CMP(Chemical Mechanical Polishing) Processes have been used to improve the planarization of the wafers in the semiconductor manufacturing industry. Polishing performance of CMP Process is determined by the chemical reaction of the liquid sol containing abrasive, pressure of the head portion and rotational speed of the polishing pad. However, frictional heat generated during the CMP process causes agglomeration of the particles and the liquidity degradation, resulting in a non-uniform of surface roughness and surface scratch. To overcome this chronic problem, herein, we introduced NaCl salt as an additive into silica sol for elimination the generation of frictional heat. The added NaCl reduced the zata potential of silica sol and increased the contact surface of silica particles onto the sapphire wafer, resulting in increase of the removal rate up to 17 %. Additionally, it seems that the silica particles adsorbed on the polishing pad decreased the contact area between the sapphire water and polishing pad, which suppressed the generation of frictional heat.

본 연구의 목적은 최고경영자(CEO)의 경험과 기업의 국제화 간의 관계뿐 아니라 CEO의 영향력이 이 둘 사이의 관계에 미치는 조절효과에 대해서 분석하는 것이다. CEO의 경험을 해외경험과 직무경험으로 구분하여, CEO의 해외경험이 많을수록 기업의 국제화가 높아지며, 결과 지향적 직무경험자가 과정 지향적 직무경험자보다 국제화 수준을 높인다고 주장하였다. 또한, CEO의 영향력이 강할수록 CEO경험과 국제화 간의 관계가 강화된다고 주장하였다. 2002년부터 2006년까지 KOSPI 200에 속한 85개 제조 기업을 분석한 결과, CEO의 해외경험과 직무경험이 기업의 국제화에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, CEO의 영향력이 클수록 이러한 관계가 더욱 두드러지게 나타났다. 본 연구는 국내연구에서 간과되었던 CEO 경험과 영향력이 기업의 국제화 수준에 주요한 영향을 미친다는 점을 실증적으로 보여주었다.

This study examined the effects of lactic acid spray, hot water spray, or their combined treatment, as well as the effects of acidified sodium chlorite (ASC), for the decontamination of Escherichia coli on beef carcass surfaces using a commercial intervention system. With this system, the effects of 2 or 4% lactic acid (v/v), hot water (89±1oC), or their combined treatment, were examined in terms of reducing inoculated E. coli. ASC (266 ppm), which was adjusted to pH 2.5 using acetic acid or citric acid, was applied using a hand-held spray system. When the beef carcasses were treated with 2 or 4% lactic acid for 10.4 s, less than 1 log reductions of inoculated E. coli were observed. A hot water spray treatment for 9.8 s resulted in a 2.1 log reduction of inoculated E. coli. However, when the hot water was followed with either 2 or 4% lactic acid, no difference in E. coli reduction was found between the hot water alone or the combined treatment with lactic acid. When ASC was adjusted to pH 2.5 with acetic acid and citric acid, 3.8 and 4.1 log reductions of E. coli were observed, respectively. Overall, the lactic acid spray treatment was least effective, and the ASC treatment was most effective, for the E. coli decontamination of beef carcasses. Therefore, these data suggest that ASC would be a more effective intervention against E. coli than most of the methods currently being used. However, more research is required to evaluate the effects of ASC on other organisms, as well as to identify application methods that will not affect meat quality.

Nowadays, Internet-based businesses is activated in various organizations. In most of distribution and manufacturing companies, the main current of internet businesses is on-line sales (B2C: Business-to-Customer) centering around internet shopping. Most of theses businesses applied contents-centered and customer-oriented methodology for implementing internet business system(IBS). Also, recently, Introduction of Internet-based VAN(Value Added Network) systems and e-Procurement systems of purchase fields between parent companies and suppliers are proliferated for an efficiency of business and a reduction of transaction cost. These systems used methods of re-constructing the existing legacy systems into Internet-based systems. This paper proposes a customer-oriented and process-based methodology that simultaneously considers customer requirements and business processes of operational systems in order to implement an Internet business system. To demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed methodology, we applied and implemented an Internet business system for sales of A/S (After Service) spare parts and services on the object of the "H" company of manufacturing ship engines, which is a make-to-order corporation. As a result, This paper showed an effective applicability of Internet-based e-business on A/S business processes in order to improve a service quality for customer satisfaction in manufacturing companies.

