Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous syndrome associated with follicle growth arrest, dysregulated sex hormone profile, hyperthecosis and insulin resistance. Chemerin, a novel adipokine, is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Although obese women and in PCOS subjects have elevated plasma chemerin levels, whether and how chemerin is involved in the regulation of follicular growth/steroidogenesis and pathogenesis of PCOS is unknown. Our objective is to better understand the complex regulatory mechanisms involved in the control of these processes and gain insights in their dysregulation in the pathogenesis of PCOS. We hypothesize that: (a) hyperandrogenism induces small and medium antral follicle growth arrest and ovarian structural changes, resulting from granulosa cell and oocyte apoptosis and theca cell survival, and (b) chemerin regulates follicular growth and steroidogenesis and contributes to the pathogenesis of PCOS. Using immature rats (day 13～15 for follicle culture and day 21～24 for granulosa cells culture) and a chronically androgenized rat model [dihydrotestosterone (DHT); 83 μg daily, day 21～105] which recapitulates the reproductive and metabolic phenotypes of human PCOS, we have examined the granulosa cell expression patterns of chemerin and its receptor CMKLR1 and their steroidogenic and follicle growth capability. DHT treatment resulted in decreased follicle numbers in preantral to preovulatory stages and absence of corpus luteum, but increased numbers of condensed atypical follicles. Atypical follicles, constituted predominantly of theca cells, exhibited high expression of calpain and down‐regulation of the cytoskeletal protein substrates vimentin, fodrin and β‐tubulin. Granulosa cell aromatase expression was significantly down‐regulated, a response accompanied by increased activated caspase‐3 content and DNA fragmentation. While PTEN levels were considerably higher in granulosa cells in the PCOS rats than controls, phospho‐Akt (Ser473) content was lower. In addition, DHT also activated granulosa cell caspase‐3, decreased XIAP, PARP and phospho‐Akt contents and induced apoptosis in vitro, responses that could be attenuated by forced expression of XIAP. These findings are consistent with our hypothesis that dysregulated follicular growth in PCOS is associated with changes in follicular growth dynamics and follicle cell fate, a consequence of dysregulated interactions of pro‐survival (p‐Akt, XIAP, PARP) and proapoptotic (calpain, PTEN, caspase‐3) modulators in a cell‐specific manner. Chemerin and CMKLR1 were expressed in granulosa cells and negatively regulated by gonadotropin in vivo and in vitro. Serum and ovarian chemerin levels in DHT‐treated rats were elevated, and associated with arrested early antral follicular growth, remodeling of the follicle wall and decreased expression of p450 side‐chain cleavage enzyme (p450- scc), aromatase and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Recombinant chemerin inhibited FSH ‐ induced estradiol secretion in granulosa cells from DHT‐treated rats in vitro. Chemerin also suppressed basal and FSH‐ and GDF9‐induced follicle growth and estradiol/ progesterone production in preantral follicle cultures. Moreover, chemerin suppressed FSH‐induced p450scc/aromatase expression and progesterone/estradiol secretion in immature rat granulosa cells in vitro. These studies demonstrate that chemerin is a novel negative regulator in FSH‐induced follicular growth and steroidogenesis and support the notion that the dysregulation of chemerin expression and function contributes to pathogenesis of PCOS. Our observations also suggest that this chronically androgenized rat model may be useful not only for studies on the long term effects of androgen on folliculogenesis, but also on the pathophysiology of PCOS. * This work was supported by grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR; MOP‐119381) and the World Class University (WCU) program through the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea (R31‐10056).

Bee venom is a rich source of pharmacologically active substances. In this study, we characterized a B. terrestris venom Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor (Bt-KTI). Bt-KTI consists of two exons encoding 82-amino acids (aa), including a predicted 24-aa signal peptide and a 58-aa mature peptide. Recombinant Bt-KTI was expressed as a 6.5-kDa peptide in baculovirus-infected insect cells. Bt-KTI showed no detectable inhibitory effect on factor Xa, thrombin, or tissue plasminogen activator. In contrast, Bt-KTI strongly inhibited plasmin, indicating that it acts as a plasmin inhibitor. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that Bt-KTI binds to plasmin, indicating the formation of a plasmin-Bt-KTI complex. These results demonstrate that Bt-KTI acts as an antifibrinolytic agent, suggesting a role for Bt-KTI as an anti-bleeding agent.

