ZnSo4ㆍ7H2O에 의한 모델폐수에서 Zn 농도 및 pH를 변화하여 역삼투 실험하였고, Zn용액의 pH에 따라 아연의 제거율은 상당히 변화하였고, pH 3.0~11.5 범위에서 실험한 바 pH 8.3일 때가 아연제거율은 99.9% 이상, 투과 속도는 1.49 × 10-3cm/sec로 가장 큰 값을 보였다. 아연모델폐수에 Cyanide를 아연농도와 동량으로 첨가하였을 때, 아연은 99%, Cyanide는 93% 정도 제거가 가능하였다. 또한 첨가제로 음이온계면활성제 등을 첨가하여 실험한 결과, Membrane에서의 투과속도가 0.76 × 10-3cm/sec로 현저히 감소하였다.

MRI 2.0T 롤 이용하여 직경 5cm 이하의 작은 간세포암 18 case, 작은 혈관종 38 case 율 비교분석했을 때 T,-Weighted sPtn-Echo(SE) 500/30 과 ProtonDensity 영상에서는 작은 간세포암 (HCC) 과 혈관종 (Hemangioma) 의 대조도 신호비 (CNR) 와 강도비 (Intensity Rati 이는 특벌한 차이가 없어 보었다. T2-weighted 2000/60, 90, 120, 150 그리고 180 올 주고 영상올 얻었을 때， 혈관종 (Hemangioma) 은 간세포암 (HCC) 보다 대조도 신호비 (CNR) 와 강도비 가 헌저하게 증가되어 보었다. Spin Echo(SE) 2000/180 영 상에서는 간세포암 (HCC) 과 혈관종 (Hemangioma) 사이에서 각 종앙의 강도비(I ntensi ty rati 이는 큰 차이를 보였고， 2, 000/150 영상에서도 갚았다. 그렇지만 두 pulse sequence 사이에 특별히 다른 통계는 없다. 그러나 SE 2000/180 영상은 간에서 임상적으로 얻을 수 있는 영상 수가 제한되어 있다는 것이 단점이었다. 이 언구에서 SE 2000/60 영상은 간에서 간세포암 (HCC) 과 혈관증을 찾는 데 적합하고 SE 2000/150 영상은 두 증앙， 즉 혈관종과 간세포암 (HCC) 을 구벌하는 데 적합한 Pulse Sequence 이 다.

니켈-흑연 복합분말은 고온 고압하에서 수소개스를 사용하여 ammoniacal황산니켈염 수용액으로 부터 니켈이온을 흑연코어표면에 석출시켜 제조하였으며, SEM. X-선 회절분석, 입도 및 화학분석 등을 이용하여 환원속도 및 니켈코팅층의 특성에 미치는 코팅 촉매제 Anthraquinone(C6H4COC6H4 CO) 의 영향을 조사하였다. 코팅촉매제의 입도 및 첨가량 변호에 따라 수소개스 주입 후 환원반응이 시작되기 까지 필요한 잠복기는 22~70분 정도 이었으며, 흑연코어 표면의 니켈코팅층은 포도송이 모양(botryoidal)인 미립의 니켈 nodule(2-4μm)로 형성되었다. 또한 코팅촉매제의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 코팅용액중 니켈이온의 환원속도는 증가하여 0.2gr/ℓ첨가시 4.5gr/ℓ/min를 나타내었다.

본 연구에서는 다공성 니켈재료의 원료분말로 활용될 수 있는 hollw 니켈금속분말 계조를 위한 니켈-흑연복합분말의 흑연코어 기화과정에 관하여 실험을 행하였다. 수증개-수소 혼합가스에 의한 복합분말중 흑연코어의 기화온도는 800˚C~900˚C였으며, 약 1시간의 기화반응에 의해 내부가 텅 빈 hollw니켈금속분말을 얻을 수 있었다. 흑연코어의 평균입도가 21μm인 82.2tw,% 니켈-17.87tw.5 흑연 복합분말로부터 제조된 hollw니켈금속분말을 100Kg/c m2의 압력으로 압축, 성형한 성형체의 겉보기 기공도는 45%이었으며, 이성형체를 진공로에서 1150˚C 의 온도로 1시간 소결하여 30%의 기공도와 소재내에 균질한 기공분포를 갖즌 소결체를 얻음으로써 다공성재료 제조시 hollow분말을 원료로 사용하여 재료 내의 기공에 관한 제반사항을 쉽게 조절할 수 있다는 가능성을 확인하였다.

