The Biden administration has moved to refocus the US trade policy on China, acting to promote competition but not thoughtless confrontation. Some actions were strong right out of the gate; that should not have been so surprising, but it still was. If anything, the recently concluded G-7 meeting in Cornwall and the subsequent US-EU summit in Brussels indicate that the Biden administration intends to take a stronger and a more multilateral and diplomatic approach to confront China. This approach was further supported by the US allies at the recent NATO meeting in Brussels. The administration is stressing cooperation with allies and competition with China. Biden’s recent diplomacy demonstrates his overriding preoccupation with China. Moving away from Trump’s dysfunctional and disastrous unilateral measures of confrontation with all can only help stabilize the US-China relations and rebuild the WTO, hopefully.

Do happy applicants achieve more? Although it is well established that happiness predicts desirable work-related outcomes, previous findings were primarily obtained in social settings. In this study, we extended the scope of the "happiness premium" effect to the artificial intelligence (AI) context. Specifically, we examined whether an applicant's happiness signal captured using an AI system effectively predicts his/her objective performance. Data from 3,609 job applicants showed that verbally expressed happiness (frequency of positive words) during an AI interview predicts cognitive task scores, and this tendency was more pronounced among women than men. However, facially expressed happiness (frequency of smiling) recorded using AI could not predict the performance. Thus, when AI is involved in a hiring process, verbal rather than the facial cues of happiness provide a more valid marker for applicants' hiring chances.

The US has entered a new era of crisis. President Biden has just been inaugurated. He faces historical challenges to return the US to global leadership. The primacy purpose of this article is to discuss national security and trade policy in the new Biden administration. First, I look at the historic and dubious claims made by the Trump administration in utilizing national security as a cover for protectionist trade actions, as well as at the federal court cases addressing these claims. I then assess the cases that have come before the WTO over the last two years, raising for first time the issue of the national security exception under GATT Article XXI. Finally, I conclude that President Biden’s overwhelming priority is to resurrect American democracy and alliances. But he will also need to address a broad range of trade issues and to restrict reliance on national security as a cover for populist and protectionist policies.

목적 : 시력보정기구의 정확한 교정효과를 위하여 안경의 조제 가공과 피팅, 굴절검사, 그리고 콘택트렌즈 처방 시 검사항목에 대한 실태를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 경기도 지역의 안경원에 근무하고 있는 안경사 53명을 대상으로 설문지를 이용하여 3개의 항목(굴절검사, 조제 가공 및 피팅, 콘택트렌즈 처방)에 관한 설문조사를 실시하였다. 결과 : 굴절검사 항목 중 구안경 착용시력은 50명(94.3%)이 검사하는 것으로 나타났다. P.D.를 측정할 때 사 용하는 도구는 P.D. 미터기가 24명(45.3%), 자동굴절검사기기 측정 결과를 활용하는 경우가 21명(39.6%)이었다. 난시 교정 후 크로스실린더렌즈를 사용하지 않는 경우는 23명(43.4%)으로, 그 이유로는 ‘방법을 모른다’ 17.4%, ‘필요성 을 못 느낀다’ 52.2%, ‘검사 시간이 부족하기 때문’이 26.1%, 기타 4.3%로 나타났다. 콘택트렌즈를 처방한 후 적합한 피팅 상태를 확인하지 않는 경우는 8명(15.1%)이었다. 결론 : 최적의 시력보정기구를 제공하기 위해서는 정확한 굴절검사, 안경의 조제 가공 및 피팅과 콘택트렌즈 처 방이 되어야 하며, 임상 현장에서는 고객에게 시력보정기구의 정확한 교정효과를 제공하기 위해서 필요한 검사들은 반드시 진행되어야 한다.

기존의 확률론적 안전성 평가의 신뢰도 제고를 위하여 잘 알려진 입력 파라미터의 일반적인 분포에 새롭게 측정된 신뢰도 있는 데이터를 결합하여 사후분포를 구할 수 있는 베이지안 업데이팅 방법론을 제안하였다. 마코프체인 몬테 칼로 샘플링 기법의 알고리듬을 통한 GoldSim 모듈도 개발하였다. 복수의 입력 파라미터의 사전분포에 대해 연속적으로 사후분포를 구 해낼 수 있는 베이지안 업데이팅이 가능하도록 개발된 이 모듈을 GoldSim 템플릿 형태의 기존의 GSTSPA 프로그램으로 이행하여 보다 신뢰도 있는 확률론적 방사성폐기물 처분 시스템 안전성 평가가 가능하도록 하였다. 이는 기존에 존재하는 사 전분포의 일반적인 형태는 취하되 새롭게 얻어지는 실제 측정치나 전문가들의 의견을 기존의 분포에 적용하여 보다 더 높은 믿음을 갖는 입력 파라미터의 사후분포를 얻을 수 있게 한다. 균열암반 내 핵종 이동에 관련된 몇 개의 입력 파라미터의 사전분포의 세차례의 연속적 업데이팅을 통해 프로그램의 유용성도 예시하였다. 이 연구를 통하여 처분시스템과 같이 장기적 평가가 필요하고 넓은 모델링 지역을 가지며 측정된 입력자료가 부족한 경우 보다 더 믿음직한 방법으로 안전성 평가를 수행할 수 있는 것을 보였다.