In the transcriptome surveys of Laodelphax striatellus, several cDNA sequences showed a high level of similarities to the insect picorna-like virus genomes. Interestingly, there was no sequence similarity between picorna-like virus sequences from the RSV-viruliferous and those from the non-viruliferous L. striatellus. Picorna-like virus from the non-viruliferous L. striatellus was a geographical isolate of Himetobi P virus (HiPV). The genome of the HiPV was 9,272 nt in length excluding the poly(A) tail and contained two open reading frames (ORFs), which were separated by a 176 nt intergenic region that functions as an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). The 5' ORF encodes the non-structural proteins and the 3' ORF encodes the capsid proteins. The partial genomic RNA of the picorna-like virus from the RSV-viruliferous L. striatellus, LsPV-2, was 8,769 nt in length excluding the poly(A) tail and contained a single, large open reading frame (nt 1–8,535) encoding a 2,845 aa polyprotein. In terms of sequence similarity, identity, and genome organization, LsPV-2 resembled insect picornalike viruses belonging to the family Iflaviridae. A phylogenetic analysis based on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) sequence showed that LsPV-2 was most closely related to the deformed wing virus (DWV). The HiPV and LsPV-2 were incompatible each other in L. striatellus, suggesting that these two picorna-like viruses may have important functions in transmission of the RSV.

Plasmids from Bacillus thuringiensis have been implicated in pathogenicity as they carry the genes responsible for different types of diseases in mammals and insects. B. thuringiensis serovar mogi of a novel serogroup (H3a3b3d), which showed mosquitocidal activity against Anopheles sinensis and Culex pipiens pallens, was isolated from fallen leaves in Mungyeong city, Republic of Korea. In contrast to the complicated plasmid profiles of B. thuringiensis H3 serotype strains, the B. thuringiensis serovar mogi contained only megaplasmid (> 30 MDa) on which the toxin genes were occasionally located. Sequence analysis using 454-pyrosequencing revealed that the megaplasmid harbored at least seven putative cry genes, showing about 84%, 75%, 73%, 58%, 84%, 39% and 75% similarities in amino acid sequences with Cry27Aa, Cry19Ba, Cry20-like, Cry56Aa, Cry39ORF2, Cry8Ba and Cry40ORF2, respectively. These cry genes were cloned to the Escherichia coli-B. thuringiensis shuttle vector, pHT1K, and then introduced into an acrystalliferous B. thuringiensis Cry-B strain for further molecular characterization. This novel 3a3b3d type strain, B. thuringiensis serovar mogi, could be used as a good resource for studying unknown mosquitocidal cry genes.

ORF11 (ac11) of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is a highly conserved baculovirus gene whose homologs are found in all lepidoteran Group I NPV, but its function is unknown so far. To determine the role of ac11 in baculovirus life cycle, ac11 knock-out mutant, Ac11KO, was constructed using the plasmid capture system (PCS). Real-Time PCR analysis showed that ac11 transcript was first detected at 6 h post-infection (p.i.) and accumulated to maximum at 48 h p.i., indicating that ac11 is belong to late gene. When the genomic DNA of Ac11KO was transfected into Sf9 cells, viral replication was restricted to a cell transfected originally. While viral transmission of the Ac11KO was not observed in Sf9 cells, production of budded virus (BV) in Sf9 cells transfected with Ac11KO was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These results suggest that the ac11 is essential for AcMNPV to produce infective BV.