Purpose: The possibility of interaction between physical and mental fatigues was investigated in this study. Should any interaction between the physical and psychological fatigue takes place, it must accompany the changes in the brain. Therefore, the level of central activation ratio (central fatigue) has been measured as a function of monetary reward to elicit the extrinsic motivation. Methods: Twenty four healthy young male subjects performed quadriceps isotonic extensions until they experience the muscular fatigue. Then, the notification of the monetary reward depending on the level of extension force for the next 3 attempts were given to the experimental group, while no such information was given to the control group. During these post-fatigue isometric maximum voluntary contraction trials, the transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered on the motor cortex to measure the central activation ratio. Two-way repeated ANOVA were performed. Results: Pre- vs. Post-fatigue comparisons confirmed that the subjects regardless of the group experienced the peripheral fatigue although the level of peripheral fatigue was less pronounced in the group with extrinsic motivation. On the other hand, the central activation ratio of the extrinsic motivation group did not displayed any decrease as the control group did. Conclusion: The results from this study provided an evidence showing the effects of motivation on the muscular fatigue. What’s intriguing is, however, the level of fatigue at the brain level showed no significant sign of fatigue when the monetary reward was suggested. It is presumable to suggest that the high motivation made our subjects prone to the central fatigue, and such effects might have decrease the peripheral muscle fatigue in turn.

As drones gain more popularity these days, drone detection becomes more important part of the drone systems for safety, privacy, crime prevention and etc. However, existing drone detection systems are expensive and heavy so that they are only suitable for industrial or military purpose. This paper proposes a novel approach for training Convolutional Neural Networks to detect drones from images that can be used in embedded systems. Unlike previous works that consider the class probability of the image areas where the class object exists, the proposed approach takes account of all areas in the image for robust classification and object detection. Moreover, a novel loss function is proposed for the CNN to learn more effectively from limited amount of training data. The experimental results with various drone images show that the proposed approach performs efficiently in real drone detection scenarios.

Germinated brown rice (GBR) has received considerable attention over the last decade as a means of enhancing the nutritional value and health-promoting functions of rice. The effect of germination on the physicochemical and textural properties of brown rice (BR) was investigated in different rice varieties (Samkwang, Misomi, Chindeul, and Hyeonpum). Cooking properties, such as water absorption, expanded volume, and soluble solids were significantly increased by germination in all rice varieties. Textural properties (hardness, toughness, adhesiveness, and stickiness) of cooked samples were determined using a texture analyzer. Hardness and toughness were decreased by germination, whereas stickiness and adhesiveness increased significantly. These results revealed that germination leads to improvements in the cooking and eating properties of BR. In Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA), significant reductions were observed for peak viscosity, break down, set back, and final viscosity after germination. Although the amylose content of Misomi was slightly decreased by germination, that of other varieties increased significantly. Germination induced no noticeable change in the average chain length of amylopectin in Misomi, Chindeul and Hyeonpum, but led to a significant increase in Samkwang.

국가 전략적 차원에서 전체 사회기반시설물에 대해 미래에 필요한 유지보수 예산 파악하는 것은 매우 중요한 부분이다. 그러나 현 재 국내에서는 전체 대규모 시설물에 적용할 수 있는 유지보수비용 예측 기법이 거의 전무한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 현재 국내에서 가용한 자 료와 적용 가능한 예측모델을 토대로 우리나라 전체 향후 SOC 시설물에 대한 향후 유지보수 투자 규모를 예측하였다. 실제 지출비용과 비교하 여 가장 적합한 예측모델을 선정하고 관리주체에서 과거에 지출한 유지보수비용 자료를 이용하여 일부 모델은 개발하여 교량, 터널, 포장, 항 만, 댐, 공항, 상수도, 하천, 항만 등의 사회기반시설물에 대한 최적의 미래 유지보수 비용을 산출하였다. 앞으로 10년간 총 비용예측결과, 8종의 사회기반시설물에 대하여 약 23조원이 필요한 것으로 나타났으며, 가장 비용이 크게 발생하는 시설물은 도로포장, 도로교량으로 나타났다.

In general, the attitude of a high-speed planning boat changes following a speed change. Since the hydrodynamic forces acting on a ship differ according to the change of its underwater shape, it is difficult to estimate its hydrodynamic force compared to that of a large commercial ship. In this paper, 6 Degrees Of Freedom (DOF) equations of motion that express the maneuvering motion of a planning boat are modeled by analyzing its motion characteristics based on various sea trial tests. Finally, a maneuvering simulation is carried out and a validation of the equations of motion is confirmed with the results of sea trial tests.

The Goal of research is that budget maintenance of Bridge Shoes in Highway were estimated in network-level bridges. We determined the life cycle of Bridge Shoes with HBMS(Highway Bridge Management System) data by the survival analysis probability model. We developed the method that predicted cost of maintenance in all bridge shoes of the highway bridge in Korea.

