brain isoform. Relative quantity in the cerebral cortex was 8.6 times more than that in the control cDNA (P=0.00004). The lowest quantity of this isoform was detected in cDNA from the pituitary gland. In conclusion, findings of the current study suggest that the cerebral cortex, expressing the highest quantity of the NAGPA brain isoform, might be the region associated with speech function.

For years, many studies have mainly been investigated in a complicated human motion analysis. Recently, many motion analysis equipments have been studied and developed. Therefore, the more complex human movement analyses are possible, we have enabled us to perform more and more complicated human movement analyses. A Three-dimensional(3D) motion analysis on of the several methods is a useful tool for analyzing the human motion analysis. The purpose of this study was to develop the 3D human motion analysis using a kalman filter algorithm and a gyro sensor. The algorithm and sensor were used to human motion analysis with high-speed motion capture. In this study, the developed system will be adapted to facilitate golf swing analysis. Using the developed system, golfers and coaches who do not have advanced biomechanical knowledge can easily be used to their golf swing analysis. Future study is necessary for more practical and efficient area such as other sports industries, 3D game industries, rehabilitation training, etc..

This article proposes the principle of human dignity as an indispensable requirement for sustainable regional economic integration, especially in East Asia. The contribution of free trade to economic growth and development is widely acknowledged. The economic survival of workers and farmers lacking international competitiveness has been, however, endangered, because of the expansion of trade liberalization and investment based on economic integration. Economic integration that ensures human dignity will promote successful and sustainable regional economic integration, by balancing economic prosperity and social integration. In this context, this article reviews the value and concept of human dignity as a goal and principle for regional economic integration. The author contends that neither sustainable prosperity nor a high level of economic development is itself a goal of economic integration, but merely a means by which to improve human dignity. Economic integration should, therefore, serve not only to maintain sustainable prosperity, but also to maximize human dignity.

기존의 키워드 기반 검색방식의 한계를 개선하기 위해 최근에 의미, 개념 기반 검색인 시맨틱 웹이 등장하였고, 이러한 시멘틱 웹의 발전과 더불어 이를 표현하기 위한 도구로써 Ontology 언어도 발전하고 있다. 이러한 기술의 발전에 힘입어 우리나라에서는 인문지리정보 포탈 시스템 구축사업이 Semantic Web, Ontology기술을 활용하여 활발히 진행되고 있다. 그러나 인문지리정보 통합 DB 및 온톨로지 KB 구축과정에 있어서 각 단계별 검증방안이 제시되고 있지 않으며, 2011년에 인문지리정보 분류체계의 검증 기준에 대한 연구를 하였지만, 추상적이고 실제로 통합 DB 및 온톨로지 KB 구축과정에 적용하기에는 어려운 문제점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 정보시스템 및 GIS 분야의 감리 방법론을 토대로 검증 방향을 설정하고, 통합 DB 및 온톨로지 KB의 구축과정의 특수성을 반영하여 각 단계별 정량적이고 객관적인 검증 방안을 제안한다.

An assessment was made of beta-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme (BACE1) inhibitory, feeding, climbing activities and lifespan of the diarylalkyls curcumin (CCN), demethoxycurcumin (DCCN) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDCCN) identified in the rhizomes of Curcuma longa. Based on IC50 values, BDCCN (0.024 mM) was the most inhibitory constituent, followed by DCCN (0.31 mM) and CCN (0.59 mM). Overall the three curcuminoids were significantly less inhibitory than BACE1 inhibitor IV isophthalamide (8.5 × 10-5 mM). The expression of human APP and BACE1 in compound eye of Drosophila melangaster presented rough abnormal ommatidial lattice. Co-expression of APP and BACE1 within the developing nervous system of drosophila showed climbing defects. These transgenic flies kept on media containing 1 mM of CCN and BDCCN were observed to ameliorate eye degeneration, significantly suppress locomotive dysfunctions, and increase media life time, as well as isophthalamide. CCN and BDCCN as human BACE1 inhibitory constituents may be used as potential therapeutics or lead molecules to develop Alzheimer's disease treatment drugs.

