The Korean energy demand-supply policy has changed from supply-concentrated management to demand-concentrated management with low consumption and high efficiency. Given these policy changes, this study focuses on investigating the marketing strategies of public policies that are necessary to execute policy effectively and to achieve the intended effect. More specifically, this study reviews details pertaining to the four elements of energy demand management policy: the development and commercialization of core technologies for energy efficiency, energy saving business growth, innovations in energy demand management, and reasonable energy price policies. We furthermore analyze the effects of introducing an energy-efficiency certification system to both companies and consumers via an energy policy implementation. We find solutions to achieve the goals of the energy demand management policy via effective marketing of the energy-efficiency certification system. This investigation contributes to developing marketing strategies to achieve certain public policy effects. We additionally focus on how the characteristics of an energy-efficiency certification system—such as public benefits, brand trust and customer value—affect customer perception and the effect of policy implementation. According to our findings, trust in the energy-efficiency certification system and the four elements of energy policy influence firms and consumers’ realization and are effective at accomplishing the goals of the energy-efficiency policy. Energyefficiency certification help firms to invest in energy-efficient facilities; such certification also motivates reasonable energy consumption levels and the option to select highly energy-efficient products. By employing a certification system actively as a means of governmental policy and providing accurate energy-efficiency information to firms and consumers, it is possible for firms to produce highly energyefficient products and for consumers to choose efficient products. In this way, governments, firms, and consumers are able to accomplish the goals of the policy.

The aim of this study was conducted to investigate the proximate and nutritional compositions including mineral, vitamin, amino acids and fatty acids in Korean yam (Dioscorea batatas DECNE.). Carbohydrate (68.1%) possessed the large single constituent of yam. Small amounts of crude protein (16.9%), crude ash (5.8%) and crude fat (2.0%) contents were found. Yam was found to be good sources of essential minerals such as K (1295.5 mg/100 g), Mg (115.3 mg/100 g), Na (99.0 mg/100 g) and Ca (56.5 mg/100 g) but Zn (0.3 mg/100 g) content was low. Relatively abundant vitamin B1 (11.5 mg/100g) could be observed while vitamin A, B3 and B6 were not found. The amino acid analysis revealed that the yam was superior with respect to glutamic acid (1770.6 mg%), lysine (1210.6 mg%) and urea (550.9 mg%). Essential amino acids were calculated to be 2954.5 mg%. The amino acid profiles showed that yam to be limiting in valine and leusine. Palmitic acid and linoleic acid were the most predominant fatty acids with the value of 31.5% and 41.5%, respectively. And the polyunsaturated fatty acids including linoleic acid and linolenic acid were present in a large quantities in yam. And it also contained higher amounts of unsaturated fatty acids compared saturated fatty acids.

In this study, Fe-Cu-Ni-Mo-C low alloy steel powder is consolidated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) process. The internal structure and the surface fracture behavior are studied using field-emission scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy techniques. The bulk samples are polished and etched in order to observe the internal structure. The sample sintered at 900oC with holding time of 10 minutes achieves nearly full density of 98.9% while the density of the as-received conventionally sintered product is 90.3%. The fracture microstructures indicate that the sample prepared at 900oC by the SPS process is hard to break out because of the presence of both grain boundaries and internal particle fractures. Moreover, the lamellar pearlite structure is also observed in this sample. The samples sintered at 1000 and 1100oC exhibit a large number of tiny particles and pores due to the melting of Cu and aggregation of the alloy elements during the SPS process. The highest hardness value of 296.52 HV is observed for the sample sintered at 900oC with holding time of 10 minutes.

Tooth development shows dynamic morphological changes from the stages of cap to hard tissue formation and is strictly regulated during development. In the present study, we compared expression and localization of 3 major enamel matrix proteins in rats: amelogenin, enamel and ameloblastin. DD-PCR and RT-PCR revealed differential expression of the major proteins from the cap stage to root stage. Immunofluorescence staining results indicated that amelogenin was not detected in either inner enamel epithelium or reduced enamel epithelium, but highly immunoreactive in preameloblasts and ameloblasts; in addition, it was sporadically expressed in preodontoblasts abutting preameloblasts. Ameloblastin expression was also observed in not only differentiated ameloblasts but also osteoblasts. Immunoreactivity to ameloblastin in ameloblasts was strong in Tomes' processes. Enamelin was exclusively localized along the entire newly formed and maturing enamel. Enamelin was largely localized in near Tomes' processes and enamel rods in maturing enamel. Alendronate treatment resulted in down-regulation of amelogenin and ameloblastin at both transcription and translation levels; whereas, enamelin expression was unchanged in response to the treatment. These results suggested that amelogenin, ameloblastin and enamelin might be implicated in cell differentiation, adhesion of ameloblasts to enamel and enamel crystallization during enamel matrix formation, respectively.