인공야간조명에 유인된 곤충은 대부분 그대로 죽게 되고, 생태계 내에서 1차 또는 2차 소비자의 역할을 하는 곤충의 개체군 감소로 인한 생태계 피해는 매우 심각하다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 각 조명의 곤충 유인특성을 알아내고 주변생태에 영향을 덜 미치는 조명을 제안하고자 한다. 조사는 2011년 6월에서 8월에 걸쳐 인공야간조명과 이격된 총 5곳의 산지에서 30W의 백열등, 형광등, 할로겐등, 삼파장등, LED등을 이용한 첫 번째 유인실험을 5회 반복 실시하였고, 50W의 수은등, 나트륨등, 메탈할라이드등을 이용한 두 번째 유인실험을 총 6회 반복 실시하였다. 전등 주변 가로 세로 1m X 1m에서 유인된 곤충을 전량 채집하여 동정 및 종수와 개체수를 계수하였다. 군집분석에는 우점도, 균등도, 풍부도, 다양도를 이용하였으며, 사용된 모든 조명에 대해서는 조도와 UV-A량을 측정하였다. 실험결과 인공조명의 특성에 따른 곤충유인특성을 분석해 보면 첫 번째 실험은 조도는 가장 낮지만 UV-A의 측정값이 가장 큰 형광등에서 가장 많은 수의 곤충이 유인되었으며, 조도는 가장 높지만 UV-A의 측정값이 0인 LED등에서 현저하게 적은 수의 곤충이 유인 되었다. 다양도와 풍부도는 UV-A 그래프와 유사한 형태이고 형광등에서 가장 높고 LED에서 가장 낮았으며, 균등도에는 큰 차이가 없었다. 두 번째 실험에서 수은등이나 메탈할라이드등의 곤충유인율과 다양도, 풍부도, 균등도에는 큰 차이가 없으며, 조도가 가장 높지만 UV-A의 측정값이 현저히 작은 나트륨에서 적은 유인률과 낮은 다양도, 풍부도, 균등도를 나타냈다. 결론적으로 인공야간조명은 생태계에 악영향을 끼치며, 설치해야하는 경우 LED등이나 나트륨등과 같이 동일한 와트(W)내에서 조도는 밝지만 UV-A 방출량이 적은 조명을 제안한다.

As one of the subfamilies of Crambidae, Spilomelinae comprises about 3767 species in the world (Solis and Maes, 2002), and this subfamily is characterized by the following characteristics: Chaetosema absent, antenna filiform, labial palpus and proboscis well developed, forewing with R3 and R4 stalk at base, or R2, R3 and R4 stalked, but R5 single, 2A and 1A form a loop; hindwing Sc+R1 stalked with Rs; male genitalia with gnathos absent or rudimentary, but uncus well developed, shape various. Cambodia is a country that bordered by Thailand, Laos, Vietnam and Gulf of Thailand in Southeast Asia. The total area is 181,035 km2. It is also a country with high biodiversity, of them, 212 mammal species, 536 bird species, 240 reptile species, 850 freshwater fish species, and 435 marine fish species, but only a few studies about the fauna of Lepidoptera there. Accordingly, to survey the diversity of Lepidoptera is of great significance for systematic study in Cambodia. In this research, we started our survey from 2009, up to now, we got numerous Pyraloidea from Cambodia, in this study, we identified 48 species belonging to 36 genera of Spilomelinae, most of them are reported for the first time in Cambodia, and some specimen could not be identified which we will report in future. All the materials examined come from the collection of University of Incheon.