Transhumanism is a social trend that characterizes a growing number of people who are confident that technologies of human enhancement will enable them to transcend physical and mental weakness, frailty and imperfection. Life extension, intelligence increase, disease resistance, rejuvenation and genetic fortification ... these and other boons lie only slightly in the future, according to transhumanists. There is an inverse relation between technical and philosophical sophistication among leading transhumanist. For example, Nick Bostrom professes nearly blind faith in European Enlightenment rationality and the salvific power of science and technology. For all its technical savvy, transhumanism's uncritical embrace of Enlightenment philosophy renders it a doctrinaire trend in popular cultural, not a philosophical one. Sufism emerged early in the history of Islam as a blend of East Asian spirituality, orthodox Islam and Greek philosophy. Despite its emergence within a revelation-based religious culture, Sufism's deliberative refinement of philosophical anthropology over the course of 13 centuries lends a selfreflexive character to its approach to human transformation. I will argue that while it shares certain transcendental ideals that are traditionally found in Sufism, transhumanism understands and pursues these ideals without significant self-critical evaluation. Transhumanists tend to reduce erstwhile religious ideals to upgradeable, more or less plausible technological products. By contrast, the Sufi perspective offers a non-literal, nontechnological ideals of human perfection. Based on this contrast, I contend that while transhumanists are moved by the same transcendental urges, they act on these in ways that are at best futile, and at worse, ultimately self-defeating.

비록 천연유래물질 중의 하나인 통초가 항산화작용, 항염증작용 및 해열작용과 같은 효능이 있다고 알려져있지 만, 종양에서의 암예방효능에 대한 연구는 보고된 바가 없 다. 본 연구에서는 사람 자궁경부암세포주인 HEP-2세포에서 통초메탄올추출물의 증식억제 효능 및 관련 분자표적을 확인하고자 하였다. 통초메탄올추출물은 세포증식을 유의성있게 억제하고, 세포사멸을 유도하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, Bid의 발현에 영향을 주어 truncation을 유도하고, 이로 인해 cytochrome c가 마이토콘드리아에서 세포질로 이 동하도록 유도하였지만, Bid 이외의 다른 Bcl-2 family 에는 영향을 주지 못했다. 따라서, 이러한 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 통초메탄올추출물은 자궁경부암에서 암예방효능을 가진 잠재성있는 천연추출물이 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal world-wide gynecological disease among women due to the lack of molecular biomarkers to diagnose the disease at an early stage. In addition, there are few well established relevant animal models for research on human ovarian cancer. For instance, rodent models have been established through highly specialized genetic manipulations, but they are not an excellent model for human ovarian cancer because histological features are not comparable to those of women, mice have a low incidence of tumorigenesis, and they experience a protracted period of tumor development. However, the laying hen is a unique and highly relevant animal model for research on human ovarian cancer because they spontaneously develop epithelial cell-derived ovarian cancer (EOC) as occurs in women. Our research group has identified common histological and physiological aspects of ovarian tumors from women and laying hens, and we have provided evidence for several potential biomarkers to detect, monitor and target for treatment of human ovarian cancers based on the use of both genetic and epigenetic factors. Therefore, this review focuses on ovarian cancer of laying hens and relevant regulatory mechanisms, based on genetic and epigenetic aspects of the disease in order to provide new information and to highlight the advantages of the laying hen model for research in ovarian carcinogenesis.

오늘날 세계화와 지역협력이라는 세계경제의 양면적 발전양상 속에서 우리나라는 동북아 지역에서 거점국가가 될 것을 지향하고 있다. 이러한 목표를 달성하기 위해서는 먼저 개방화정책에 따른 인적 교류가 물적 교류･정보교류가 활성화되어야 하고, 그 기반으로서 출입국관리체계 및 법제도의 개선과 새로운 이민정책의 수립과 국적법 등 관련 법제의 개정이 이루어져야 한다. 이러한 배경에서 본 논문은 미국이나 독일처럼 출입국관리법과 국적법을 전면 개편하여 외국인등록, 난민, 국적, 외국인보호, 국경관리, 체류외국인관리 등을 총괄하는‘이민법(가칭)’을 제정할 것을 제안하였다. 나아가 선박이나 항공을 통한 자유로운 인적교류와 물자교류에 수반하여 나타나는 부정적 현상인 불법입국자에 대한 대책과 외국과 연계된 초국가적 범죄를 예방하기 위한 법제도도 함께 구비해야 한다. 이를 위해서는 각국의 형사사법기관에 의한 범죄예방네트워크를 구축할 필요가 있고, 사후적 예방네트워크로서 동북아 지역에서의 국제적 수사공조체계를 확대하고 심화하기 위하여 형사사법실무기관간의 교류확대와 동북아 지역 국가들 간의 공동수사그룹 등을 창설할 필요가 있다.

