사법절차에 직접 시민이 참여하도록 하여 사법절차의 공정성과 투명성 을 담보하고 종국적로는 사법에 대한 국민의 신뢰를 확보하기 위하여 2008년 1월 1일 국민의 형사재판 참여에 관한 법률이 시행되었다. 다만, 5년간의 시범운영을 거쳐 최종적으로 우리에게 적합한 제도를 마련 할 것으로 예정되어 있었지만, 시행 10년을 넘긴 현 시점에서도 제도의 내용은 도입 당시와 별다른 차이가 없이 유지되고 있다. 그 주된 요인은 최종형태를 마련하기 위한 노력이 논란과 함께 결실을 거두지 못하였기 때문이라고 할 수 있다. 이에 본 논문은 국민사법참여위원회의 최종형태(안), 정부가 제출한 개정법률안, 현재 국회에 계류중인 개정법률안을 중심으로 그동안 국민 참여재판법 개정 논의과정에서 드러난 제도의 주요 문제점을 정리하고, 이러한 문제점을 해결하는데 적용되어야 할 헌법적 한계와 가능성을 제시한 다음, 이처럼 부각된 문제점들을 중심으로 국민참여재판제도의 개선에 적용되어야 할 헌법적 토대를 고찰하였다. 국민참여재판법 개정 논의에서는 우선, 국민참여재판의 개시와 관련하여 대상사건의 범위와 법원에 의한 국민참여재판의 강제개시, 그리고 국 민참여재판의 배제 사유와 절차가 문제된다. 또한 평결의 방식과 관련하 여 유・무죄 판단에 대한 만장일치를 보완하기 위한 가중다수결의 도입과 판사에 의한 단독 판결의 가능성이 문제되고, 배심원 평결의 효력과 관련하여 배심원의 평결에 대한 법원의 존중의무와 그 예외 사유가 논란 의 대상이다. 마지막으로 국민참여재판에 대한 항소의 제한을 인정할 것 인지와 그 범위도 쟁점이 되고 있다. 새로운 제도의 도입이나 변화는 현실적인 고려에 앞서 반드시 헌법을 그 틀로 삼아 진행되어야 한다. 근거이자 한계로 삼아 그 정당성이 논의 될 수밖에 없다. 현행 헌법의 틀 안에서도 법령의 정비를 통해 충분히 도입이 가능한 제도의 내용과 그 취지의 우수성에도 불구하고 헌법을 개 정해야만 도입이 가능하다고 해야 하는 내용을 구별하는 것이 필요하다. 헌법은 헌법과 법률이 정한 법관에 의한 재판을 받을 권리를 보장하면서, 재판상 독립과 신분상 독립이 보장되는 법관을 스스로 정하고 있는 바, 위와 같은 문제들은 이들 구체적이고 직접적인 헌법 규정에 위반되지 않는 범위에서 헌법의 기본원리 및 국민참여재판제도의 취지를 최대 화할 수 있도록 함으로써 해결되어야 할 것이다.

Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) is perennial plant and commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat numerous diseases like cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke and some viral diseases. Nevertheless, no study has been conducted on the antiviral properties of crude extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza against Influenza virus. In an attempt to identify new potential anti-influenza virus agents, 200 natural oriental herbal medicines were screened and we found that Salvia miltiorrhiza has a potential anti-influenza effect. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the protective effect of aqueous extract from Salvia miltiorrhiza against divergent influenza A subtypes using murine model of influenza A infection. Effective dose of aqueous extracts of Salvia miltiorrhiza in BALB/c mice displayed higher survival rate and lower lung viral titers when challenged with lethal doses of influenza A subtypes ({A/Aquatic bird/Korea/ W81/2005(H5N2)}, {A/PR/8/34(H1N1)}, {A/Aquatic bird/Korea/W44/2005(H7N3)} and {A/Chicken/ Korea/116/2004(H9N2)}). In vivo results exhibited that Salvia miltiorrhiza induced prophylactic effect in BALB/c mice against Influenza virus by disrupting viral replication or preventing viral infection by creating an antiviral state in the lungs. Taken together, the use of aqueous extracts of Salvia miltiorrhiza as an orally active antiviral agent, will be potential candidates for prophylactic treatments against Influenza A virus for humans and animals.

