The objective of the present study was to assess the health effect of houseplant. we selected 22 households of newly-built apartments and 17 asthma patients. Before intervention in the households, we conducted clinical survey investigations during April and October, 2006. In this study, 6 species of houseplants known to be eco-friendly and 14 other plants were recruited. While the clinical research items were lung function, erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR), white blood cell count(WBC), total eosinophil count(TEC) and total-immunoglobulin E(T-IgE). There was no association between the intervention and the estimated inflammation reaction and allergic reaction. However, peak expiratory flow rate(PEFR) of evening data were positive effect in the intervention asthma-patients households compared with the nonintervention.

본 논문에서는 지하수의 영향을 고려하여 발파로 인한 폭발하중에 대한 지하공동구조체의 3차원 동적해석을 수행하였다. 지하공동 주변 암반체는 13.5%의 공극율을 갖는 석회암으로 가정하였으며, 동일한 폭발하중에 대해 주변 암반체의 공극이 완전히 건조한 경우와 이 공극이 완전 포화된 경우로 나누어 해석을 수행하였다. 수치해석결과 지하공동구조체가 포화된 암반체에 위치하는 경우가 건조한 암반체에 위치하는 경우에 비해 속도, 변위, 응력이 모두 크게 발생하였다. 그리고 포화된 암반체의 지하공동구조체 부근에서는 전단파괴의 가능성이 발생함을 확인할 수 있었다.

본 연구에서는 발파로 인한 폭발하중에 대한 지하공동구조체의 3차원 동적유한요소해석을 수행하였다. 해석과정은 1차원 근원해석과정과 3차원터널해석과정의 2단계로 나누어 수행하였다. 1차원 근원해석에서는 장약공과 그 주변의 자유장을 포함하는 해석으로서 3차원 터널해석을 위한 입력하중의 계산작업을 수행한다. 본 연구에서 수행한 해석방법의 기능은 3차원 동적해석프로그램 MPDAP-3D에 추가되었으며, 향후 발파공법에 의한 지하공동구조체의 건설시 구조체의 안전성을 평가하는데 활용가능할 것으로 예상된다.

Arctic sea ice as an indicator of climate change plays an important role in controlling global climate system. Thus, accurate observation and prediction of Sea Ice Concentration (SIC) is essential for understanding global climate change. In this study, we aim to improve the prediction accuracy of SIC by using machine learning and Regional Climate Model (RCM) data for a more robust method and a higher spatial resolution. Using the CORDEX RCM and NASA SIC data between January 1981 and December 2015, we developed three statistical models using Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Deep Neural Network (DNN) which can deal with the non-linearity problem, respectively. The DNN model showed the best performance among the three models with the significant correlation between the predictive and observed SIC (r=0.811, p-value < 0.01)and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.258. With deeper considerations of the polar fronts and the characteristics of ocean current and tide, the DNN model can be applied for near future prediction of Arctic sea ice changes.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides various prospects of future climate change under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios using General Circulation Models (GCMs) of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). This paper describes a modified application of Ensemble Bayesian Model Averaging (EBMA) to produce daily mean temperature ensembles using 19 GCMs provided by CMIP. We proposed two types of approach: (1) monthly weighting scheme for a whole area (EBMA.v1) and (2) monthly weighting for each grid point (EBMA.v2), which can take into account the spatially heterogeneous pattern of GCM. For the training period of 1979- 2005 for East Asia, 9,855 sets of daily temperature ensembles (27 years × 365 days) were produced and compared to the ERA-Interim reanalysis data of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), which showed better validation statistics than the general mean and median ensembles. In particular, EBMA.v2 outperformed EBMA.v1 by diminishing the large errors of inland areas where the surface heterogeneity is larger than the ocean. The EBMA.v2 was able to handle the problem of spatial variability by employing monthly and spatially varying weighting scheme. We finally produced daily mean temperature ensembles for the period of 2006-2100 by using the EBMA.v2 under the RCP 6.0 scenario, which are going to be provided on the web.