It is common to find a shape with more than two functions in Chinese characters, including individual characters which record more than two words and parts expressing more than two meaning. The main reasons for the phenomenon are: one shape was given different functions when being created; similar shapes became one shape during evolution process; one shape was borrowed to record a derivative or homophone. Its development resulted in the glyph differentiation or generation of a new shape with more than two functions. And the simplification of Chinese characters results in a shape recording more than two words, which does not affect the distinguishing function of characters because the modern Chinese vocabulary is mainly composed of disyllabic words in which there is another morpheme playing a distinguishing role.

Less mature nuclear reactor technologies are characterized by a greater uncertainty due to insufficient detailed design information, operational data, cost information, etc., but the expected performance characteristics of less mature options are usually more attractive in comparison with more mature ones. The greater uncertainty is, the higher economic risks associated with the project realization will be. Within a comparative evaluation of less and more mature nuclear reactor technologies, it is necessary to apply economic risk measures to balance judgments regarding the economic performance of less and more mature options. Assessments of any risk metrics involve calculating different characteristics of probability distributions of associated economic performance indicators and applying the Monte-Carlo method. This paper considers the applicability of statistical risk measures for different economic performance indicators within a trial case study on a comparative evaluation of less and more mature unspecified LWRs. The presented case study demonstrates the main trends associated with the incorporation of economic risk metrics into a comparative evaluation of less and more mature nuclear reactor technologies.

해리슨 내과학에 의사에게 요구되는 세 가지 덕목 중 하나로 인간 이해를 소개하면서, 진정한 의사에게는 ‘Shakespearean breadth‘가 필요하다고 강조하였다. 최근 췌장 및 담도 질환 에서는 담낭 담석의 지속적 증가, 환자의 사연과 췌장-담도 질환과의 연관성, 자가면역 질환의 증가, 치료 후 높은 재발률 등 인간 이해가 요구되는 보고가 늘어났다. 이에 췌장 및 담도 질환의 발병기전을 인간의 습관 고리 및 적응 반응까지도 포함한 전체적이고 근원적으로 파악하여, ‘인간 이해를 고려한 췌장 및 담도 질환의 발병 모델’을 제시한다.

The purpose of this research was to examine simultaneously health halo and health horn effects across two fast food restaurant brands that have healthful or unhealthful images (i.e., McDonald's and Subway). Specifically, we investigated the moderating effects of nutrition information disclosure and dietary restraint on behavioral intention of four menus from the two brands. Two menus from the McDonald’s and two menus from the Subway, respectively, had been selected as stimuli, and each menu represented health halo confirmation (the Roast-Chicken sandwich) / disconfirmation (the Italian-Spicy sandwich), and health horn confirmation (the Big Mac burger) / disconfirmation (the McSpicy-Cajun burger), respectively. This study employed a mixed factorial design: 2 (nutrition information: present vs. absent) X 2 (dietary restraint: restrained eater vs. unrestrained eater) X 4 (menu type: a health halo or a health horn (for the Subway and the McDonald’s with objective healthfulness). The survey was conducted on October 11- 17, 2016, by a research company, Macromill EMBRAIN in Korea, which possessed more than 1 million panel members. Cell sizes were 149 and 146 for the between-subjects factor. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the nutrition information disclosure experimental conditions (either present or absent) and presented with all four menus. The results showed that the behavioral intentions of all three menus, except health horn disconfirmation menu, were decreased. In particular, the effect size of health halo disconfirmation menu (decrease in behavioral intention) was the greatest. There was no difference in the behavioral intention of four menus between the restrained eater and unrestrained eater. Thus, brands positioned as healthy should well manage the expectation levels of their customers. A brand positioned as healthy, such as the Subway, has to manage the health expectation of its customer not get too high, or the brand has to continuously strive to satisfy its client's expectations. A brand positioned as unhealthy (eg, McDonald’s) needs to actively develop low-calorie menus, healthy menus or similar side dishes. Although indulgent menus would account for the majority of the revenue, existence of healthy menus / side dishes would lessen the guilty feelings of the customers of the restaurant and the brand. This is the first study which identified both the health halo effect and the health horn effect on restaurant brand image. The results of this study confirm the need to provide nutrition information on dining out menus and would help consumers choose healthy menus.