There has been growing concern over the emissions of formaldehyde and VOCs from automotive interior materials, as these could have an important impact on the in-vehicle air quality (IVAQ) of automotive vehicles. Odor, the components of which may include VOCs, refers to the automotive interior smell emitted directly or indirectly from any part of an automotive interior, based on human olfactory senses and a comfort evaluation of vehicle quality. The objective of this paper is to compare the instrument analysis with the sensory characteristics of an odor using GC/MS/Olfactometry. From the test, it was possible to identify the cause of odor, which can be difficult to distinguish among multiple odors, through the simultaneous performance of instrumental analysis and sensory evaluation.

Mycoplasma (M.) felis and M. canis is related with pneumonia or conjunctivitis in domestic cats and several diseases in a variety of other animals, including lower respiratory tract disease or pleuritis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays has been reported as an easy and useful method. It could be conducted even on nasal swab samples as a non-invasive rapid testing tools for large numbers of Mycoplasma species. However, PCR assays have to conduct multiple assays because of a lot of Mycoplasma species. Therefore, it need to perform several tests and reveal time consuming procedures. In this study, we developed a sensitive and specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay that detects simultaneously two species like as M. felis and M. canis. The simultaneous detection of M. felis and M. canis primers were used to differentiate two mycoplasma species. The target DNA fragments were specifically amplified M. felis and M. canis PCR with 16S ribosomal DNA primers. Single and mixed Mycoplasma species DNA templates were submitted to validate the specificity of the multiplex PCR. The corresponding specific DNA products were amplified for each pathogen. The detection limit of the developed multiplex PCR is 102 pg with M. felis and M. canis DNA. Furthermore, the developed multiplex PCR detected successfully M. felis in feline nasal specimens. The multiplex PCR assay provides a novel tool for simultaneous detection and differentiation of M. felis and M. canis in cats.

This study investigated and reported the results of the distribution of in air particulate matter concentration inside school classrooms where children, who are known to be environmentally vulnerable, spend the most time after home. The objective of this study is to provide basic data for future studies related to indoor air quality in Yeongwol county and studies for improving school environment. The study investigated the levels of the concentration distribution of PM10 and PM2.5 in classrooms at 19 different elementary schools based in Yeongwol county from December 12 to 19, 2016. In the classrooms of the elementary schools in Yeongwol county, the pooled average concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 was 11.9 μg/m³ and 4.2 μg/m³, respectively. These concentration rates were lower than those of PM10 and PM2.5 surveyed in classrooms of elementary schools based in other regions of Korea. Further, they did not exceed 100 μg/m³, the PM10 guideline concentration provided by the School Health Act. The study results revealed that the winter concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in air inside classrooms of elementary schools based in Yeongwol county were influenced more by indoor sources such as indoor residents rather than outdoor sources.

In the present study, we investigated the expression patterns of p63, a member of the p53 gene family, in hair follicle cells at different stages of the hair cycle and examined the relation with cell proliferation activity. For this study, immunohistochemistry for p63 and Ki-67, a marker of cell proliferation, was performed in skin obtained from C3H/he mice with depilation. In the anagen stage, p63 was strongly expressed in the cells of bulge areas and epithelial strand, matrix cells of the hair bulbs and outer root sheath cells, but inner root sheath cells and dermal papilla cells were negative for p63. These expression patterns of p63 were similarly noted in hair follicles in the early catagen stage. In the late catagen and telogen stages of hair follicles, outer root sheath cells, seboblasts and duct cells were immunoreactive for p63. On the other hand, Ki-67-positive cells were selectively observed among the p63 positive cell components, although p63 positive cells were not always proliferative. Most of the matrix cells in the hair bulbs were positive for Ki-67. Ki-67-positive cells were also frequently evident in the cells of epithelial strands in the early anagen stage. Outer root sheath cells were often positive for Ki-67 in the anagen and early catagen stages, but very rare in the late catagen and telogen stages. In summary, p63 was expressed in the bulge stem cells, epithelial strand cells, matrix cells and outer root sheath cells of hair follicles at any stage of the cycle, which was associated with the movement of hair progenitor cells for regeneration. Ki-67-positive cells were evident among the p63-expressing cell components. Our results strongly suggest that p63 plays an important role in stem cell regulation, at least associated with cell proliferation, for the regeneration of hair follicles.

