In Korea, both Sympetrum depressiusculum Sélys, 1841 (Odonata: Libellulidae) and Sympetrum frequens Sélys, 1883 are recorded. However, the identity of Korean populations and the validity of listing the two species have not yet been settled. In this study, we collected 74 individuals from Kroea, Russia, the Netherlands, and Japan. These were sequenced for COI, 16S rRNA, and ITS region. Major morphological characters and phylogenetic, network, and structure analyses all consistently suggest that Korean populations form a single species. Consequently, it could be valid to treat Korean populations as one species, S. depressiusculum, by applying the senior name.

This study investigated the growth behavior and characteristics of compounds formed at the interface between a liquid Al-Si-Cu alloy and solid cast iron. Through microstructural analyses, it was observed that various AlFe and AlFeSi phases are formed at the interface, and the relative proportion of each phase changes when small amounts of strontium are added to the Al alloy. The results of the microstructural analysis indicate that the primary phases of the interfacial compounds in the Al-Si-Cu base alloy are Al8Fe2Si and Al4.5FeSi. However, in the Sr-added alloys, significant amounts of binary AlFe intermetallic compounds such as Al5Fe2 and Al13Fe4 formed, in addition to the AlFeSi phases. The inclusion of Sr has a slight diminishing effect on the rate at which the interfacial compounds layer thickens during the time the liquid Al alloy is in contact with the cast iron. The study also discusses the nano-indentation hardness and micro-hardness of the interfacial phases.

Natural uranium-contaminated soil in Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) was generated by decommissioning of the natural uranium conversion facility in 2010. Some of the contaminated soil was expected to be clearance level, however the disposal cost burden is increasing because it is not classified in advance. In this study, pre-classification method is presented according to the ratio of naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) and contaminated uranium in the soil. To verify the validity of the method, the verification of the uranium radioactivity concentration estimation method through γ-ray analysis results corrected by self-absorption using MCNP6.2, and the validity of the pre-classification method according to the net peak area ratio were evaluated. Estimating concentration for 238U and 235U with γ-ray analysis using HPGe (GC3018) and MCNP6.2 was verified by 􀟙-spectrometry. The analysis results of different methods were within the deviation range. Clearance screening factors (CSFs) were derived through MCNP6.2, and net peak area ratio were calculated at 295.21 keV, 351.92 keV(214Pb), 609.31 keV, 1120.28 keV, 1764.49 keV(214Bi) of to the 92.59 keV. CSFs for contaminated soil and natural soil were compared with U/Pb ratio. CSFs and radioactivity concentrations were measured, and the deviation from the 60 minute measurement results was compared in natural soil. Pre-classification is possible using by CSFs measured for more than 5 minutes to the average concentration of 214Pb or 214Bi in contaminated soil. In this study, the pre-classification method of clearance determination in contaminated soil was evaluated, and it was relatively accurate in a shorter measurement time than the method using the concentrations. This method is expected to be used as a simple pre-classification method through additional research.

Most of the spent nuclear fuel generated by domestic nuclear power plants (NPPs) is temporarily stored in wet storage which is spent fuel pool (SFP) at each site. Currently, in case of Kori Unit 2, about 93.6% of spent nuclear fuel is stored in SFP. Without clear disposal policy determined for spent nuclear fuel, the storage capacity in each nuclear power plant is expected to reach saturation within 2030. Currently, the SFP stores not only spent fuel but also various non-fuel assembly (NFA). NFA apply to all device and structures except for fuel rods inserted in nuclear fuel assembly. The representative NFA is control element driving mechanism (CEDM), in-core instrument (ICI), burnable poison, and neutral resources. Although these components are irradiated in the reactor, they do not emit high-temperature heat and high radiation like nuclear fuel, so if they are classified as intermediate level waste (ILW) and low level waste (LLW) and moved outside the SFP, positive effects such as securing spent fuel storage space and delaying saturation points can be obtained. Therefore, this study analyzes the status of spent fuel and Non Fuel Assembly (NFA) storage in SFP of domestic nuclear power plants. In addition, this study predict the amount of spent fuel and NFA that occur in the future. For example, this study predicts the percentage of current and future ICIs and control rods in the SFP when stored in the spent fuel storage rack. In addition, the positive effects of moving NFA outside the SFP is analyzed. In addition, NFA withdrawn from SFP is classified as ILW & LLW according to the classification criteria, and the treatment, storage, and disposal methods of NFA will be considered. The study on the treatment, storage, and disposal methods of NFA is planned to be conducted by applying the existing KN-12 & KN-18 containers and ILW & LLW containers being developed for decommissioning waste.

국내 현대정원의 조성 디자인 경향성을 확인하고자 우수 경 관 정원 80개소 대상으로 적용 양식 및 정원 식물을 조사하였 다. 조사 대상 80개소 정원 중 53.7%는 서울 및 수도권, 46.3%는 그 외 지역에 소재하고 있다. 또한, 관리 유형에 따 라 공동 정원, 상업시설 정원, 개인 정원으로 구분 되었으며, 각 62.5%, 21.3%, 16.2%로 나타났다. 19~20세기 해외 정원 사조에 따라 조성 양식은 12유형(정형식, 비정형식, 정형 및 비정형 복합식, 건축식, 자연, 신풍경, 뉴저먼 스타일, 모더니 즘, 프레리 스타일, 뉴웨이브 스타일, 낭만주의, 예술작품 정 원)으로 분류되었다. 우리나라 현대 정원은 단일 및 복합 양식 활용이 각 55.0%와 45.0%로 유사하였다. 주로 정형 및 비정 형 복합식 정원이 활용되는 반면, 정형 및 비정형 복합식 정원 대비 낭만주의, 모더니즘, 프레리 및 뉴웨이브 스타일 이용 빈 도는 0.02~0.06배 수준이었다. 조성 양식 활용에 따라 이용 되는 식물 소재 유형에는 큰 차이가 없었으나, 특정 디자인에 서 식재 빈도가 높은 분류군을 확인했다.