분화활동에 따른 인간의 생리 및 감성변화를 알아보기 위해 20대 피험자 남녀 총 31명을 대상으로 뇌파, 심박변동성, SD(semantic differential)법을 실시하였다. 실험은 각각 10분씩 유리용기(지름 30cm)에 분화식물을 장식하는 작업, IT활동(문서 작성)하는 작업을 실시 하고 사전/후 측정하였다. IT활동(문서 작성)을 대조구로 하여 분화장식활동을 비교한 결과, IT활동보다 식물활동을 하였을 때 상대적 느 린 알파파(RSA)가 대부분의 측정지점에서 높게 나타났고, 알파/빠른 베타(RAHB)가 시각기능을 담당하는 두정엽(P3, P4)에서 높게 나타 나 스트레스나 긴장감을 거의 동반하지 않은 안정, 이완효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 분화장식활동을 한 후보다 IT활동(문서작성)을 한 후 시각기능을 담당하는 상대적 빠른 알파파(RFA)가 좌반구 두정엽 (P3)에서 높게 나타나 몰입도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 IT활 동(문서작성)보다 분화장식 활동을 했을 때 뇌활성도(SEF 90)가 좌반구 측두엽(T3), 우반구 후두엽에서 통계적으로 유의성있게 높게 나타 나 스트레스를 동반한 상태에서 고도의 집중력 효과가 있는 것으로 볼 수 있었다. 분화장식활동과 IT활동을 한 후 심박수의 차이는 거의 나 타나지 않았으나 IT활동보다 분화장식 활동에서 자율신경계활동 중 부교감신경계활성의 지표인 HF(high frequency)성분이 더 높게, 교감 신경계활성 지표인 LF(low frequency)성분은 IT활동보다 분화장식활동을 한 후에서 더 낮게 나타나 IT활동보다 분화장식활동이 안정감 을 갖는 경향을 보였으며 이러한 결과는 뇌파분석과 유사한 경향이었다. 분화장식활동과 IT활동에 따른 피험자 선호도는 분화장식활동 (4.00/5), IT활동(2.58/5)로 분화장식활동이 IT활동보다 통계적으로 유의성있게 높게 나타났다. 또한 SD 감성어휘조사에서 IT활동했을 때 보다 분화장식 활동을 했을 때 쾌적감, 자연감, 진정감이 유의성있게 높게 나타났다. 이는 분화장식활동이 IT활동보다 생리·심리적으로 안 정, 이완, 그리고 적절한 각성 상태에서 내적, 외적 주의집중력 향상 효과를 주는 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 따라서 식물을 활용한 분화장식활 동은 스트레스가 있는 대상자들에게 적용하는 것이 유용할 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 뇌활성도(SEF 90)이 IT활동보다 높게 나온 결과는 추 후 지속적 연구를 통해 긴장의 종류를 밝혀내야 할 것으로 생각된다.

The study was surveyed to 269 respondents for investigating psychological response to indoor foliage plants grouped by four type of design materials. 21 indoor foliage plants grouped as filler, mass, form, and line plant, are shown to each respondent for surveying the preference and emotion by SD (semantic differential) scale. It was statically significant that the filler plant group was the least preferred one between the indoor foliage plant and the preference of line plant group was the highest. In filler plant Scindapsus aureus is significantly favored, in mass plant Aglaonema crispum and Syngonium podophyllum, in form plant Ficus banghalensis in line plant Dracaena fragrans ‘Lemon Lime’, respectively. The green is the most preferred color of leaf and gray is the least one. When investigated on the major emotions felt with four types of indoor foliage plant with SD scale, filler plant felt as ‘Bright’, ‘Light’, ‘Pale’, mass plant ‘Warm’, ‘Sharp’, form plant ‘Simple’, ‘Luxurious’ and line plant ‘Sophisticated’, ‘Luxurious’, ‘Pleasant’, ‘Soft’ and ‘Fancy’, respectively. This result will be valuable when the indoor garden is designed with an indoor foliage plant.

This study was conducted to know the visual preference and emotional change for the cut-flower decoration at public indoor space by using vertical, horizontal, and round type which are generally used. The investigation was done with 173 participants of National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science in 3 indoor areas designed with cut-flower decoration and 1 area of public place without it, respectively. Psychological evaluation was analyzed with the visual preference of cut flower shape and Semantic Differential method. In addition, the general awareness, loyalty and importance for cut-flower decoration were investigated. Statistical analysis was carried out with paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, cross correlation analysis, and analysis of frequency. As the result of evaluating the emotion of subjects with Semantic Differential, the feeling of comfort, nature and calm were significantly high in the public indoor space with cut-flower decoration. When we surveyed the feeling for the 3 type of cut-flower decoration with 14 pairs of emotional vocabulary, the participants felt ‘tranquil’ and ‘comfortable’ in the public indoor space with horizontal and round shaped decoration while they felt ‘strong’ and ‘anxious’ in the space with vertical shaped decoration. The preference of decoration forms was significantly high with round > horizontal > vertical type in order and vertical shape was highly preferred in twenties and sixties groups compared to other types significantly. In conclusion, we could recommend that round type decoration can be used in indoor place where comfort and calm are required and vertical form will be appropriate for challenging and vibrant twenties and depressed sixties with ageing. This customized cut-flower decoration will improve the environment quality of employment.

This study investigates and analyzed the psychological effect of existence or non-existence of cut-flowers decoration in the conference place by the presenting eight colors of decorations (white, pink, blue, orange, red, green, purple, and yellow) to the participants, 103 numbers of genders. The measurement of psychological condition was carried out and compared with an attention recovery scale, profile of mood states (POMS) and semantic differential (SD method). In addition, paired t-test, One way ANAVA and Pearson’s correlation analysis were used for the statistical analysis. As the result of investigation for the general awareness of cut-flower decoration, the most priority is its color tone and 57.3% of participants which is the highest portion answered that the amount of annual investment for cut-flower decoration is 20,000～99,000 Won. According to the result of comparison for three psychological indexes, the attention recovery scale was significantly higher in the area with cut-flower decoration than the area without it. In POMS, it showed the negative emotions, such as, tension-anxiety, depression, confusion was low while the positive emotion like vigor was significantly higher in the area with cut-flower decoration than the area without it. In addition, the participants could feel the pleasant, natural and clam significantly more in the conference place with cut-flower decoration than the area without it. The order of color preference of cut-flower was Green > White > Pink > Blue > Yellow > Purple > Orange > Red with significant difference. Also, as the result of investigation for the color sensibility of its tone of the cut-flower decoration in conference place with SD method, the participants could feel ‘comfortable’ and ‘calm’ the most with green, white and blue decoration while ‘strong’, ‘vibrant’, ‘uneasy’ of feeling was shown the most in red and orange decoration and ‘warm’, ‘fancy’ in yellow. Based on the result of this study, the workers can have positive psychological effects by having cut-flower decoration or using appropriate colors with cut-flower decoration in the uncomfortable area, such as, conference place.