목적 : 임상에서 근무하고 있는 작업치료사들이 겪게 되는 관계 갈등의 구조를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 임상에서 작업치료를 하고 있는 작업치료사 8명과 2011년 2월 한 달간 1~2회 대화를 실시하였다. 참여자들이 임상에서 겪게 되는 관계 갈등에 대하여 반복되는 이야기나 더 이상 새로운 내용이 나오지 않는 포화 상태까지 자료를 수집하였다. 자료수집 및 분석은 Parse의 인간되어감 이론의 절차에 따라 이루어졌다. 결과 : 연구결과 작업치료사가 겪고 있는 갈등은 작업치료에 대한 주변사람들의 이해부족, 초임으로서 주변사람들과의 갈등, 작업치료에 불이익을 주는 기관의 시스템으로 나타 났으며, 참여자들은 이를 해결하기 위해 자기발전을 하고 작업치료의 효과를 제시하는 방 식으로 갈등을 해결하고자 하였다. 이러한 노력으로 작업치료에 대한 밝은 미래를 희망하 고 있었다. 결론 : 임상에서 겪는 갈등은 상호작용하는 주변사람들이 작업치료에 대한 인식부족으로 발 생하는 경우가 많았다. 작업치료에 대한 효과를 주변사람들부터 인식시킴으로써 작업치료 를 알릴 필요가 있다.

This study investigated the genes involved in the dif- ferentiation of odontoblasts derived from human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). hDPSCs isolated from human tooth pulp were validated by fluorescence activated cell sor- ting (FACS). After odontogenic induction, hDPSCs were analyzed investigated by Alizaline red-S staining, ALP assay, ALP staining and RT-PCR. Differential display-poly- me rase chain reac tion (DD-PCR) was pe rformed to s c re en differentially expressed genes involved in the differentia- tion of hDPSCs. By FACS analysis, the stem cell markers CD24 and CD44 were found to be highly expressed in hDPSCs. When hDPSCs were treated with agents such as β- glycerophosphate (β-GP) and ascorbic acid (AA), nodule formation was exhibited within six weeks. The ALP activity of hDPSCs was found to elevate over time, with a detectable up-regulation at 14 days after odontogenic induc- tion. RT-PCR analysis revealed that dentin sialophospho- protein (DSPP) and osteocalcin (OC) expression had inc- reased in a time-dependent manner in the induction culture. Through the use of DD-PCR, several genes were diffe- rentially detected following the odontogenic induction. These results suggest that these genes may possibly be linked to a variety of cellular process during odontogenesis. Further-more, the characterization of these regulated genes during odontogenic induction will likely provide valuable new in- sights into the functions of odontoblasts.