자율주행자동차의 가장 큰 특성은 자율주행시스템이 인간의 운전을 대신한다는 것이다. 자율주행시스템이 인간의 직접 운전을 가능하게 하는 핵심기술은 운행 차량 내부 통신기술, 각종 센서와 CPU(중앙처리장치) 의 인터페이스(Interface) 디자인 소프트웨어 알고리즘기능으로 요약할 수 있다. 인터페이스의 매개체 기능은 사물의 경계 부분과 그 지점에서의 통신, 접속을 용이하게 하는 것을 의미하며 하드웨어 인터페이스 디자인 , 소프트웨어 인터페이스 디자인 사용자 인터페이스 디자인의 세 가지로 구분된다. 그러나 각각의 시스템 핵심기술 요소의 인터페이스가 제대로 작동하지 않으면 기존 인간의 직접 운전으로 발생하는 자동차 사고보다 더 치명적 인 경우가 예상되고 유기적인 인터페이스 디자인 기능을 검증하여 사고 원인을 명확하게 밝히는 것 또한 쉽지 않다. 또한, 사고의 원인을 블랙박스 등 데이터 수집 장치를 통해 시간적, 공간적 상황 자료를 수집한다고 하더라도 이를 곧바로 자율주행 자동차 사고의 원인으로 확정하고 법적 책임을 부과할 지는 매우 불명확하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 인터페이스(Interface) 디자인 소프트웨어 알고리즘에 의해 운행되는 자율주행자동차의 독특한 특성을 도외시하고 사고 시, 단순히 운행자 중심의 일반적인 민사배상책임 논리를 적용하거나 자동차 결함이라는 차량 제조자의 제조물책임을 인정하는 것에 의문을 제기하고 인터페이스(Interface) 디자인 소프트웨어 알고리즘 결함에 따른 합리적인 법 해석 원리와 제도적 개선안을 제시하려 한다. 또한, 본 연구는 자율주행 인터페이스 디자인의 중요성을 확인하고 차량 주행시 안정성 확보를 위한 효과적인 산업 디자인 기능과 효용성을 접목시키려는 목적으로 법, 제도적 측면과의 융합적 연구를 시도하였다.

Cluster of differentiation (CD) 24 or heat stable antigen 24 (HSA) molecule is a mucin-type glycoprotein attached to the cell surface by glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor, promoting adhesive interactions between cells or in extracellular matrix. The aim of this study was to determine the not yet fully identified porcine CD24 gene and protein structure using computational analysis and to validate variants reported in exons of CD24 gene using direct sequencing. A total of 59 samples belonging to Yorkshire, Landrace, Berkshire, Jeju black pig and wild boar were used in the study. Human CD24 mRNA sequences were used as a reference and subjected to BLAST searches to retrieve the orthologous expressed sequence tags (ESTs) or cDNA sequences against NCBI and Ensemble databases. Assembled ESTs and retrieved cDNA sequences for the porcine CD24 gene were used for specific BLAST search to determine its genomic structure. We found porcine CD24 gene to consist of two exons and a relatively long intron. Second exon of porcine CD24 gene had a long 3’ untranslated region (UTR) and was very similar to that of human, mouse, rat, and sheep. The sequence homology of porcine CD24 protein was 65.38-84.62%, when analyzed with amino acid sequences of rat, mouse, human, cattle, and sheep CD24 protein. N-terminal signal sequence, O-glycosylation sites and GPI-anchoring signal sites were also predicted in pig, which showed these motifs to be evolutionary conserved across the species. Variant analysis in exonic regions of porcine CD24 among the multiple breeds showed that only second exon contained eight SNPs and three insertions in a 3’ UTR. Taken together, this study reports putative porcine CD24 gene and its protein structure using in silico approaches, which will be helpful for any further functional studies.

