본 시험은 팽이버섯 병재배용 배지의 혼합수준에 따른전탄소(T-C), 전질소(T-N) 함량과 균배양기간, 버섯발생기간, 자실체 수량 등 재배적 특성을 조사하였다. 배지재료의혼합비율을 달리하였을 때 팽이버섯의 경우 [콘코브75+미강20+건비지5] 배지에서 자실체 수량이 190.5g/850ml로가장 높았으나(20.4% 증가), 균 배양기간이 28일로 대조구보다 8일 지연되었다(대조구 [미송톱밥75+미강25]: 수량158.2g, 배양기간 20일). [미송톱밥75+미강20+건비지5] 배지는 팽이버섯의 자실체 수량이 172.7 g(9.1% 증가), 균 배양기간이 21일로 대조구보다 1일 지연되었다.

The button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, is one of the major economical crops cultivated in Korea. This mushroom showed the 5th production to 10,996 M/T in 2012. Several bacteria are known as the causal agents of diseases of the cultivated button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Pseudomonas agarici is the causal agent of browning disease of commercial mushrooms. Colonization of mushroom caps by the bacterium results in development of browning lesions on pileus. These lesions are superficial brown spots and can be round or spreading. But P. agarici never caused sunken lesions and rotting of the mushroom tissues. A Gram-positive bacterium was isolated from mushroom media that markedly showed the antagonistic activity against Pseudomonas agarici, the most destructive pathogen of cultivated mushrooms. The HC42 strain was selected as antagonistic bacterium by inhibition zone method and it was identified as Bacillus safensis. by the cultural, morphological and physiological characteristics, and analysis of the 16S rDNA.. The isolated bacterium is saprophytic but not parasitic nor pathogenic to cultivation mushroom. The isolated bacterium for P. agarici cell, was sufficient for inhibition in vitro. Inoculation of the isolated bacterium prevents the development of bacterial disease in Agaricus bisporus. Control efficacy of browning disease of strain HC42 treatment was 66% on Agaricus bisporus. The optimal culture medium for the antagonistic bacteria growth was determined as follows: 1.5% D-galactose, 1.5% yest extract, 1% NH4Cl, 1.5% KCl, and 1.0% L-asparagin at pH 6.0 at 25℃. The suppressive bacterium may be useful in future for the development of biocontrol system and the construction of genetically modified edible fungi resistant to the disease caused by P. agarici.

본 사업은 2009년부터 2013년까지 추진 중인 버섯국산품종 전국 조기 확대보급으로 2012년까지 느타리 등 19종 34품종의 국산품종을 전국 387개소에 보급하였으며, 이로 인해 인근농가 실증 확산 등 파급효과에 힘입어 국산품종 점유율을 30%(’08)에서45%(’12) 수준으로 올랐다. 이러한 국산품종 조기보급 사업을 더욱 효율적인 추진을 위하여 중앙 및 각지자체의 기술보급사업에 중점 반영하여 확대 추진할 것을 건의하였다.

Mushroom is cultivated as one of the major economical crops in many areas in Korea. The total production has steadily increased from approximately 186,400 M/T in 2007 to 190,111 M/T in 2011. The button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, showed the 5th production to 13,052 M/T in 2011. Several bacteria are known as the causal agents of diseases of the cultivated button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Pseudomonas agarici is the causal agent of browning disease of commercial mushrooms. Colonization of mushroom caps by the bacterium results in development of browning lesions on pileus. These lesions are superficial brown spots and can be round or spreading. But P. agarici never caused sunken lesions and rotting of the mushroom tissues. Antagonists against P. tolaasii, HC42 were selected and their control efficacy of browning disease was investigated in this study. Antagonists against P. agarici, HC42 were selected and their control efficacy of browning disease was investigated in this study. After proceeding antagonistic test, HC42 was selected as a strong antagonist against P. agarici and the HC42 strain was identified as P. safensis with the cultural, physiological and biochemical properties and analysis of the 16S rRNA. The optimal culture medium for the antagonistic bacteria growth was determined as follows: 1.5% D-galactose, 1.5% yest extract, 1% NH4Cl, 1.5% KCl, and 1.0% L-asparagin at pH 6.0 at 25℃. Control efficacy of browning disease by HC42 treatment was 66% on Agaricus bisporus..