지금까지 로봇 및 소프트웨어 에이전트들을 살펴보면, 감정 모델이 내부에 종속적으로 존재하기 때문에 감정모델만을 별도로 분리해 새로운 시스템에 재활용하기란 쉽지 않다. 따라서 어떤 로봇 및 에이전트와 연동될 수 있는 Engine of computational Emotion model (이하 EE로 표시한다)을 소개한다. 이 EE는 어떤 입력 정보에도 치중되지 않고, 어떤 로봇 및 에이전트의 내부와도 연동되도록 독립적으로 감정을 담당하기 위해, 입력 단계인 인식과 출력 단계인 표현을 배제하고, 순수하게 감정의 생성 및 처리를 담당하는 중간 단계인 감정 발생만을 분리하여, '입력단 및 출력단과 독립적인 소프트웨어 형태, 즉 엔진(Engine)'으로 존재한다. 이 EE는 어떤 입력단 및 출력단과 상호작용이 가능하며, 자체 감정뿐 아니라 상대방의 감정을 사용하며, 성격을 활용하여 종합적인 감정을 산출해낸다. 또한 이 EE는 로봇 및 에이전트의 내부에 라이브러리 형태로 존재하거나, 별도의 시스템으로 존재하여 통신할 수 있는 구조로 활용될 수 있다. 감정은 Joy(기쁨), Surprise(놀람), Disgust(혐오), Fear(공포), Sadness(슬픔), Anger(분노)의 기본 감정을 사용하며, 문자열과 계수를 쌍으로 갖는 정보를 EE는 입력 인터페이스를 통해 입력 신호로 받고, 출력 인터페이스를 통해 출력 신호로 내보낸다. EE는 내부에 감정마다 감정경험의 연결 목록을 가지고 있으며, 이의 계수의 쌍으로 구성된 정보를 감정의 생성 및 처리하기 위한 감정상태 목록으로 사용한다. 이 감정경험 목록은 '인간이 실생활에서 경험하는 다양한 감정에 대한 이해를 도모'하는 감정표현어휘로 구성되어 있다. EE는 인간의 감정을 탐색하여 적절한 반응을 나타내주는 상호작용 제품에 이용 가능할 것이다. 본 연구는 제품이 '인간을 공감하고 있음'을 인간이 느낄 수 있도록 유도하는 시스템을 만들고자 함이므로, HRI(인간－로봇 상호작용)나 HCI(인간－컴퓨터 상호작용)와 관련 제품이 효율적인 감정적 공감 서비스를 제공하는데 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Internalization and expression of extracellular molecules into cells and tissues is known very important process to biological processes and therapy of various diseases. In this study, we analyzed expression pattern of extracellular molecule after transduction into various human cells. To investigate cellular expression of internalized molecule, we used adenovirus containing green fluorescence protein. After infection of adenovirus into various human cells, the efficiency of intracellular gene expression was assessed with determining GFP expressing cells by fluorescence microscopy or FACS. After one day of adenovirus infection into HepG2 and A549, we observed that GFP expression was low at 10moi but expression levels were increased at 100moi in both cells. But, adenovirus infection into HCT116 showed low expression of GFP at concentrations from 1moi to 100moi. After 2 day infection with adenovirus, GFP expression level at 10moi and 100moi was highly increased in HepG2 and A549 compared with 1 day infection. Especially, GFP expression was significantly increased in HCT116 after 2 days infection. However, GFP expressing SKOV3 cells by adenovirus infection were not found in all the experimental conditions tested. For quantitative analysis of GFP expression of cells by adenovirus infection, we carried out FACS analysis. As a result, GFP was expressed at very low levels at 1moi in all cells used in this experiment. GFP expression slightly increased after increasing moi to 10 in HepG2, HCT116, and A549 cells. By 100moi infection of adenovirus, GFP expression was elevated to 10 fold higher than 10moi in HepG2 and A549 and about 4 fold elevation was observed in HCT116. A549 showed 20 fold higher expression of GFP than SKOV3. We also found that GFP expression by adenovirus infection was the highest in HepG2 cells. Protein expression was enhanced by increasing concentrations or time of adenovirus infection. In these results, GFP expression efficiency of adenoviral gene transduction reveals the highest in HepG2 and lowest in SKOV3 among the cells tested. Taken together, we could confirm that intracellular protein expression efficiency by transduction of extracellular gene was different in various human cells. Our study suggests that the cell types and cellular properties should be carefully examined to enhance expression efficiency of extracelluar molecules in biological research and disease therapy

Cellular microenvironment is an essential issue for regulating epithelial characteristics through the alteration of intricate signaling pathways and intercellular communications in different cell types. Thus, microenvironment influences tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between microenvironment and epithelial property in HPV16 E6/E7-immortalized human oral keratinocytes (IHOKs). To investigate characteristics of IHOK cultured in different media, two media were used, which included keratinocyte growth media (KGM), F-medium composed of 3:1 ratio of DMEM and F-12 (P media) supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. Proliferative property and invasive and migratory activity were observed. As results, proliferating activities of IHOK in different culture condition were changed. Likewise, migratory and invasive activities were also different depending on media types. These results suggest that cellular microenvironment can affect modification of biological properties of epithelial cells.

To verify the effect of driver's personal characteristics of driver on the accident frequency through railway accidents caused by human errors and the relationship with aptitude test. To prove the relevance between the driver's personal characteristics and human error accidents. Accident data from 2010 to 2011 was analyzed which collected from a train crew department in K national corporation, and 31 drivers gave an personal interview from Sep. 2011 to Nov. 2011 who had controlled a train alone and caused an accident. Compared between driver's personal characteristics and accident rate, and accident induction possibility surveyed from normal person and disqualified in aptitude tests. Accidents was occurred with the age 40s (27%) and 50s (25%), and with the experience between 15 years and 20 years (38%) and over 20 years (30%). Because more aged, more experienced, it can be seen in the correlation between driver's age and accidents induction caused by human errors like illusion. First of all it must be checked whether working conditions and environmental factors are human error-prone. Most accidents occur when received civil complaints or manager at the riding. Therefore accidents can be prevented when investigated through subsequent surveys how often human error happens, even though no accident, and safety device installed based on the error frequency.