In the present study, we evaluated the effect of pH modulation on concentrations of odorous compounds and pollutants in pit slurry from pig operation building. A slurry sample was taken from the pit of a pig operation building where 50 finishing pigs [(Landrase × Yorkshire) × Duroc] were kept. Three levels of pH (6, 8 and 10) were measured and adjusted daily during the incubation periods using chemical reagents of 1 N HCl or 3 N NaOH. Concentrations of odorous compounds and pollutants were analyzed from slurry incubated for 7 days. When these material concentrations were compared with the pH 8 slurry which was the pH of pit slurry, levels of short chain fatty acids, indoles and total organic carbon were reduced 7%, 68% and 2%, respectively, in the pH 6 treatment (P<0.05). Ammonium nitrogen, phenols and total nitrogen concentrations were lower by 31%, 18% and 17%, respectively, than with the pH 10 slurry (P<0.05). When the odor contribution in pH treatments was assessed according to the odor activity value, it was found to be 23% lower in the pH 6 treatment compared with pH 8. The pH modulation would affect odor emissions and microbial activity from pit slurry. Although not all odorous compounds showed the reduction effect with the same pH control, this study can be effectively used as base data when using additives for pH control.

N-type porous silicon (PS) layers and thermally oxidized PS layers have been characterized by various measuring techniques such as photoluminescence (PL), Raman spectroscopy, IR, HRSEM and transmittance measurements. The top surface of PS layer shows a stronger photoluminescence peak than its bottom part, and this is ascribed to the difference in number of fine silicon particles of 2~3 nm in diameter. Observed characteristics of PL spectra are explained in terms of microstructures in the n-type PS layers. Common features for both p-type and n-type PS layers are as follows: the parts which can emit visible photoluminescence are not amorphous, but crystalline, and such parts are composed of nanocrystallites of several nm’s whose orientations are slightly different from Si substrate, and such fine silicon particles absorb much hydrogen atoms near the surfaces. Light emission is strongly dependent on such fine silicon particles. Photoluminescence is due to charge carrier confinement in such three dimensional structure (sponge-like structure). Characteristics of visible light emission from ntype PS can be explained in terms of modification of band structure accompanied by bandgap widening and localized levels in bandstructure. It is also shown that hydrogen and oxygen atoms existing on residual silicon parts play an important role on emission stability.

5 nm-thick SiO2 layers formed by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) are densified to improve the electrical and interface properties by using nitric acid oxidation of Si (NAOS) method at a low temperature of 121 oC. The physical and electrical properties are clearly investigated according to NAOS times and post-metallization annealing (PMA) at 250 oC for 10 min in 5 vol% hydrogen atmosphere. The leakage current density is significantly decreased about three orders of magnitude from 3.110 × 10−5 A/cm2 after NAOS 5 hours with PMA treatment, although the SiO2 layers are not changed. These dramatically decreases of leakage current density are resulted from improvement of the interface properties. Concentration of suboxide species (Si1+, Si2+ and Si3+) in SiOx transition layers as well as the interface state density (Dit) in SiO2/Si interface region are critically decreased about 1/3 and one order of magnitude, respectively. The decrease in leakage current density is attributed to improvement of interface properties though chemical method of NAOS with PMA treatment which can perform the oxidation and remove the OH species and dangling bond.

Effects of annealing temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties through thickness of a cold-rolled Cu-3.0Ni-0.7Si alloy were investigated in detail. The copper alloy with thickness of 3 mm was rolled to 50 % reduction at ambient temperature without lubricant and subsequently annealed for 0.5h at 200~900 oC. The microstructure of the copper alloy after annealing was different in thickness direction depending on an amount of the shear and compressive strain introduced by rolling; the recrystallization occurred first in surface regions shear-deformed largely. The hardness distribution of the specimens annealed at 500~700 oC was not uniform in thickness direction due to partial recrystallization. This ununiformity of hardness corresponded well with an amount of shear strain in thickness direction. The average hardness and ultimate tensile strength showed the maximum values of 250Hv and 450MPa in specimen annealed at 400 oC, respectively. It is considered that the complex mode of strain introduced by rolling effected directly on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the annealed specimens.