Mushroom is cultivated as one of the major economical crops in many areas in Korea. The total production has steadily increased from approximately 186,400 M/T in 2007 to 190,111 M/T in 2011. The button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, showed the 5th production to 13,052 M/T in 2011. Several bacteria are known as the causal agents of diseases of the cultivated button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Pseudomonas agarici is the causal agent of browning disease of commercial mushrooms. In this study, antagonistic bacteria to P. agarici were selected in vitro tests using confrontation bioassay and paper disk diffusion assay. The most active bacteria, HC12 were selected and their control efficacy of brown blotch disease was investigated in this study. After proceeding antagonistic test, HC12 was selected as a strong antagonist against P. agarici and the HC12 strain was identified as Alcaligenes sp. with the cultural, physiological and biochemical properties and analysis of the 16S rRNA. The optimal culture medium for the antagonistic bacteria growth was determined as follows: 0.5% dextrin, 1.5% yest extract, 1% NaNO3, 0.5% KH2PO4, and 1.5% L-asparagin at pH 9.0 at 30℃. Control efficacy of browning disease by HC12 treatment was 63% on Agaricus bisporus..

본 시험은 팽이버섯 병재배 수확후배지의 가축 사료화에 활용하기 위하여 영양성분 분석을 수행하였다. 팽이버섯 재배에 주로 이용하는 콘코브, 미강 등 배지재료 8종과 버섯 재배전(살균후) 배지 3종 및 수확후 배지 3종에 대하여 pH, 수분함량, 전탄소(T-C), 전질소(T-N) 등 이화학성과 조단백, 조섬유, 조지방 함량 등 영양성분을 분석하였다. 여기에 제시한 재배전 배지와 재배후 배지의 이화학성 및 영양성분 함량은 새로운 배지재료 선발시험에 기준으로, 그리고 수확후배지의 재활용을 위한 기초자료로 활용이 기대된다.

버섯 병재배 수확배지를 느타리버섯 2차배지로 재활용하기 위해 팽이버섯, 큰느타리, 느타리 재배후 탈병배지를 운반하여 바로 느타리 532배지에 첨가시험을 수행한 결과, 팽이버섯과 큰느타리 수확후배지를 첨가한 배지에서 느타리 품종 춘추2호와 만추리는 모두 자실체 수량이 무첨가구에 비하여 낮은 경향이었다. 그러나 느타리 병재배 수확후배지는 기본배지에 대하여 50%까지 대체하여도 수량은 증가하는 경향이었으나 10%~30% 첨가수준에서 안정적으로 증수되었다.

Mushroom is cultivated as one of the major economical crops in many areas in Korea. The total production has steadily increased from approximately 186,400 M/T in 2007 to 190,104 M/T in 2011. This study was carried out to investigated optimum mixing ratio of Korean natural Juglans mandshurica for production of functional oyster mushroom. Mycelial growth of Pleurotus ostreatus showed the highest growth at the media of 20% Juglans mandshurica after culture of 34 days. But mushroom mycelial growth at Juglans mandshurica media was slower than that of the control. Total nitrogen and carbon source of Juglans mandshurica was 0.21% and 46.0%, respectively and C/N ratio was 219. Total nitrogen source and pH of substrates mixed with Juglans mandshurica were 2.8∼2.9 and 5.0, respectively. The contents of P2O5,, CaO, MgO and Na2O were no significant difference. The contents of Fe and Mn were decreased according to increasing of Juglans mandshurica, but the contents of Zn was increased. Yields and valid stipe number of fruiting body was the highest at 10% Juglans mandshurica, and diameter and thick of pileus were no significant difference to increase of Juglans mandshurica addition ratio. The L value of pileus was the highest at the 20% Juglans mandshurica during mushroom harvest, but there was no significant difference in the a-value and the b-value. Chemical contents of fruiting body were no significant difference.