This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the usage characteristics of children's parks according to location in Gangneung-si. Weekday and weekend, gender, time of stay, and usage behavior according to age group were analyzed and a video analysis of unmanned camera data for park management was conducted. On the average, the use of children’s parks during spring and autumn was more than twice that during summer, and the use rate of children's parks located in old central districts by elderly people was relatively higher than the use rate of those located in housing development district. Overall, the usage ratio (24.6%) by elderly people was high, and their usage ratio (31.3%) in the morning period from dawn was significantly high. Among the usage behaviors, the rate at which dogs walk was analyzed to be somewhat high. As the usage ratio by elderly people is high with diverse usage behavior, it is necessary to provide complex functions to children's parks in the future.

This study analyzes structural landscape changes over a time-series for a small and medium-sized city, Gangneung-Si, based on area and distribution patterns, and according to the type of land cover. Among the types of land cover, the area ratio of urbanized areas increased by 2.02% in the late 2010s as compared to the late 1980s, while there was a decrease of 2.69% in farmland and 0.69% in grassland areas. On analyzing the changes in land cover use by applying the Fragstats program, it was confirmed that landscape changes in urban and management areas were relatively severe according to the Landscape Shape Index, Largest Patch Index, and Aggregation Index. A pattern of concentrated expansion was also found around certain areas. In particular, from the analysis, it was established that the proportion of urbanized area had considerably increased and that the extent of farmland damage to management areas, including planned management areas, was large. Additionally, the Total Core Area generally indicated a reduction in the core areas of farmland and forest within urban and management areas. A medium-sized city showed significant changes besides large cities in terms of landscape structure. The developmental pressure on management areas, in particular, was quite high.

This study aimed to suggest a framework for biotope classification and evaluation based on habitat values to rationally establish management areas of national parks. The factors and indicators related to the biotope classification and evaluation were established based on integration from those of previous studies. The decision tree evaluation process was applied to the classification and evaluation of the biotope type level. The evaluation of the biotope group level was carried out to determine the weight and the AUEM (Adding Up Estimation Matrix) was applied for the final grades. As a result, the biotope type of Seolaksan National Park was classified into 43 types and Odaesan National Park was classified into 41 types. Bukhansan National Park, which is located in a metropolitan city, was classified into 49 types. In terms of biotope evaluation, grade Ⅲ had a ratio of 50.6%, the highest in Seolaksan national park. The ratios of grade I and grade II, which have great ecological-value, were respectively 12.0% and 36.5%. Grade II was 48.2%, the highest ratio in Odaesan National Park. The ratios of grades I and II were 10.8% and 37.9%, respectively. Grade III was 54.8%, the highest ratio in Bukhansan national park, and the ratios of grade I and grade II, which have great ecological-value were, respectively, 11.4% and 25.7%. The biotope values of major national parks were evaluated according to the type focusing on the actual vegetation. This framework can be considered for application to the spatial management of other types of protected areas.

This study aimed to re-establish the conservation area reflecting landscape ecological value through scenario program, targeting Odaesan National Park. The basic data were mapped in watershed planning units, which were set considering topographical and ecological values. The framework of Marxan with Zones, using an indexation process, was using the mapped indicators. Each best solution according to the scenarios was assessed through sensitivity analysis, and a final solution was selected among the best solutions, considering criteria including area ratio of conservation area and grouping. Lastly, the final solution was verified in the overlap analysis with recent zonation. As a result, through the framework of Marxan with Zones, the best solution of scenario 1, which was set by the highest conservation criteria was selected as the final solution, and the area ratio of conservation area and grouping was excellent. As for the overlap analysis, the suggested conservation area was improved compared to recent zonation in terms of the area ratio (39.4%), biotope grade Ⅰ (35.6%) and the distribution points (7 places) of legally protected species.

This study was performed to develop a new natural antimicrobial materials by analyzing the effect of extracts obtained from Ten Lauraceae Species on the inhibitory activity against Propionibacterium acnes. The plant materials were collected from Wando and Jeju islands, and the antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts was examined by the agar diffusion method with different part (i.e., leaf and branch), solvents (i.e., distilled water, 80% ethanol, and 100% methanol) and at different ultrasonic extracting times (i.e., 15, 30, and 45 minutes). The control agents used were synthetic antimicrobials, methylparaben and phenoxyethanol, at concentrations of 0.4, 1, 2, and 4 ㎎/disc. Altogether, extracts of 10 species used in the study showed inhibitory activity, which confirmed their antimicrobial action against acnes. Among these, leaves of Laurus nobilis L. which was extracted in 80% ethanol for 45 min showed the largest clear zone (19.8 ㎜). Leaves of L. nobilis L., showing highest antimicrobial activities among 10 species, were successively reextracted with n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and n-butanol. As a results, in all fractions except butanol, clear zone above 10 ㎜ were formed. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest inhibitory activity (13.3 ㎜) and the inhibitory activity was significantly higher than that of crude extract (10.2 ㎜) and phenoxyethanol as a control (12.5 ㎜).