본 연구에서는 비용예측모델과 성능예측모델을 이용하여 네트워크 레벨에서 향후 교량과 터널 유지관리 비용과 성능을 예측할 수 있는 방법론은 개발하였다. 현재 국내의 시설물 유지관리 관련 연구는 대부분 단일 시설물에 집중되어 있어 도로망차원의 네트워크 레벨 분석 에는 적용하기 어렵다. 따라서 시설물군 단위로 유지관리 계획을 수립해야하는 실무주체에게 유의한 정보를 제공하지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구의 예측모델은 시설물의 성능에 현재 시특법에 의해 평가하고 있는 상태외 사용성과 기능성을 포함하였으며, 기본 분석과 확장 분석을 통해 각 시설물의 조치 시기와 연간 예산을 추정할 수 있다. 또한 사례 분석을 통해 기술적 타당성을 검증하였다. 본 연구의 방법론이 활성화된 다면 다수의 시설물의 비용대비 미래 성능을 파악할 수 있으며, 효과적인 중장기 예산 수립을 할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Due to the increased demand for safety and security requirements on the port infrastructure, the harbor tranquility is one of the important parameter in the mooring basin of harbor. It relates keenly to berthing/unberthing and cargo handling works but also it is an important indicator to get the minimum water area as the safe refuge. Hupo harbor is a national coastal harbor located in east coast of Korea and a development plan for a new marina near the entrance is being carried out including berth layouts, breakwater extensions, 300m marina berths, dredging and land reclamation works. The new plan will impact on calmness of the existing port. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze in complex the variation of wave height and direction caused by wave refraction, diffraction, shoaling and reflection from the incident waves from outside the harbor. In order to check the calmness inside a harbor, the numerical models are being used currently need fundamental reviews according to the difference of results which depend on their respective features. In this study, hence, it was introduced the validity of numerical models by comparing the computational results with the hydraulic model experiment. The current investigations contribute to the existing development recommendations and provide further solutions for port planning.

The objective of this study was to evaluate quality properties including amylose, alkali digestion value (ADV), texture and GABA (Gamma Amino-Butyric Acid) of brown rice and 1~5 mm germinated brown rice of Keunnun and Samkwang culitvars. The protein content of germinated brown rice showed increasing tendency according to shoot length, however, the difference was not statistically significant. The amylose content of all samples ranged from 15.0% to 16.0% in Keunnun and 17.0% to 18.0% in Samkwang, without significant differences. Compared to regular brown rice, germinated brown rice from both cultivars demonstrated reduced gel consistency, which contributed to the improved cooked rice texture. Especially, germinated brown rice had significantly lower setback values, which is correlated with high palatability of cooked rice. However, there was no significant difference in gel consistency between 1 mm and 2~5 mm germinated brown rice. GABA content in Keunnun increased by 3~5 times after germination process. In Samkwang, GABA content increased by 50 times (from 0.005 μg/g to 0.243~0.247 μg/g) after germination. The hardness of germinated brown rice was significantly lower than that of brown rice. However, there was no significant difference in hardness according to shoot length. Consequently, when processing germinate brown rice, it is recommended to maximize functional ingredients by germination while maintaining shoot length less than 2 mm.

Anti-icing system can reduce traffic accidents and congestion by quickly removing the frozen road surface area. there is no decision criteria for determining application of the Anti-icing system in Korea. In this study, we proposed the decision criteria for determining application of the anti-icing system based on weather and road conditions, i.e., geometric and topographic conditions. Regional climate survey, Solar Radiation analysis, and dynamic vehicle simulation considered road geometry was conducted to standardize the installation method of anti-icing system. Also, we have developed a software that can be determined an installation of anti-icing system.

Aerosol characterization study for individual particle in Busan metropolitan industrial complex was carried out from December 2010 to August 2011. SEM(scanning electron microscope)-EDX(energy dispersive x-ray) analysis was used for the analysis of 600 single particles during the sampling periods to identify non-metallic aerosol particle sources. Average PM10 concentration was 65.5 ㎍/㎥ in summer, 104.1 ㎍/㎥ in winter during the sample periods. And Average PM2.5 concentration was 24.5 ㎍/㎥ in summer, 64.5 ㎍/㎥ in winter individually. Particle density, enrichment factor, correlation analysis, principle component analysis were performed based on chemical composition data. Particle density distribution was measured to 2∼4 g/㎤, and the density of PM2.5 was measured above 3 g/㎤. In general, the elements Si, Ca, Fe and Al concentrations were higher in all samples of individual particles. The non-ferrous elements Zn, Br, Pb, Cu concentrations were higher in summer than in winter. The concentrations were not changed with the seasons because of non-ferrous industry emission pattern.

Recent consumption of germinated brown rice is increasing due to its health-beneficial effects. To clarify germination-dependent changes in functional compounds, 5 different types of (ordinary, glutinous rice, green-kerneled, red-colored and black-colored) rices were selected and pre- and post-germination vit E (α-, β-, γ-tocopherols and α-, γ-, δ -tocotrienols), squalene, and phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol) contents were evaluated. In the case of vit E generally decreasing tendency were observed in most cases, except for δ-tocopherol which increased by 8 to 28% in all types of rices. Significant increase in squalene contents were observed only in glutinous rice (by 31%), while other types of rices exhibited no changes or slight reduction after germination. In all tested rice types, germination significantly increased stigmasterol by 5 to 27%, while no changes or slight reductions in campesterol and sitosterol were observed. In conclusion most of tested functional compounds exhibited statistically not significant or slight changes except for stigmasterol which were increased by the process of producing germinated brown rice.