Mushroom is cultivated as one of the major economical crops in many areas in Korea. The total production has steadily increased from approximately 186,400 M/T in 2007 to 190,104 M/T in 2009. The oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, showed the 2th production to 46,598 M/T in 2011. This study was carried out to investigated optimum mixing ratio of Korean natural Acer tegmentosum for production of functional oyster mushroom. Mycelial growth of Pleurotus ostreatus showed the highest growth at the media of 10% Acer tegmentosum and was decreased to increase of Acer tegmentosum addition ratio. But mushroom mycelial growth at Acer tegmentosum media was slower than that of the control. Total nitrogen and carbon source of Acer tegmentosum was 0.19% and 44.4%, respectively and C/N ratio was 234. Total nitrogen source and pH of substrates mixed with Acer tegmentosum were 2.7∼3.0 and 4.8∼5.0, respectively. The contents of P2O5 and K2O were decreased by increasing Acer tegmentosum but the contents of CaO, MgO and Na2O were no significant difference. The contents of Fe and Mn were decreased according to increasing of Acer tegmentosum, but the contents of Zn and Mn were no significant difference. Yields of fruiting body and diameter and thick of pileus were the highest at 10% Acer tegmentosum. The L value of pileus was the highest at the 30% Acer tegmentosum during mushroom harvest, but there was no significant difference in the a-value and the b-value. The contents of P2O5,, CaO, MgO and Na2O of fruiting body were no significant difference, but contents of Cu was decreased and Fe was increased according to increasing of Acer tegmentosum.

Mushroom is cultivated as one of the major economical crops in many areas in Korea. The total production has steadily increased from approximately 186,400 M/T in 2007 to 198,563 M/T in 2009. Several bacteria are known as the causal agents of diseases of the cultivated button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Pseudomonas tolaasii is the causal agent of brown blotch disease of commercial mushrooms. Colonization of mushroom caps by the bacterium results in development of brown or cream lesions on pileus and stipe. These lesions are slightly concave spots and can be round or spreading. Antagonists against P. tolaasii, HC1 were selected and their control efficacy of brown blotch disease was investigated in this study. The HC1 isolate was selected as an inhibitor of tolaasin activity by bioassay on potato and it was identified as Pseudomonas sp. by the cultural, physiological and biochemical properties and analysis of the 16S rRNA. Control efficacy of brown blotch disease by HC1 treatment was 69% on Agaricus bisporus, 68% on Flammulina velutipes and 55% on pleurotus ostreatus respectively.

The total production has steadily increased from approximately 186,400 M/T in 2007 to 198,563 M/T in 2009. Winter mushroom, Flammulina velutipes, with 61,057913 M/T in 2009, showed the highest production. Several bacteria are known as the causal agents of diseases of the cultivated button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Pseudomonas tolaasii is the causal agent of brown blotch disease of commercial mushrooms. Antagonists against P. tolaasii, HC5 were selected and their control efficacy of brown blotch disease was investigated in this study. After proceeding antagonistic test, HC5 was selected as a strong antagonist against P. tolaasii and the HC5 strain was identified as P. azotoformans with the cultural, physiological and biochemical properties and analysis of the 16S rRNA. Control efficacy of brown blotch disease by HC5 treatment was 73% on Agaricus bisporus, 78% on Flammulina velutipes and 71% on pleurotus ostreatus respectively.

‘Gonji-5ho’ a new variety of oyster mushroom, fitting for the bag culture, was bred by mating between monokaryons isolated from ‘Chiak-3ho’ and ‘Suhan-1ho’ . In the major characteristics of fruit body, the pilei were thick and gray and the stipes were thick and long with softness. It was great in elasticity and cohesivness of tissue as compare to Suhan-1ho. Compared to other varieties, it is suitable to growing at higher temperature. The range of optimum temperature for the mycelial growth was around 26～29℃ and that for the pinheading and growth of fruitbody was around 18～20℃. But when grown in less than 15 degree, it was become non-uniform growth, longer culture period, and uneven stipes. In the bag culture, it was required around 18 days in incubation period and 3 days in primordia formation. The fruit body was grew vital and uniform. The yield were shown by 221.4g/1kg bag.