본 시험에서 건초(티머시, 알팔파 및 클라인)와 짚류(톨페스큐 및 볏짚)의 buffer 용해도와 단백질 분획이 실시되었으며, 조사료 자원의 buffer 추출이 in vitro 발효 성상, 분해율 및가스(CO2 및 CH4) 생성량에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 다른 조사료에 비해 총 단백질 중buffer 가용성 조단백질과 A fraction은 알팔파건초에서 각각 61% 및 41.77%로 가장 높았으며 볏짚에서 가장 낮았다(각각 42.8% 및19.78%). 총단백질 중 B1 fraction은 조사된 조사료간 비교적 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나 B2fraction에서는 다른 조사료(6.34~8.85%)에 비하여 톨페스큐짚(10.05%) 및 클라인 건초(12.34)%에서 다소 높은 수준을 보였다. 총 단백질 중B3 fraction이 차지하는 비율은 톨페스큐짚에서38.49%로 가장 높았으나 다른 조사료 자원 간에는 큰 차이가 없었으며, C fraction의 경우 볏짚에서 가장 높은 비율(15.05%)을 보였다. 모든 사료에서 배양 개시 후 3시간(P<0.01) 및 6시간(P<0.05)에서 buffer 추출 전에 비해 추출후 배양액의 pH가 증가되었으며, 배양 6시간(P<0.05) 및 12시간(P<0.001)에서 다른 사료에비해 티모시 건초 및 알팔파 건초로부터의 pH가 낮았다. 배양액의 암모니아 농도는 모든 배양시간에서 가용성 물질의 추출 전 후에 다른조사료에 비해 알팔파 건초에서 가장 높았으나모든 사료의 추출효과는 배양 3시간(P<0.01)에서만 나타났다. 배양액의 총 VFA 농도는 배양24시간까지 알팔파 건초에서 가장 높았던 반면톨페스큐짚과 볏짚에서 가장 낮았다. 또한 모든 조사료에서 buffer 추출 전에 비하여 추출후에 총 VFA 농도가 감소되었다(P<0.01~P<0.001). Acetic acid (C2)의 조성 비율에서는 배양 6시간까지 추출 전에 더 높았으나(P<0.001)사료 간 차이는 없었다. Propionic acid (C3) 조성 비율 역시 배양 개시 후 3, 24 및 48시간(P<0.001)에 추출 전에 더 높았으며, 6 및 12시간의 배양액에서 대부분 건초(티모시, 알팔파 및 클라인)와 짚류(톨페스큐짚 및 볏짚) 간차이가 있는 것으로 조사되었다(P<0.05). 그러나 butyric acid (C4) 조성비율의 경우 대부분의배양시간에서 사료 간 차이는 없었다. 건물에서의 분해율 관련 parameter 중 a 값은 조사된전체 조사료에서 buffer 추출 전이 추출 후에비해서 높았으며(P<0.001), 다른 조사료에 비해톨페스큐짚과 볏짚에서 크게 낮았다(P<0.05).또한 b 값의 경우 역시 추출 전에 비해 추출후에서 현저히 낮았으나(P<0.001) 사료 간 차이는 없었다. 볏짚을 제외한 조사료에서 추출후에 비해 추출 전의 건물 유효분해율(EDDM)이 더 높았다(P<0.001). 조단백질에서의 a, b및 c 값은 추출 전에 비해 추출 후에서 현저히낮았으나(P<0.05) 사료 간 차이는 없었다. 조단백질 유효분해율(EDCP)에서는 다른 조사료 종류에 비해 톨페스큐짚과 볏짚에서 낮았다(P<0.05). 한편, NDF의 경우 a 값과 b 값(P<0.01)및 NDF 유효분해율(EDNDF, P<0.001)은 추출후에 비해 추출 전에 더 높았으나(P<0.01) 사료 간 차이는 보이지 않았다. 반추위미생물에의해 사료분해과정 중 생성되는 CO2 량도 24시간 배양까지는 추출 전에 더 많았으며(P<0.05~P<0.001), 톨페스큐짚과 볏짚에 비해 건초형태의 조사료로부터의 CO2 생성량이 더 많았다(P<0.05~P<0.01). 메탄가스(CH4) 생성량 역시 모든 배양시간에서 추출 전에 비해 추출 후에 크게 감소되었으며(P<0.01~P<0.001), 12~24시간을 제외하고는 짚류에 비해 건초에서 현저히 높은(P<0.05) 것으로 나타났다. 본 시험의 결과를 종합하면, 조사료 자원에 대한 buffer용해도와 단백질의 분획이 in vitro VFA 농도와 분해율 및 gas (CO2 및 CH4) 발생량 간 상호 밀접한 관계를 보이는 것으로 여겨진다. 이에 따라 조사료 이용 효율 개선을 위해 조사료자원에 대한 buffer 용해도와 단백질 분획을 반추동물 TMR 조제에 활용할 필요가 있는 것으로 여겨진다.

Isotactic polyacrylonitrile (PAN) with triad isotacticity of 0.53, which was determined by 13C NMR, using dialkylmagnesium as an initiator, was successfully synthesized. Isothermal treatment of iso-PAN was conducted in air at 200, 220, 250 and 280℃. Structural evolutions and chemical changes were studied with Fourier transformation infrared and wide-angle X-ray diffraction during stabilization. A new parameter CNF=I2240cm-1/ (I1595cm-1+f*I1595cm-1) was defined to evaluate residual nitrile groups. Crystallinity and crystal size were calculated with X-ray diffraction dates. The results indicated that the nitrile groups had partly converted into a ladder structure as stabilization proceeded. The rate of reaction increased with treatment temperature; crystallinity and crystal size decreased proportionally to pyrolysis temperature. The iso-conversional method coupled with the Kissinger and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa methods were used to determine kinetic parameters via differential scanning calorimetry analysis with different heating rates. The active energy of the reaction was 171.1 and 169.1 kJ/mol, calculated with the two methods respectively and implied the sensitivity of the reaction with temperature.