There has been a heated discussion worldwide over tourist deviances that disrupt lives of local residents and cause damage to companies, city authorities, and the natural environment. Previous studies primarily turn to discrepancies in the cultural and educational background between tourists and local residents to explain such phenomena. Nonetheless, the possibility of people inclining to misbehave simply because they are away from home has rarely been investigated. In this study, we seek to examine factors rooted in the nature of tourism that are accountable for such phenomena. According to the definition by UNWTO (1995), one of the key characteristics of tourism is the displacement of usual environment. Tourism, therefore, is inevitably associated with surroundings of unacquainted others residing in the unfamiliar environment. Following the social control paradigm, previous studies have revealed that people are more likely to enforce social control on in-group members than on out-group members (Nugier, Chekroun, Pierre & Niedenthal, 2009). We further propose that psychological closeness between people and surrounding others would have an impact on their expectation to receive others’ social contrail and consequently their intention to engage in the counternormative behavior. Using an experimental study, we found that participants in the travel condition, compared with those in the home condition, feel less close to surrounding others and are more likely to misbehave. Such effect is mediated by the perceived social control. Implications for organization and companies in the tourism sector are drawn to prevent the spread of tourist misbehavior. Limitations and future directions would also be discussed.

Marketers increasingly develop strategies to benefit from the potentials of the mobile internet and related technologies. Digitally enhanced product packaging is one prominent example for this evolution and QR (quick response) codes currently give this trend an appearance. QR codes enable manufacturers to provide consumers - despite the limited space on the product package - with comprehensive product information. And consumers increasingly request additional product information, for instance, to monitor environmental factors before purchasing products. Hence, while marketers nowadays regularly use QR codes on product packages to provide consumers with additional product information, they complain about the low usage rates and finally about the effectiveness of QR codes. Extant literature provides little guidance on consumer responses towards these marketing stimuli and, in particular, on how the mere presence of QR codes on product packages affects consumer behavioral and behavior-related responses. Existing research unexceptionally explores how marketers can motivate consumers to scan QR codes (Okazaki et al., 2012; Okazaki et al., 2017) and thus draws a one-sided picture of how marketers can benefit from QR codes. To enrich extant knowledge, this research uses information processing and environmental theory to offer insights into whether and how QR codes on product packages affect consumer product purchasing. The findings of an experimental study illustrate that QR codes affect consumer product purchases by inducing product- and vendor-related cognitive beliefs. In particular, the presence of QR codes on product packaging strengthens consumers’ perceptions about product quality and vendor innovativeness which then positively translate into purchase intentions. Hence, QR codes displayed on product packaging indirectly shape product purchasing. In sum, this research broadens the previous focus on usage-related outcomes by considering how and why QR codes affect consumer purchasing.

The strategic stakes of differentiation are so great for companies that the adequacy between aesthetic perception of the products and functional benefits for consumers must be taken into account (Alba and Williams, 2013; Bloch, 1995; Reimann et al., 2010). In order to examine the consumer's aesthetic perception, we tested an exploratory measurement scale of aesthetic style (Lagier, 2006), which we first validated for different kinds of products. Exploratory and confirmatory analysis of this scale were conducted and obtained results which proved the stability of the scale for design products. The three dimensions of the factor analysis can be interpreted within the conceptual framework of the perception of design products. We effectively find two clearly distinct dimensions which measure: “affective intensity” and “tolerance for ambiguity”. The last dimension is composed of items which fall both in the domain of “cognitive differentiation” and “cognitive discrimination”. To segment our sample and quantify the different profiles of aesthetic style, eight groups of consumers were formed from the scores on the three dimensions. Finally, the structure of aesthetic style on consumer preference for four design objects was also tested. We seek to show that our scale can also explain the choice for some objects. A one-way ANOVA was conducted to determine whether there were significant differences in preference for each object based on intensity scores of affective intensity, cognitive discrimination/differentiation and tolerance for ambiguity. Our measurement scale of aesthetic style, in the context of this test, explained consumer preference for some design objects.