Cobweb disease symptoms were observed in a mushroom farm in Buye, Korea during a disease survey in 2008-2011. Five isolates of Cladobotryum sp. were obtained from the infected caps and stipes. These isolates of Cladobotryum sp. were identified as C. mycophilum based on their morphological, cultural characteristics and analysis of the ITS sequences. Early symptoms were noticed as round, fleshy, yellowish brown lesions on mushroom caps. Late symptoms progressed when the parasitic fungus formed white cobweb circular colonies on dead or damaged pinheads, spread on the surface of the casing, and covered entirely fruiting bodies. Optimal temperature and pH for mycelial growth on MEA is 23℃ and 6.0. Microscopically the spores of the fungus are large and most 2~3 celled produced on vertically branched conidiophores. Mushroom caps turned dark brown and shrunk due to soft rot. Testing of sensitivity to selected fungicides showed that isolate was highly resistance to Mancozeb and Thiophanate-methyl, moderately sensitivity to Iprodione, and highly sensitivity to Benomyl, Prochloraz-Mn and Carbendazim.

소규모 병재배 농가는 대규모 농가에 비하여 생산비가 많이 소요되므로 가격경쟁력이 낮다. 소규모 농가에서 인력의 존도가 높은 점을 활용하여 주 생산품목과 유사한 조건에서 동시에 재배가 가능한 다품목의 생산체계를 확립하기 위하여 본 시험을 수행하였다. 그 결과 큰느타리와 버들송이의 재배조건이 유사함을 토대로 공통의 배지를 선발하였다. 병재배용 자동입병기를 사용하여 배지를 충진하였을 때, 배지재료의 종류 및 혼합비율에 따라서 병내의 고상비율은 20~25% 범위로 차이가 있고, 배지의 수분함량 65%에서 액상비율은 38~45, 기상비율은 31~41까지 차이가 많았다. 배지의 최적 수분함량은 버섯 종류와 배지의 조성에 따라서 다른 경향이었다. 큰느타리의 경우 미송톱밥+미강 또는 미송톱밥+건비지 배지는 수분함량 70%, 미송톱밥+밀기울 배지는 65%, 미송톱밥+밀기울+건비지 배지는 67%에서 수량이 많았다. 버들송이는 공시배지 모두 수분함량 70%에서 수량이 많았다. 공시배지중 큰느타리는 미송톱밥+밀기울+건비지 75:20:5(v/v,%), 수분 67%; 버들송이는 미송톱밥+밀기울 75:25(v/v,%), 수분 70% 배지에서 자실체 수량이 많았다. 그리고 미송톱밥+미강+건비지 75:20:5(v/v,%), 수분함량 70% 배지에서 큰느타리와 버들송이는 배양기간, 버섯 발생 및 생육 환경이 비슷하여 공통의 재배용 배지로 사용하기에 알맞았다. 따라서 큰느타리가 주 품목인 소규모농가에서 큰느타리용 배지의 일부에 버들송이 종균도 접종하여 동일한 재배환경에 안정적인 동시 생산이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

본 시험은 버섯 배지를 살균할 때 배지의 내부에 삽입하여 실시간으로 온도 측정값을 저장할 수 있고 고온고압에 견디는 기기(iButton Temperature Data Logger DS-1922T)를 사용하였다. 이 온도측정기는 살균기의 종류, 배지의 종류와 용량, 살균방법별로 일정한 시간 간격에 따라 살균기 및 배지 내부의 온도변화와 살균온도 유지시간의 측정이 가능하였다. 이 실험에 사용한 방법과 결과는 버섯 재배현장에서 응용함으로써 알맞은 배지 살균으로 버섯의 안정생산에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

The standard does much to improve merchantable quality, distribution efficiency and fair dealings by shipping of the standard agricultural products. Mushrooms notified as the standard are five items; Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, Flammulina velutipes, Agaricus bisporus and Ganoderma lucidum. But many farmers are suffering from a strict standards. So these standard is required modification to fit farmhouse situations. This study was carried out to investigate mushroom quality of farm shipping and quality change during preservation at various treatment. Flammulina velutipes and Agaricus bisporus preserved at different temperature( 4℃, 10℃, 20℃) to investigate quality changes. Pileus diameters of Flammulina velutipes was 67% of first grade and 33% of second grade at the early stage. After two weeks, pileus diameters was not signigicant changes; 50% of first grade, 50% of second grade at 4℃ and 50% of second grade, 50% of third grade at 10℃. Although there were no significant changes of diameter at 20℃, most of the fruit bodies were decayed. In case of Agaricus bisporus, pileus diameter was 15% of first grade, 81% of second grade and 4% of third grade at the early stage. The more storage period longed, the more the color of the fruit body was browned. But pileus diameters was not signigicant changes. Hardness and chromaticity of these mushroom was declined as time passed. Now we are carrying out more research on some mushroom’s standards for improve consumer confidence.

