Fumigation activity of Frankliniella occidentalis, western flower thrips, and phytotoxicity were evaluated with phosphine(PH3) and ethyl formate (EF) in the asparagus. Fumigation activity of PH3 and EF showed in the order of egg (64.7 mg·h/Land 132.9 mg·h/L), nymph (5.5 mg·h/L and 14.8 mg·h/L), and adult (3.8 mg·h/L and 14.7 mg·h/L) respectively at 5˚C in12 L desiccator. The adsorption of PH3 was 24% at 5˚C. However, the adsorption of EF increased sharply to 98% at 5˚C.PH3 showed 100% control for all development stage of F. occidentalis with 4g/m3 in 0.65m3 at 2˚C for 48h exposure. Thephytotoxicity was not found. The results revealed that the EF is highly absorbable in asparagus, so it is not suitable as afumigant, but PH3 is considered to be suitable as an alternative MB fumigant for control of the F. occidentalis in asparagus.

As the hangover relieving drink market has been expanded, there have been efforts to produce traditional drinks that can be easily taken through reducing material costs after finding materials with high alcohol-degrading activity from agricultural products and manufacturing drinks in a way to produce sikhye. Studies were made to know quality, the ability to relieve hangover and preference of drinks for which seven kinds of agricultural products, including shiitake mushrooms, were added in the forms of fresh juice, extracts and powder. Farm products showed the highest acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) when they were added in the form of powder before saccharification and shiitake mushrooms showed the highest enzyme activity when they were added in the form of powder. When added in the form of powder, people showed the lowest preference except when radish and hericium erinaceum were added. When bear puree was added to a mixture of powdered shiitake mushrooms, radish, bean sprouts and dadagi cucumber, enzyme activity got higher and people showed higher preference. An experiment of animal behaviors showed that the mixture had a high ability to relieve hangover in one or two hours after 10% or 40% alcohol was orally administered to mice due to long traveling distance of mice.

Ethyl formate (EF) and phosphine (PH3) is an alternative fumigant to methyl bromide (MB). For applying import sweet pumpkins in Korea, the efficacy of EF and PH3 was evaluated on Tetranychus urticae adult and egg stage which is pest in sweet pumpkins. The eggs of T. urticae were more tolerance than adults in both EF and PH3. When T. urticae eggs were treated with EF for 4 hrs, LCT99=107.63 mg/L and LCT99=45.37 mg/L at 5°C and 20°C, respectively. PH3 treatment at 5°C and 20°C for 24 hrs, eggs were controlled LCT99=49.44 mg/L and LCT99=17.23 mg/L, respectively. The mixed treatment of EF and PH3 showed no significant synergistic effect on T. urticae. However, EF (80 mg/L) and PH3 (4 mg/L) treatment did not cause any external phytotoxicity damages in sweet pumpkin even when treated with the maximum amount of fumigant at 5℃ and 20℃ for 24hrs.

Ethyl formate (EF) and phosphine (PH3) is an alternative fumigant to methyl bromide (MB). The egg, nymph, and adult stages of Frankliniella occidentalis in asparagus were examined for the fumigation activity of EF and PH3. The eggs of F. occidentalis were more tolerance than other stages (adults and nymphs) in both EF and PH3. When the EF was treated for 4 hrs at 5℃ and 20℃, the eggs of F. occidentalis were LCT99=98.70 mg/L and LCT99=61.13 mg/L, and adults were LCT99=11.50 mg/L and LCT99=3.18 mg/L, respectively. However, at 5℃ and 20℃, the eggs were LCT99=83.76 mg/L and LCT99=53.6 mg/L, and adults were LCT99=4.58 mg/L and LCT99=3.44 mg/L, respectively for 4 hrs treatment of PH3. The PH3 was not any external phytotoxic damages at the maximum dose (4 mg/L), but the EF caused significant phytotoxicity in asparagus.