Background : Gastrodia elata Blume (G. elata) is important medicinal resource in korea. Gastrodin and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (4-HBA) are major active compounds of G. elata, and ρ-cresol is major cause of off-odor like pig slurry from G. elata. The off-odor can decrease the quality of fresh G. elata as well as its products. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate the influence of extraction temperature on bio-active and odorous compounds of G. elata extract. Methods and Results : G. elata was extracted with distilled water at 0, 30, 60, and 90℃ for 20, 40, 60, and 120 min. Gastrodin and 4-HBA contents were analyzed by using a HPLC-UVD, and ρ-cresol content was analyzed by using a SPME-GC-MS. Gastrodin content increased as increasing extraction temperature and time, and showed the highest value in extract at 90℃. 4-HBA content showed the highest value at 60℃, and increased as increasing extraction time. Total content of gastrodin and 4-HBA was higher in extract from G. elata at 60℃ for 120 min than other extracts. ρ-Cresol content was varied according to extraction temperature, and was lower in extract at 30 and 60℃ than 0 and 90℃. Conclusion : These results indicated that the extraction temperature can affect the bio-active components and off-odor of G. elata extract, and 60℃ is appropriate to improve the qualities including bio-active component and off-odor of G. elata extract and its products.

Background : Gastrodia elata (GE) is a perennial herb that belongs to the orchidaceae and is used as a medicinal or food material. Known pharmacological agents include gastrodin and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. It is used as medicinal herb that is traditionally used for headache, migraine, dizziness, epilepsy and infant seizures. It is used for medicinal herbs such as sedation, hypnosis, epilepsy treatment, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, neuroprotection, antipsychotic, anticonvulsant, Antioxidant, memory improvement, anti-aging, antiviral, anti-tumor. The purpose of this study was to find the extraction method with the highest oxidative stress inhibition and to optimize the pharmacological effect of the extract. Methods and Results : GE was freeze-dried to obtain 5 g, and then extracted into 50 ㎖ of water. Extraction temperature was 0, 30, 60 and 90℃ for 20, 40, 60 and 120 min, respectively. After centrifugation, the mixture was filtered through a 0.45 ㎛ filter. ABTS scavenging ability, DPPH scavenging ability, total phenol content, neuronal cell line (PC12) cytotoxicity, and oxidative stress scavenging activity in neurons were measured by this extract. ABTS scavenging ability, DPPH scavenging ability and total phenol content increased with increasing temperature and extraction time. However, at 60℃ and 90℃ extraction temperature, there was no significant difference. The cytotoxicity of 2 ㎎/㎖ of GE extract was significantly increased in the extract group of 90℃ after 20 hours. Conclusion : From the above results, the water extraction conditions to optimize the pharmacological activity of GE were 120 minutes at 60℃ or less.

This study aimed to provide fundamental data for enlargement strategy of Ramsar site through the analysis of designation properties about 22 sites which has been registered for 20 years since Yongneup (Mt. Daeam) was designated as the first Ramsar site in Korea. Designation properties were analyzed on the basis of Ramsar Information Sheet and ecological properties was mainly analyzed in relation to designation criteria. Designation of Ramsar wetland was concentrated before and after Changwon Congress in 2008 and in terms of area 11 sites are below 1 ㎢ and 5 sites are above 10 ㎢. The average number of applied designation criteria was 2.86 and Criterion 2 (threaten species), Criterion 1 (representativeness and rareness of wetland type) and Criterion 3 (biodiversity) are mainly applied. In terms of protection species, internationally recognized species were 18 species on IUCN redlist, 12 species on CITES and 13 species on CMS, and nationally recognized species were 76 species on endangered species designated by Ministry of Envirionment, 83 speceis on national redlist and 71 speceis on endemic species respectively