This paper argues that what Van Vollenhoven did in dealing with adat law was in fact part and parcel of the colonial policy to exploit the colony for the benefit of the Dutch and had nothing to do with being‘ a good Samaritan’by saving‘ the other’ legal culture. What he did also was mainly triggered by what I refer to as cultural anxiety. His campaign to promote adat law was intensified by his fear of the rise of Islamic identity that would be used as a rebellious ideology by the people of Indonesia to fight against the Dutch. Furthermore, I argue that Van Vollenhoven’s intellectual background, heavily influenced by European legal romanticism, had intensified his advocacy to promote adat law in Indonesia.

To establish the optimum artificial light illumination method for Pleurotus eryngii in closed mushroom factory system, the effects of red/blue LED light quality on growth was investigated. The following parameters fresh weight, height, width, chromaticity and hardness of the pileus were considered for studying the effect of LED light on the growth of mushroom. Pleurotus eryngii : The humidity was maintained more than 90% and temperature was 15~16℃, and CO2 density was 500ppm. The fresh weight and height were higher under red LED light (650nm, 73.1 Pmol/m2s), green LED light (525nm,89.1Pmol/m2s) comparing with blue LED light (450nm,105.8Pmol/m2s).

Plasmids from Bacillus thuringiensis have been implicated in pathogenicity as they carry the genes responsible for different types of diseases that in mammals and insects. A novel serogroup (H3a3b3d), B. thuringiensis strain K4 which showed mosquitocidal activity against Anopheles sinensis and Culex pipiens pallens, was isolated from fallen leaves in Mungyeong city, Republic of Korea. In contrast to the complicated plasmid profiles of B. thuringiensis H3 serotype strains, the strain K4 (designated as serovar mogi) had only one large plasmid (>200kb) on which the toxin genes were occasionally located. A 454 pyrosequencing was used for the complete sequencing of the large plasmid. The sequence analysis showed that k4 plasmid had at least seven putative cry genes, ending up to showing 84%, 75%, 73%, 58%, 84%, 39% and 75% homology with Cry27Aa, Cry19Ba, Cry20-like, Cry56Aa, Cry39ORF2, Cry8Ba and Cry40ORF2 toxins in amino acids, respectively. This novel 3a3b3d type strain, B. thuringiensis serovar mogi, can be used as a good resource for studying unknown mosquitocidal cry genes. The E. coli-B. thuringiensis shuttle vector, pHT1K was used to clone these cry genes for characterization. In each clone, the level of transcription and production of crystal proteins will be investigated in near the future.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is characterized by its ability to synthesize crystal toxins and also able to produce bacteriocins such as thuricin, tochicin, entomocin and bacthuricin. The present work, for the first time, describes the biological activity of bacteriocins from B. thuringiensis subsp. cameroun (Btc). Supernatant which was produced from a liquid culture of Btc had antimicrobial activity against various Bt subspecies, ending up to making a inhibition zone on an agar medium. A significant reduction in antimicrobial activity was observed when the supernatant was exposed to heat at 47~50°C for 15 min. Proteins were separated from the supernatant by a fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) given the thermal instability. A group of FPLC fractions had antimicrobial activity against Bt subsp. palmanyolensis, israelensis, 1-3, morrisoni, toguchini and kurstaki and a Bacillus. cereus ATCC21768, ATCC14579 and NRRLB-569. Interestingly, when the supernatant was individually incorporated into the liquid cultures of Bt subsp. israelensis (Bti) and mogi (Btm) with mosquitocidal activity, a vegetative cell growth was observed only in the Btm culture 10 h post-incubation. A possible recovery of vegetative Btm cell growth was observed, compared to a control without the supernatant. These results suggest that Btc produced proteinous antimicrobial substances, one of which may be used as a selection marker to separate Btm after possibly conjugating the two mosquitocidal strains.