Zika virus, mosquito-borne disease, caused by mosquitoes has been increased the importance. From March to September, twice a month from 7 different points (3 residential areas, 3 migratory bird sanctuary and 1 cattle shed) were collected using BG trap and BL trap. After identifying the mosquitoes collected, we confirmed the virus infection. Total 26,531 mosquitoes (6 genus 9 species) were collected, virus has been detected from the 3 species (Aedes vexans, Cuilex tritaeniorhynchus, and Amigeres subalbatus) of mosquitoes of them. It showed the highest peak in August, and then gradually decreased. The most common mosquito species was collected Aedes vexan (16,637) in the cattle shed.

Monochamus saltuarius is one of the insect vector of pine wilt disease with Monochamus alternatus. The present study aimed to investigate the dose to induce sterile and the effect of sterility according to the gender of M. saltuarius. As the electron beam irradiation dose increased, the hatchability, adult eclosion rate and longevity of the former mid and late maturation feeding stage of adults was slightly reduced. However, there was no difference between these two adults. In addition, female adults were more sensitive to the electron beam than the male adults. Hatchability of the F1 generation of ♂T × ♀N o r♀T × ♂N (T: 200 Gy electron beam irradiation, N: 0 Gy) was completely suppressed. As electron beam irradiation dose increased, the fecundity of female adults were slightly decreased. Results by comet assay showed that electron beam irradiation induced as dose increased DNA damage in M. saltuarius adults. These results suggest that SIT using electron beam may be useful for control of M. saltuarius.

혼합 간세포-담관암종은 조직학적 특성이 다양한 원발성 간암의 드문 형태이다. 혼합 간세포-담관암종의 근치적 치료 법은 수술적 절제가 유일하나, 진행성 혼합 간세포-담관암종의 치료에 대해서는 잘 정립되어 있지 않다. 저자들은 진행성 혼합 간세포-담관암종에서 선행항암화학요법을 시행 후 근치적 수술이 가능하였고, 수술 15개월 후까지 재발을 보이지 않은 증례를 보고하는 바이다.

Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are major pests of a wide range of crops and ornamental plants worldwide, and represented by 56 species in Korea. Occurrence of, or damage by, the longtailed mealybug, Pseudococcus longispinus Targioni-Tozzetti has not been reported since 2002. However, for the first time in many years, P. longispinus was reported at Phalaenopsis orchids by Kim et al in 2015. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the distribution of P. longispinus which is usually found inside a greenhouse or a building where the host plants are. We have collected 129 mealybug samples at 254 sites from Korea. Among these, 27 of P. longispinus and 62 of an unidentified Pseudococcus species were found mainly in ornamental plants such as Heteropanax fragrans, commonly known as happy trees in Korea. Morphological characteristics of the unidentified mealybug were very similar to those of P. longispinus. However, the genetic variability in COI sequence comparison was significantly different between the two species. Further studies are needed to clarify the valid name for this unidentified species, and we are currently working on it.

선근종은 간담도계와 위장관계의 양성 병변으로 주로 담낭에서 발생하며 바터 팽대부에서 발생하는 경우는 매우 드물다. 본 증례는 64세 남자 환자의 검진 초음파에서 우연히 발견된 담췌관 확장 소견으로 CT 및 MRI 검사를 시행하여 바터 팽대부의 암종을 의심하였고, 내시경 조직검사와 초음파 유도하 세침흡인술에서 악성 세포가 발견되지 않았으나 팽대부 주위암을 완전히 배제할 수 없어 유문 보존 췌십이지 장절제술을 시행하여 병리학적 검사 결과에서 선근종으로 최종 진단된 예이다. 바터 팽대부의 선근종은 팽대부 주위암과 감별이 어려워 임상 의사의 주의가 요구되며 악성 종양의 가능성을 배제할 수 없는 경우 수술적 절제를 통해 최종 진단이 가능하겠지만 내시경적 유두절제술 등의 적극적인 검사를 통해 불필요한 수술을 피하려는 노력도 필요하겠다.