Fermentation by Rhizopus spp. has been used as a traditional medicine for treating various inflammatory diseases. Allergic asthma is a chronic respiratory disease that is caused by an exaggerated immune response. This study was conducted to ascertain the anti-inflammatory effects of Rhizopus spp. fermentation extract (RU) on a mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma. The animals were intraperitoneally injected OVA on day 1 and 7, followed by OVA intranasal inhalation on days 14 to 18. The animals were treated daily with RU (100 and 200 mg/kg) by oral gavage from day 18 to day 23. RU significantly decreased eosinophilia and the production of inflammatory cytokines and OVA specific immunoglobulin E in animals with asthma, along with reducing airway inflammation and mucus secretion in lung tissue. Histological changes in the lungs and levels of inflammatory mediators of allergic airway inflammation were evaluated. The regulatory effects of RU on type 2 helper T (Th2) cell activation were investigated. RU administration attenuated asthmatic changes such as inflammatory cell infiltration and mucus production, decreased the levels of Th2-related cytokines, and reduced Th2 cell activation. Administration of RU effectively reduced allergic responses in asthmatic mice, which is associated with regulating Th2 cell activation and differentiation. These results indicate that RU can attenuate the respiratory symptoms of asthma.

Iron deficiency is known to be a common nutritional disorder in many countries, especially among children, women of childbearing age and pregnant women. SUNACTIVE Fe-P80 is a new type of iron supplement that applies nanotechnlateology for the purpose of overcoming the disadvantages of food supplements. This study was conducted to investigate the potential adverse effects of a 28-day repeated oral dose of SUNACTIVE Fe-P80 in rats. SUNACTIVE Fe-P80 was administered once daily by gavage to Sprague-Dawley rats for 28 days at doses of 0, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg/day. Additional recovery groups from the control and highdose groups were observed for a 14-day recovery period. At the scheduled termination, the animals were sacrificed, their organs weighed, and blood samples collected. There were no treatment-related effects in the context of clinical signs, body weight, food intake, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, necropsy findings, organ weights, and hematologic, serum biochemical and histopathological parameters at any dose tested. Under the present experimental conditions, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of SUNACTIVE Fe-P80 was ≥ 2,000 mg/kg/day in both the sexes, and no target organs were identified. Thus, the results suggest that SUNACTIVE Fe-P80 is relatively safe, as no treatment-related adverse effects were observed following a 28-day repeated oral dose experiment.

In this research, KPS manufactured Full System Decontamination (FSD) equipment, which is consisted of Oxidizing Agent Manufacturing System (OAMS), Chemical Injection System (CIS), RadWaste Treatment System (RWTS), Chemical Waste Decomposition & Treatment System (CWDS) and conducted demonstration test to prepare Decontamination and Decommissioning (D&D) project of Kori nuclear power plant in Korea. Each equipment of FSD was modularized due to the limited size of equipment hatch of Kori nuclear power plant. To simulate the expected circumstances in nuclear power plant such as usage of heater or position of each equipment, additional equipment was used. The chemical concentration and flow rate of process water for FSD were used as mentioned in the previous study by KHNP CRI. FSD was conducted for three cycles and each cycle was consisted of oxidation, reduction, chemical decomposition and purification. Oxidation and reduction process were conducted at 90°C. Chemical decomposition and purification process were conducted at 40°C due to the damage of UV lamp and IX by the heat. Total volume of process water for FSD demonstration test was 2.5 m2. KPS conducted decontamination performance review by calculating thickness reduction and weight loss of installed specimen. Operational review was conducted as if FSD test was conducted in the field based on the result of demonstration test. One of the most prioritized features is the workers’ safety. Also, the appropriate position of equipment needs to be considered to meet the required specification of component.

Recently, it is being carried out the project to evaluate the properties of materials harvested from nuclear reactor after the decommissioning of Kori Unit 1. However, it is not sufficient adequate machining equipment and remote machining technique to perform the projects for evaluation of materials harvested from nuclear reactor. Thus, it is required to develop the remote machining technique in hotcell to evaluate the mechanical properties of nuclear reactor materials. The machining technique should be performed inside a hotcell to evaluate mechanical properties of materials harvested from nuclear reactor and is essential to prevent radiation exposure of workers. Also, it is essential to design the apparatus and develop the machining process so that it can be operated with a manipulator and minimize contamination in hotcell. In this research, development of remote specimen machining technique in hotcell such as machining apparatus, technique and process for compact tension specimens of material harvested from nuclear reactor are described. Remote machining technique will be useful in specimen machining to evaluate changes in mechanical properties of materials harvested in high-radioactive reactor. Also, it is expected that various types of specimens can be machining by applying the developed machining technique in the future.