Among 154 putative ORFs of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), ac78 and ac79 are highly conserved genes in baculovirus, but their functions in the virus life cycle have been unknown so far. To determine their roles in AcMNPV replication, knockout mutants, ac78KO and ac79KO, were constructed using the plasmid capture system (PCS). Real-Time PCR analysis showed that both of ac78 and ac79 transcripts were first detected at 6 hours post-infection, and accumulated to maximum at 24 hours post-infection, suggesting that both of ac78 and ac79 are belong to late gene. When the genomic DNA of ac78KO was transfected into Sf9 cells, viral replication was restricted to a single cell infection. These results demonstrated that the ac78 play an important role in BV production, and therefore is essential for AcMNPV to mount a successful infection. Whereas Sf9 cells infected with the ac79KO showed normal viral symptoms such as rounding and swelling, OBs were not observed from majority of infected cells. These results suggested that the ac79 might play an important role in OB production.

We cloned venom serine proteases from two bumblebee species, Bombus hypocrita sapporoensis and B. ardens ardens. We compared the predicted mature protein sequences of these serine proteasegenes to those previously reported from other bees. Using B. h. sapporoensis venom serine protease(Bs-VSP), we identify that Bs-VSP acts as a fibrin(ogen)olytic enzyme. Bs-VSP activates prothrombin and directly degrades fibrinogen into fibrin degradation products, as demonstrated for B. ignitus and B. terrestrisvenom serine proteases. Our results further define roles for bumblebee venom serine proteases as fibrin(ogen)olytic enzyme, providing strong evidence that bumblebee venom serine proteases are hemostatically active proteins that are potentially promising therapeutic agents.

We present evidence that the serine protease found in bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) venom exhibits fibrin(ogen)olytic activity. Compared to honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom, bumblebee venom contains a higher content of serine protease, which is one of its major components. Venom serine proteases from bumblebees did not cross-react with antibodies against the honeybee venom serine protease. We provide functional evidence indicating that B. terrestris venom serine protease (Bt-VSP) acts as a fibrin(ogen)olytic enzyme. Bt-VSP activates prothrombin and directly degrades fibrinogen into fibrin degradation products. However, Bt-VSP is not a plasminogen activator, and its fibrinolytic activity is less than that of plasmin. Taken together, our results define roles for Bt-VSP as a prothrombin activator, a thrombin-like protease, and a plasmin-like protease, providing significant support for thepotential use of bumblebee venom serine protease as a clinical agent.

덕적군도는 인천시 옹진군 서남쪽 약 82km 지점에 있는 덕적도를 비롯한 소야도, 문갑도, 선갑도, 선미도, 백아도, 굴업도, 울도 등으로 구성되어 있으며, 대체로 해안선의 굴곡이 심하고 곳곳에 소만입이 발달해 있다. 도서생물 지리학적으로 섬은 육지와 전혀 다른 혹은 독립된 생태적 특징을 가진다. 도서지역에서는 한정된 공간과 먹이자원의 한계가 있는 특성상, 종의 침입에 대한 저항성이 내륙보다 상대적으로 낮기 때문에 안정화 단계의 종 군집이 유지되지 않고, 여러 종들이 불안정한 군집을 이루며, 정착과 소멸을 반복하는 등의 변화가 심한 구조를 갖는 과정에서 종 다양성이 높게 나타나는 경향(Webb and Vermaat, 1990)이 있다. 본 연구는 덕적군도 도서지역의 곤충상을 파악하여 덕적군도 주변 섬들의 곤충상 비교를 통해, 도서지역의 곤충 다양성에 대한 기초자료를 제공하고, 덕적군도의 주요도서인 백아도, 굴업도, 지도 및 선갑도의 곤충상을 판단하여 보다 객관적인 자료를 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 조사는 총 4회에 걸쳐 덕적군도 도서를 대상으로 정량조사 및 정성조사를 병행 실시하였다. 조사결과 덕적군도 내의 4개 도서에서 총 11목 71과 272종이 확인되었다. 조사 기간이 여름에만 한해 있던 것을 감안하면 실제 서식종은 더 많을 것으로 판단된다. 법적 보호종은 굴업도에서 멸종위기야생동물II급에 해당하는 애기뿔소똥구리와 왕은점표범나비 2종이 확인되었으며, 백아도에서 멸종위기 야생동물II급에 해당하는 물장군이 확인되어 총 3종이 확인되었다.

Light emitting diode(LED) plays important role in illumination applications such as general lighting, automotive, and outdoor lights due to their high reliability and energy saving elements. The long lifetime is one of the main advantages of LED and thus, the Accelerated Life T(ALT) is used to help achieving the target life time. This paper presents the investigation of ALT models and failures for LED in recent literatures. LED reliability improvement technologies will be discussed finally.