Hypocreales entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are well-known biological control agents worldwide and have high potential in industrialization. However their thermo-susceptibility limits long-term storage under high temperature conditions and high insecticidal activity after application to target pests. Herein we isolated highly virulent isolates, B. bassiana JEF006 and JEF007 and M. anisopliae JEF003 and 004, and produced in three grains, as substrates for solid cultures, followed by thermotolerance assays to compare the potential of the three substrates. The JEF isolates were exposed to dry and wet heat at 50°C and overall conidia were more stable under dry heat condition rather than wet heat. Of the three grains, Italian millet was superior to the other grains in the production of thermotolerant conidia. Additionally Italian millet did not severely aggregated, which enabled air to penetrate into the substrate well compared to the sorghum and millet. JEF isolates were more thermotolerant when they were kept in oil conditions. The conidia of JEF 007 and 003 wild type and AtMT-based generating random mutants were subjected to SDS-PAGE. A significant relationship between conidial thermotoelrance and detected proteins was observed. This work suggests that Italian millet can be used as an effective substrate to produce more thermotolerant conidia, thus maintaining viability for long times under unfavorable environment and biological activity against target pests.

Bean bug, Riptortus pedestris is an agriculturally serious pest in north eastern Asian countries, damaging to several legumes and fruit trees. Chemical pesticides have been largely used to control the pest but it encounters insecticide-resistance and environmental toxicity issues. Alternatively different mode of action and environmentally sound pest management system can be found in entomopathogenic fungal insecticides. Herein we developed a platform to optimize the fungal production to express their maximum virulence against bean bug, by focusing on solid culture system for thermotolerance, formulation to select effective surfactants to carry the fungal conidia on the cuticles, and relationship between environmental abiotic factors and fungal mortality. First to produce highly thermotolerance fungal conidia, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae isolates were cultured on several granular cereal substrates, which could be subjected to formulation process. Among the tested media, four media (millet, non-glutinous italian foxtail millet, glutinous italian foxtail millet, brown rice) were superior to the other grains in the spore production and thermotolerance. Next to efficiently deliver the fungal conidia on the cuticles of bean bug, total of six surfactant (CO-2.5, CO-12, LE-7, PE-61, TED-3 and Siloxane) was used to experiment. CO-12 was superior to the other surfactant in mortality of 100 ppm consistence. This work suggests that solid culture system and formulation and application should be seriously considered to reach an optimal level of mortality by inducing their maximum virulence.

Entomopathogenic fungi are facultative microorganisms, dwelling in soil or infecting host insects, and some of the genera have been used as biological control agents worldwide. Collection of fungal isolates should be a platform for the development of highly effective resources, thus in this work we constructed a fungal library using a mealworm pathogenecity-based fungal collection method and further characterized some isolates with high virulence. A phylogenetic three was generated, and of the isolates 17 isolates’ biological features were characterized, such as morphology, spectrum of virulence, cultural characteristics, thermo-stability of fungi, production of biologically active materials, such as enzymes. This work reports an attractive entomopathogenic fungal library including the information of effective isolates in pest management.

ocust, Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) is one of the outbreaking pests worldwide and such big occurrence was recorded in 2014, Korea, however little consideration was given to the management strategy of the pest. Herein we established a indoor locust-rearing system and constructed a locust-pathogenic fungal library to further facilitate the resources to be used as possible biological control agents. A locust colony was provided from the National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology and reared in corn or barley plants at artificially manipulated rooms. The critical developmental stages, such as oviposition, hatching and mating were successfully proceeded. Entomopathogenic fungal granules were treated to the locust (2 g/rearing box), and in 5~7 days mycosis was observed in the membranous cuticles of head, abdomen and legs. In particular JEF-003 (Metarhizium anisopliae), JEF-186 (M. lepidiotae) and JEF-187 (Clonostachys rogersoniana) showed high virulence against the locust. A population of locust was exposed to the entomopathogenic fungal conidia-incorporated soil to investigate the possibility of the fungal isolation from natural soil, which resulted in the pathogenesis in 7~10 days in laboratory conditions. More than 80% of control efficacy was observed in the greenhouse trial of fungal granular application. This work suggests that locust rearing system was successfully established and entomopathogenic fungi can be used to control the migratory locust.