Hyperlipidemia has been ranked as one of the greatest risk factors contributing to the prevalence and severity of coronary heart diseases. The pharmacological actions of tangerine (Citrus unshiu) peel include the facilitation of fat digestive enzymes. Also, guarana (Paullinia cupana) has been used for stimulants and tonics over a long period. In this study, we aimed to optimize the mixed ratio of organic tangerine peel and guarana extracts to suppress fat accumulation. To determine the optimized the mixed ratio of tangerine (Citrus unshiu) peel extract (C) and guarana (Paullinia cupana) extract (P) on adipogenesis, maturing preadipocytes were incubated during the 8-day induction period with various ratio of the mixed extracts groups like as Vehicle (DMEM 200 μl/ml), Con (MDI DMEM 200 μl/ml), C10 (MDI DMEM 180μl/ml+C 20 μl/ml), C9:P1 (MDI DMEM 180 μl/ml+C 18 μl/ml+P 2 μl/ml), C5:P5 (MDI DMEM 180 μl/ml+C 10 μl/ml+P 10 μl/ ml), P10 (MDI DMEM 180 μl/ml+P 20 μl/ml). Thereafter, the adipocytes were stained with Oil-Red-O and analyzed for lipid contents. As the results, organic tangerine peel and guarana extracts were revealed to reduce fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. The fat accumulation significantly decreased in C5:P5 group, which is equally mixed with organic tangerine peel and guarana extracts, as compared to other groups. Based on these results, we found the optimized ratio with organic tangerine peel and guarana extracts to suppress fat accumulation. We suggest that this optimized organic tangerine peel and guarana complex might reduce effectively the serum lipid components and improve the lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemic patient.

Bacterial fruit blotch(BFB) of cucurbits caused by Acidovorax citrulli(Acc) continues to diminish fruit yields. The aim of this study was to address whether two genetically distinct populations of Acc are present in watermelon-growing fields in Korea. For this purpose, we used the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction(ERIC-PCR) profiling and substrate-utilization profiles. According to the results of ERIC-PCR, group I and II strains showed clearly differentiated PCR-based fingerprinting profiles. Differences between group I and II strains included amplification of unique, group-specific DNA fragments such as the 1.3-, 0.28-, and 0.25-kb fragments in ERIC-PCR. Acc stains belonging to group I did not use L-leucine, whereas group II strains did use the substrate. Our results support the genetic differentiation of Acc strains into two groups and demonstrate that Acc strains from both groups are previously existed in watermelon-growing fields in Korea. Information about the genetic diversity of Acc under the present study will help scientists and managers form strategies to control BFB.

The interest in the role of antioxidants in human health has prompted research in the fields of food science and horticulture to assess fruit and vegetable antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, anthocyanin, flavonoid, phenolic compounds, and total antioxidant activity. Free radicals have been known to cause degenerative diseases: cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and brain dysfunction. In this study, five cultivars of blueberries (Nelson, Duke, Bluejay, Toro, and Eliot) were harvested in two different maturity stages (unripe and ripe) to evaluate antioxidant activities and anti-dementia activities. Total phenolics and flavonoids of blueberries inthe ripe stage were higher than those in the unripe stage; alsothe total anthocyanin contentswere much higher in ripe fruits thanin unripe fruits. Antioxidant activities of ripen blueberries were greater than unripe fruits, especially; ‘Nelson’ and ‘Toro’ were higher than other cultivars. Total antioxidant activity was highly correlated with total flavonoids (r=0.8568) and phenolics (r=0.9637). However, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition of blueberries showed that unripe fruits were significantly higher than ripe fruits. In conclusion, there were several differences in antioxidant activities and anti-dementia activities of blueberry depending on fruit cultivars and the maturity stage at harvest. Therefore, unripe fruits also have potential health promoting bioactive compounds as a functional foodingredient.

A novel insect-infecting positive sense single-stranded RNA virus, Riptortus pedestris virus-1 (RiPV-1), was found in the Riptortus pedestris transcriptome data by de novo assembly and further confirmed by RACE method. The genome of RiPV-1 consists of 10,554 nucleotides (nt) excluding the poly(A) tail and contains a single large open reading frame (ORF) of 10,371 nt encoding a 3,456 aa polyprotein and flanked by 71 and 112 nt 5' and 3' noncoding regions, respectively. RiPV-1 genome contains the consensus genome organization of picorna-like RNA helicase, cysteine protease, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) array in that order from the 5' to the 3' end. From the phylogenetic analysis, RiPV-1 was clustered with unassigned insect RNA viruses, APV and KFV, which suggests that these three insect picorna-like viruses might constitute a novel group of insect-infecting RNA viruses. Tissue tropism analysis revealed that RiPV-1 was relatively abundant in the thorax, abdomen, midgut and fat body. Interestingly, RiPV-1 replication was enhanced by Beauveria bassiana JEF-007 infection that was quantified using qRT-PCR. This study identified a novel insect-infecting virus and provided further insight into the relationship between virus, fungus and host.