The present study demonstrates the effect of raw powder on the pore structure of porous W-Ni prepared by freeze drying of camphene-based slurries and sintering process. The reduction behavior of WO3 and WO3-NiO powders is analyzed by a temperature programmed reduction method in Ar-10% H2 atmosphere. After heat treatment in hydrogen atmosphere, WO3- NiO powder mixture is completely converted to metallic W without any reaction phases. Camphene slurries with oxide powders are frozen at −30 oC, and pores in the frozen specimens are generated by sublimation of the camphene during drying in air. The green bodies are hydrogen-reduced at 800 oC and sintered at 1000 oC for 1 h. The sintered samples show large and aligned parallel pores to the camphene growth direction, and small pores in the internal wall of large pores. The strut between large pores, prepared from pure WO3 powder, consists of very fine particles with partially necking between the particles. In contrast, the strut densification is clearly observed in the Ni-added W sample due to the enhanced mass transport in activation sintering.

Li-incorporated ZnO thin films were deposited by using ultrasonic-assisted spray pyrolysis deposition (SPD) system. To investigate the effect of Li-incorporation on the performance of ZnO thin films, the structural, electrical, and optical properites of the ZnO thin films were analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emssion scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Hall effect measurement, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry with variation of the Li concentraion in the ZnO sources. Without incorporation of Li element, the ZnO surface showed large spiral domains. As the Li content increases, the size of spiral domains decreased gradually, and finally formed mixed small grain and one-dimensional nanorod-like structures on the surface. This morphological evolution was explained based on an anti-surfactant effect of Li atoms on the ZnO growth surface. In addition, the Li-incorporation changed the optical and electrical properties of the ZnO thin films by modifying the crystalline defect structures by doping effects.

In this study, ZrO2 ceramic ink was formulated for additive manufacturing three dimensional structure using dispenser printing technique. Ceramic ink with various ZrO2 loading (30, 40, 50vol%) was prepared to evaluate their rheological properties and printability. High ZrO2 loading ZrO2 ceramic ink showed higher elastic modulus and improved shape retention, when the ceramic ink was printed and sintered at 1450 oC for 1h. Microstructural analysis of printed ZrO2 objective indicated that high ZrO2 loading objective showed lower porosity and smaller pore size.

The properties of 18 K red gold solder alloys were investigated by changing the content of In up to 10.0 wt% in order to replace the hazardous Cd element. Cupellation and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to check the composition of each alloy, and FE-SEM and UV-VIS-NIR-Colormeter were employed for microstructure and color characterization. The melting temperature, hardness, and wetting angle of the samples were determined by TGA-DTA, the Vickers hardness tester, and the Wetting angle tester. The cupellation result confirmed that all the samples had 18K above 75.0wt%-Au. EDS results showed that Cu and In elements were alloyed with the intended composition without segregation. The microstructure results showed that the amount of In increased, and the grain size became smaller. The color analysis revealed that the proposed solders up to 10.0 wt% In showed a color similar to the reference 18 K substrate like the 10.0 wt% Cd solder with a color difference of less than 7.50. TGA-DTA results confirmed that when more than 5.0 wt% of In was added, the melting temperature decreased enough for the soldering process. The Vickers hardness result revealed that more than 5.0 wt% In solder alloys had greater hardness than 10.0 wt% Cd solder, which suggested that it was more favorable in making a wire type solder. Moreover, all the In solders showed a lower wetting angle than the 10.0 wt% Cd solder. Our results suggested that the In alloyed 18 K red gold solders might replace the conventional 10.0 wt% Cd solder with appropriate properties for red gold jewelry soldering.