Entomopathogenic fungi are facultative microorganisms, dwelling in soil or infecting host insects, and some of the genera have been used as biological control agents worldwide. Collection of fungal isolates should be a platform for the development of highly effective resources, thus in this work we constructed a fungal library using a mealworm pathogenecity-based fungal collection method and further characterized some isolates with high virulence. A phylogenetic three was generated, and of the isolates 17 isolates’ biological features were characterized, such as morphology, spectrum of virulence, cultural characteristics, thermo-stability of fungi, production of biologically active materials, such as enzymes. This work reports an attractive entomopathogenic fungal library including the information of effective isolates in pest management.

Entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are well-known biological control agents worldwide and have high potential in industrialization. However their thermo-susceptibility limits long-term storage under high temperature conditions and high insecticidal activity after application to target pests. Herein we isolated highly virulent isolates, B. bassiana JEF006 and JEF007 and M. anisopliae JEF003 and JEF004, and produced in three grains, such as sorghum, millet and Italian millet as substrates for solid cultures, followed by thermotolerance assays to compare the potential of the three substrates for thermotolerance. The JEF isolates were exposed to dry and wet heat at 50°C and overall conidia were more stable under dry heat condition rather than wet heat. Of the three grains, Italian millet was superior to the other grains in the production of thermotolerant conidia. Additionally Italian millet did not severely aggregated, which enabled air to penetrate into the substrate well compared to the sorghum and millet. JEF isolates were more thermotolerant when they were kept in oil conditions as carriers of an oil-based formulation. This work suggests that Italian millet can be used as an effective substrate to produce more thermotolerant conidia, thus maintaining viability for long times under unfavorable environment and biological activity against target pests.

Entomopathogenic fungi infect some arthropod pest and have been used for biological control. Some entomopathogenic fungi have high potential in insect pest management worldwide, and most of researches were given to Hypocreales order of Ascomycota, but little in Zygomycota, such as Entomophthorales in our country. We have identified some species belonging to Entomophthorales and investigated cultural features and ecology of Entomophaga aulicae. E. aulicae in sweet potato fields, where Aedia leucomelas was a dominant pest, had caused epizootics from 2002–2005. E. aulicae-infected A. leucomelas larva were mostly found from August to October and its occurrence was significantly related to the precipitation. E. aulicae were mainly observed in dead A. leucomelas larval populations (infection rate = 41.3% in 2002), rather than other lepidopteran pests. E. aulicae was morphologically and genetically identified and its virulence was characterized in laboratory conditions. Additionally, pest infection by Zoophthora radicans, Neozygites floridana and some Entomophthorales have been identified. On the basis with this information, we need research to predict the prevalence and to develop biological control agent using Entomophthorales including E. aulicae that contribute to regulation of host populations.

Mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) has high and safe protein contents, which enables it to be animal feed. However, occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi in mealworms is one of the limitations for mass production. In this work, we investigated relationships between abiotic conditions and occurrence of fungal pathogens and established an effective control method using fungicides. In virulence assay, third instar mealworm larvae were sprayed by six entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana isolates and kept under high relative humidity; B. bassiana ERL1575 isolate had highest virulence. Under normal humidity, ERL1575 conidia showed different virulence between spray (~0% virulence) and digestion (~80% virulence) method. Furthermore, mealworms, which digested conidia, were exposed to various temperature (20-35°C) and humidity (1-3 ml distilled water spray/35 mm diam. dish) conditions for 5 days. All the treatments showed ~90% virulence except 35°C incubations (~20% virulence), but irrespective to the humidity conditions. Forty chemical fungicides were assayed against conidial germination and hyphal growth of ERL1575. Fluazinam and mancozeb showed strong inhibition of conidial germination at standard application dose (SD), 1/2 SD and 1/5 SD; besides, fluazinam showed strong inhibition of hyphal growth. When fluazinam and mancozeb were applied to the fungal conidia-inoculated wheat bran, most of mealworms were alive after 3 days post application. However, high mortality rate (~100%) were observed in the conidia-inoculated wheat bran without any fungicides. In conclusion, this work suggests that B. bassiana isolates could be pathogens at <30°C when they were digested by mealworms, and fluazinam and mancozeb would be used as effective control agents against the pathogen.