The winter mushroom, Flammulina velutipes, is one of the major economical crops cultivated in Korea. The total production have steadily increased approximately 40,161 M/T in 2005 to 61,057 M/T in 2009. Several bacteria have been known as the causal agents of certain diseases of cultivated button mushroom(Agaricus bisporus) oyster mushroom(Pleurotus ostreatus) and winter mushroom(Flammulina velutipes). It is well known as bacterial diseases of the cultivated mushroom such as brown blotch, mummy disease, bacterial pit, bacterial rot, weeping disease, ginger blotch, and drippy gill. Black rot has been recognized as a major problem within the mushroom industry. Pseudomonas tolaasii has been shown to be associated with a black disorder of the caps and stipe of the mushroom. Recently, P. tolaasii was isolated from disease cultivated winter mushrooms grown in Korea. Its symptom appeared as dark brown and sunken lesions on the caps and stipes of affected mushrooms. Inoculation of bacterial isolates into mushroom caps and stipes showed characteristic black rot symptoms and sunken lesions. Results of Gram stain, staining of flagella and biochemical tests identified these isolates as P. tolaasii. This was confirmed by pathogenicity, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and results of an analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences.

This study was carried out investigate to availability of commercial microbial pesticide and antibacterial activity of isolates isolated from different mushroom media. Ten commercial microbial pesticide and EM liquid were collected from different company. EM of these one has been used for control of mushroom disease and growth promotion at the mushroom farms. The density of bacteria and yeast in EM cultural liquid was higher than those of the crude liquid. The pH values of EM showed the low acid levels(pH 3.5~3.9) by organic acid secreted from microorganism. The kinds of organic acid was acetic acid, lactic acid and succinic acid. The dominant bacteria isolated from EM liquid was Lactobactillus sp.(21 strains), Acetobacter sp.(9 strains), PaeniBacillus sp.(9 strains) and others(12 strains). The organic acid bacteria isolated from fermentation foods( was 92 strains and the dominant genus was Weissella sp.(41 strains), Leuconostoc sp.(21 strains), Enterococcus sp.(9 strains), Lactococcus sp.(9 strains) and others(12 strains). And we isolated 2,500 bacteria from oyster mushroom and button mushroom cultural media for selection of antagonistic bacteria. Thirty five strains of these isolates showed very strong antagonistic activity. These strains were identified Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus subtilis, Brevibacterium halotolerans, Pseudomonas libanensis, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Alcaligenes faecalis by 16S rDNA analysis.

This study was carried out to decrease the royalties through the dissemination of domestic mushroom varieties by following UPOV (Union Internationale Pour la Protaection des Obtentions Vegetablue: the international union for the protection of new varieties of plants). Although RDA has bred various mushrooms of 25 species of 78 varieties since 1990, most of these were not cultivated in mushroom farms due to two reasons. One is the weaknees of spawn supply system caused by increasing own spawn production and the other is the difficulty in replacing a new variety due to the year-round production in bottle cultivation. Therefore, we made a program to disseminate domestic mushroom varieties. In 2010, five species of 14 varieties were provided as a form of spawn for 43 farms that do not have their own cultivation facility and 11 species of 18 varieties were provided for 45 farms that were equipped with their own cultivation facility. In addition, the breeders explained the cultural characteristics of their own varieties and consulted cultural farms. Since these activities were helpful to mushroom farmers, we plan to open the presentation for mushroom instructor in February 2011 with the consideration of the opinion of mushroom farmers to fully disseminate the spawn of domestic mushroom varieties for the bottle cultivation farms.