Stable slurries of YSZ in aqueous suspension with added polymer dispersants, namely, poly-methacrylic acid ammonium salt (PMMA), poly-acrylic acid (PAA) and poly-acrylic-co-maleic acid (PAMA), were mixed with the monomolecular dispersants citric acid and oxalic acid. The dispersion properties of the suspension were investigated using PSA, viscosity, sedimentation, and FT-IR. The polymer dispersants and monomolecular dispersants were attached to the YSZ surface by the carboxylic group, as shown by the FTIR results. A stabilized aqueous suspension was obtained when the polymer dispersant and citric acid were mixed and compared to the use of citric acid alone as a dispersant agent. When the polymer dispersant and citric acid were mixed and milled through attrition milling, there was a smaller particle size compared to when the polymer dispersant alone was used as a dispersant agent. This study determined that the particle size of the mixed dispersant was affected by the properties of the monomolecular dispersant and that the stability of the suspension was affected by the polymer dispersant. However, when slurries of YSZ were mixed with oxalic acid, the particle bridging behavior was the result of the high degree of viscosity and the small sedimentation height.

An ultra-high temperature ceramic, tantalum carbide, has received much attention for its favorable characteristics: a superior melting point and chemical compatibility with carbon and other carbides. One drawback is the high temperature erosion of carbon/carbon (C/C) composites. To address this drawback, we deposited TaC on C/C with silicon carbide as an intermediate layer. Prior to the TaC deposition, the TaCl5-C3H6-H2 system was thermodynamically analyzed with FactSage 6.2 and compared with the TaCl5-CH4-H2 system. The results confirmed that the TaCl5-C3H6-H2 system had a more realistic cost and deposition efficiency than TaCl5-CH4-H2. A dense and uniform TaC layer was successfully deposited under conditions of Ta/C = 0.5, 1200 oC and 100 torr. This study verified that the thermodynamic analysis is appropriate as a guide and prerequisite for carbide deposition.

Background: Sitting posture influences movements of scapulothoracic and glenohumeral joints and changes the shoulder muscle activities. The development and maintenance of correct sitting posture is important for the fundamental treatment of shoulder pain during rehabilitation. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the sitting postures and the shoulder movements on shoulder muscle activities for both male and female. Methods: Twenty-eight subjects without shoulder-related diseases participated in this experiment. The subjects had randomly adopted three different sitting postures (upright posture, preferred posture, maximum slouched posture) and shoulder flexion angles in scapular plane (30˚, 90˚, 120˚). Surface electrodes were collected from upper trapezius (UT), anterior deltoid (AD), and posterior deltoid (PD) and the active shoulder range of motion was measured in each sitting posture and shoulder flexion angle. Results: The active range of motions of the shoulder external rotation and the flexion in the scapular plane decreased from the upright posture to the maximum slouched posture (p<.05, mixed-effect linear regression with random intercept, Tukey post-hoc analysis). All muscles showed the highest EMG activities at 120˚ shoulder flexion with the maximum slouched posture and did not show the gender differences. Conclusion: Increased shoulder muscle activities may become the potential risk factor for the shoulder impairment and pain if people continuously maintain the maximum slouched posture. Therefore, an upright position is necessary during shoulder exercises, as well as in activities of daily living, including motions involving lifting the arms.

Background: The process of language translation, adaptation, and cross-cultural validation of tools for use in multiple countries requires the adoption of well-established, comprehensive, and rigorous methodological approaches. Back translation, which is the most recommended method, permits the detection of errors in the translation and the identification of words or phrases that cannot be accurately or literally translated. Objects: The aim of this study was to verify the content validity of a Korean version of a Balance Evaluation Systems test (BESTest) by using a back-translation method. Methods: This research was conducted in six steps: 1) translation of the BESTest into Korean, 2) evaluation of the translation conformity of Korean-translated BESTest, 3) evaluation of the degree of translation comprehension, 4) back translation of Korean BESTest, 5) evaluation of the technical and conceptual equivalence, and 6) completion of the Korean version of BESTest by the translation verification committee. Results: In this study, Korean version of the BESTest achieved a rating of more than 3 (moderate) for translation comprehension, and technical equivalence and conceptual equivalence of back translation were evaluated as 3 (moderate) or more. Conclusion: The Korean version of the BESTest has proven content validity and is an appropriate tool to measure balance function.