Beauveria bassiana (Bb) is an entomopathogenic fungus with a wide host range, and is commonly used as an environment-friendly biopesticide. However, the molecular mechanisms of Bb-host interactions are not well understood. Here, RNA isolated from a highly virulent strain of B. bassiana (Bb JEF-007) and Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) (bean bug) infected with this strain were subjected to high throughput next generation sequencing (NGS) to analyze and compare transcriptomes. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis showed that 2,381 genes were up-regulated and 2,303 genes were down-regulated upon infection. Most DEGs were classified into the categories of single-organism, cellular and metabolism processes by gene ontology (GO) analysis. Carbon metabolism-related enzymes in the glyoxylate cycle were significantly up-regulated, suggesting a possible role for them in Bb growth in the host. This work provides insight into how entomopathogenic B. bassiana occupies agriculturally harmful bean bug at the late stage, which might be essential during fungal infection.

Bean bug, Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) is an agriculturally serious pest in East Asian countries. Chemical pesticides have been contributed to the management of the pest, but nowadays insect resistance limits the use of chemical pesticides, thus alternatively new pesticides with different mode of actions such as entomopathogenic fungi are considered. Herein entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana JEF isolates were collected, identified and assayed against bean bugs in laboratory conditions. Some isolates showed >80% virulence by contact-exposure and spray methods. The Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of B. bassiana JEF-007 generated random transformants and some mutants showed reduced virulence against Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae and R. pedestris nymph. Compared to the wild-type, the two transformants showed remarkably different morphology, conidial production, and thermotolerance. To figure out pathogenicity-related genes, thermal asymmetric interlaced (TAIL) PCR of the random transformants was performed and possibly some virulence-related genes were predicted. This work can be a strong platform for the functional genetics of bean bug-pathogenic B. bassiana.

Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is an intracellular adaptor protein involved in Toll signaling pathway. In this study, we monitored the response of 4 key genes of the insect immune system against Beauveria bassiana JEF-007 in Tenebrio molitor using RT-PCR. TmGPR, antimicrobial peptide Tenecin 1 and Tenecin 2 were up-regulated after fungal infection. To better understand the roles of Toll signaling pathway in mealworm immune system, TmGRP and TmMyD88 was knocked down by RNAi silencing. Target gene expressions were decreased at 2 days post-dsRNA injection, and dramatically reduced at 6 days post-dsRNA injection. Therefore, mealworms were compromised by B. bassiana JEF-007 at 6 days post-dsRNA injection. Silencing of the TmMyD88 and TmGRP resulted in reducing the resistance of the host to fungal infection. However, only dsTmMyD88 showed significant difference with dsEGFP by statistical analysis, which may be due to partial gene knock down of dsGRP. These results indicate that TmMyD88 is required in mealworms for survival against B. bassiana JEF-007.

Entomopathogenic fungi are facultative microorganisms, dwelling in soil or infecting host insects, and some of the genera have been used as biological control agents worldwide. Collection of fungal isolates should be a platform for the development of highly effective resources, thus in this work we constructed a fungal library using a mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) pathogenicity-based fungal collection method and further characterized some isolates with high virulence. A phylogenetic three was generated, and of the isolates 17 isolates’ biological features were characterized, such as morphology, spectrum of virulence, cultural characteristics, thermo-stability of fungi, production of biologically active materials, such as enzymes. This work reports an attractive entomopathogenic fungal library including the information of effective isolates in pest management.

The purpose of the study was to investigate effects of Low intensity cardiac rehabilitation, using a treadmill, on the myocardial structure. We identified the effects by analyzing changes in the rats' weights and the results of biopsies. Twenty Sprague-Dawley male rats, 50 weeks old, were randomly divided into the exercise group and the control group. myocardial infarction( MI) was induced by ligaturing their left anterior descending artery. After the acute MI induction, two rats of each group began to fall dead, therefore, eight of each group completed at the end of the experiment. We used treadmills for animals for the exercise group. This exercise group performed 30 minutes of exercise five times per week for six weeks, while the control group did not perform any exercise. No statistically significant differences in weight were found in within group comparison and between group comparison. Furthermore, we observed histological changes in the myocardium using Hematoxylin & Eosin and Masson's trichrome staining in both groups. Low-intensity exercise inhibited myocardial fibrosis, may serve as a reference in the cardiopulmonary field, which plays a role in rehabilitating patients with cardiac disorders, including acute MI.