최근 ｢녹색성장기본법｣과 RPS 제도 등의 시행으로 화석연료에 의존하는 기존의 에너지 시장이 신･재생에너지 시장으로 변화되어감에 따라 국내 신･재생에너지 시장의 확대가 이루어지고 있다. 또한 에너지 자립의 측면에서 국내･외적으로 유기성폐자원 바이오가스화에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있는 실정이다. 이에 따라 각 정부부처는 유기성폐자원의 바이오가스화 처리의 확대를 추진 중에 있다. 하지만 다수의 자자체 및 단체에서 바이오 가스화 시설의 설치를 예정하고 있으나 설치 및 운영 인력들의 대한 바이오가스화 시설에 대한 전문성이 확보되지 않은 상태에서 설치 및 시설 운영으로 가동률 저하가 발생하고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 유기성폐자원 바이오가스화 부문 산업현황 조사와 바이오가스화 부문 업체 및 종사자 인원을 조사 및 전문인력 대상 설문조사를 통해 교육체계 개발의 타당성을 입증하였다. 또한 NCS 및 전문인력의 수행 및 요구 직무를 분석하여 유기성폐자원 바이오가스화 시설의 기획단계, 설계단계, 시공단계, 운영단계까지의 필요 교육내용과 교육체계를 단계별로 도출하였다. 유기성폐자원의 바이오가스화를 주도할 수 있는 전문인력을 양성하는 프로그램을 개발하는 것으로 목적으로 하고 있다. 현재 운영되고 있는 바이오가스 산업분야에 대한 현황을 조사, 분석하여 교육체계 프로그램을 개발하여 전문인력의 전문성 제고 방안을 마련하였다. 이로 인하여 유기성폐자원 바이오가스화 부문의 전문성이 확보되고 안정적인 유기성폐자원 바이오가스화 처리가 가능하여 바이오가스화 산업의 확대가 기대된다.

Background : Rehmannia glutinosa root (R. root) has been used as traditional medicine, and is important resource for natural medicines and functional foods. In Korea, various varieties of Rehmannia glutinosa have been developed, and these have various characteristics depending on the variety. Therefore, this study was performed to compare the antioxidant and anti-aging activities of R. root extracts with various varieties (Jihwang 1ho, Goryeo, Daegyeong, Gogang, Togang, Dagang, Wongang, Yeongang, Hwanggang, and Segang). Methods and Results : R. roots were extracted by reflux extraction method with 70% ethanol-water solution at 40℃, and their extracts were used for total phenolic contents, antioxidant and anti-aging activities. The total phenolic content, ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities were highest in Yeongang, and these values were 11.50 ㎎/g, 9.37 ㎍/g TEAC, and 7.13 ㎍/g TEAC, respectively. However, the anti-aging activity on human dermal fibroblast cells treated with doxorubicin was higher in Segang, Dagang, and Goryeo than other varieties, and their senescence ratios were measured at 50.66, 57.16, and 61.36% when treated at 200 ㎍/㎖, respectively. The total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity were negatively correlated with anti-aging activity. Conclusion : These results indicated that the antioxidant and anti-aging activities of R. root extracts were differed according to variety of Rehmannia glutinosa, and positive correlation between anti-oxidant activities and anti-aging activity was not shown.

Background : Prepared Rehmanniae root (PRR) has been used as traditional medicine, and is one of the most important oriental herbal medicines. However, physical characteristics of PRR are not suitable for use in industry. This study was performed to suggest preparation method of PRR powder, and determine the physicochemical characteristics of PRR powder with different pre-freezing temperatures. Methods and Results : Moisture content, powder yield, particle size, bulk density, compressive stress, extraction yield, and 5-HMF content of PRR powders with different pre-freezing temperatures (-20℃, -40℃, -60℃, and -80℃) were analyzed, and correlation among these factors was determined. Powder yield increased and particle size decreased in a pre-freezing temperature-dependent manner from -20℃ to -60℃. Hausner ratio increased from 1.186 to 1.225 with decreasing temperature from -20℃ to -80℃, and compressive stress showed the opposite trend. Extraction yield and 5-HMF content were not significantly different between PRR and powder. Significant correlations were observed among pre-freezing temperature and physical characteristics (yield, particle size, hausner ratio, and compressive stress). Conclusion : These results suggest that pre-freezing temperature was important factors affecting physical characteristics of PRR powder, and the results of this study are industrially applicable to production of PRR powder.

Background : Rehmannia glutinosa root (R. root) has been used as traditional medicine, and is important resource for natural medicines and functional foods. However, R. root have catalpol which have bitterness, and undigested sugars, including stachyose, raffinose, and verbascose as main compounds, and these compounds can cause diarrhea and abdominal pain. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the changes in reducing sugar producted from undigested sugars and catalpol contents as a bitter taste compound in R. root with aging treatment conditions. Methods and Results : R. root was treated at 10 - 70℃ for 0 - 48 h, and extracted with 50% ethanol solution. Their catalpol content was analyzed using HPLC-UVD, reducing sugar content generated from undigested sugars was measured by the Nelson-Somogyi methods, and these reaction rates were calculated from their variation according to aging time and temperature. During aging treatment, reducing sugar content increased and catalpol content decreased. Their formation and degradation rates were highest at 50℃ and 30 - 40℃, and their rates were 1.89 ㎎/g·h and 23.09 - 23.33%/h, respectively. Conclusion : These results indicated that aging treatment can positively affect the sweetness and digestibility of R. root slurry. Therefore, aging treatment could be considered for improving the sensory qualities and digestibility of R. root.