This study is conducted with the questionnaire survey of 174 participants to investigate the psychological effect of workers with the indoor-garden in lounge of public building. The measurement of mental state was investigated and compared with loyalty, attention restoration, profile of mood states (POMS) and semantic differential method (SD Method) while statistical analysis was compared and analyzed with paired t-test, frequency analysis, cross correlation analysis, one-way analysis of variance, and Pearson’s correlation analysis. As the result of analysis of three psychological index, the rate of attention of restoration to the worker was significantly higher in the area where the indoor-garden is installed than the area with no indoor-garden (p≦0.001). Emotional examination showed less negative emotions, such as, the tension, depression, anger, exhaustion or confusion while more positive feeling was vitalized in the area where there is indoor-garden in the lounge than the place with no garden. In addition, as the result of comparison for the index of emotion by gender, negative emotions of men decrease but positive feeling increase more than the group of women in the area where there is indoor-garden in the lounge than the place with no garden. As the result of evaluating the emotion of pleasant, natural and relax with SD method, worker might feel them more in indoor-garden of lounge. Detailed items of plant does not seem to affect to the loyalty in the interest of indoor-garden to the workers, however, behavioral element, such as, feasible investment-cost, provides extremely positive effect (p≦.05). Based on this study, the cognizance of healing effect, attention restoration, profile of mood state (POMS) and emotional quotient by the existence of indoor-garden can be concluded that it will provide the positive effects to diffuse indoor-garden and promotion of emotional health for the staff. In addition, indoor-garden can be practically used to reduce the stress and provide the stability of the indoor-staff.

This study analyzed the questionnaire of 279 participants which counted 26 cases out of total 305 participants. It is organized to find out the influence of indoor-plants for green interior of psychological effect, general awareness and the color or shape of indoor-plants in dining/living area to the preference of consumers and emotional image. 74.6% of participants had the experience of purchasing the indoor-plants for green interior. As the result of general awareness of green interior, the most important factor when the green interior was organized was the shape of plants and the most selected possible amount of investment to the installation was less than 100,000 won which is not high enough. As the result of investigation on participant’s awareness of effect of indoor-plant, 99.3% of participants which was the highest portion answered ‘Indoor-plants improve the psychological stability’ from the selection of five kinds of indoor-plant’s effects. More than 50% of participants showed high interests to the green interior in dining/living area as they selected ‘Preferred’. Decoration of cut-flower and eruption are preferred as the design of dining area. The preference order of 5 types of colors for green interior was white> green> pink> yellow> red and showed significant difference. As the result of investigation on color sensitivity of green-interior area with Standard Deviation method, white and green stimulus group highly shows the emotion of “Clam” and “Comfortable”. In addition, red and pink stimulus group feels hard the emotion, “Fancy”. Cut flower decoration was highly preferred when living area is decorated with 76.6%. Also, there was significant difference in the shapes of green interior in living area with the order of horizontal> round>vertical. According to the result of study on emotional difference with green interior of living area with Standard Deviation, horizontal way has “Calm”, “Comfortable” while vertical provides “Heavy” and “Strong”. This study tries to provide the useful and positive possibility of design direction and improvement of consumption of indoor green-interior by understanding of psychological effect and awareness of indoor-plan.

This study was carried out to investigate the formaldehyde (FA) filtration pattern of additional media for indoor biofilter system. Dry pellet type activated carbon (PAC), activated clay (ACL), zeolite, diatomite, pumice and loess ceramic ball were tested. In the case of dry filter media, formaldehyde purification efficiency was the most excellent with activated clay and then was good with the activated carbon, diatomite, zeolite, and pumice order. PAC and ACL decreased the FA concentration with exponential pattern resulted from dynamic balance between emission and purification. Zeolite, diatomite, pumice, and loess ceramic ball showed high filtration rate at initial time and then increased FA concentration result from breakthrough. PAC, zeolite and diatomite could be recommended as additional filter media for biofilter system considering FA filtration and breakthrough characteristics. FA filtration and breakthrough characteristics were improved with wet media except PAC and ACL. In particular, purification performance improvement and breakthrough mitigation were higher in pumice and loess ceramic balls. PAC+ZEO mixing showed the most high purification performance and breakthrough mitigation in all mixing methods. Thus mixture of PAC with zeolite and vertical mixing could be recommended as additional filter media to improve the FA purification ability and pressure drop with indoor air biofilter system.