Mealworm(Tenebrio molitor) was added to the feed to improve the health of dogs. As the amount of mealworm powder added to dog feed increased from 2.5 to 7.5%, the contents of crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber and crude ash increased. In the old dogs, creatinine and BUN related to nephropathy, triglyceride related to hypertension, calcium related to osteoporosis, globulin related to immunity, and ALT related to hepatic function were in the normal range. Particularly, ALT showed a tendency to increase overall, but the numerical increase tended to decrease as the amount of mealworm powder added. In the young dogs, all investigative items such as BUN and creatine were in the normal range and ALT tended to decrease at 2.5～5.0% treatment of mealworm. As a result, it was shown that adding 2.5～5.0% of mealworm powder to feed effectively improved the hepatic function of old and young dogs.

Honeybees are inevitably threatened by various pathogens including Sacbrood virus (SBV) and Galleria mellonella. Recently, RNA interference (RNAi) has been suggested as a promising strategy for suppression of honey bee viruses. Also, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been widely applied for the control of lepidopteran pests such as G. mellonella. In this study, it was intended to develop dsRNA production platform using Bt. For this, the pHT1K-SBV vp1 vector which transcribes sense and anti-sense SBV vp1 gene under control of Cyt1Aa sporulation-dependent promoter was introduced into Bt strain NT0423 expressing Cry1-types toxins. SBV replication was suppressed in the worker A. cerana ingested dsRNA produced from the Bt transformant. Crystal proteins from the Bt transformant showed high level of insecticidal activity against 4th instar larvae of G. mellonella.

South Korea has over 0.38 million of managed honey bee (Apis cerana) colonies before 2009 years ago, which produce the highest quantity of honey in the Korea; however, almost colony (90%) were collapsed by Korean Sacbrood Virus (KSBV) in South Korea. Korean Sacbrood Virus (KSBV) is the pathogen of A. cerana Sacbrood disease, which poses a serious threat to honeybee A. cerana, and tends to cause bee colony and even the whole apiary collapse. Colony collapse of A. cerana was first reported on the Pyeong-Chang of the South Korea in 2009. Several scientists and governments has been tried research for cure the sacbrood disease in A. cerana colony by medicines and management techniques. Unfortunately, The sacbrood disease dosen’t improve. So, we were developed a better breed of A. cerana for resistance of sacbrood virus by selection and then artificial insemination. A. cerana breeding technique was first successful applied with A. cerana in Korean. Queens was grafted from sacbrood resistance line and then it was growing in sacbrood disease colony that was survived 100%. Altogether selected 18 queens were artificially inseminated and 2,000 drones of A. cerana in Korea was used to evaluate amount of semen collection. We are select two scabrood resistance A. cerana line (R and H). R line be used for rearing the Queen. Drone was reared in H line colony. The RH hybrid were not infected sacbrood virus even spread sacbrood virus (2×106). RH colonies have very excellent hygienic behavior, brood, and sacbrood disease resistance activity.

For the setting of control timing, the number of overwintering eggs on host plants and population density of Metcalfa pruinosa nymphs and adults was surveyed in a sesame fields. According to a survey of the overwintering eggs density of M. pruinosa on host plants, they were many in the order of Mugunghwa trees, Oak trees, and Acacia trees. Examined sesame branches within the 50cm was not found population densities of M. pruinosa nymphs and adults, and it was also very low in the sticky trap. The peak density of the adult was highest at 0.13 per trap on 11 after being first investigated on July 3 in a string wrap survey, and then decreased. In a sesame fields, it is judged that the control of the M. pruinosa is due to be 35 days after the end of the insect hatching, and that distribution of host plants is more important in the outside region than inside region.

최근 다양한 유기재배 작물의 뿌리를 가해하는 굼벵이류의 피해가 증가하고 있으나, 굼벵이류는 토양 내 발생하는 특징으로 인해 발생시기 및 그 종류에 대한 확인이 어려운 해충이다. 피해를 끼치는 굼벵이의 발생을 파악하기 위해 고구마 유기재배지에 페로몬 트랩을 이용하여 굼벵이의 성충의 종류 및 발생 동향을 조사하였다. 조사지는 무안 유기재배농가와 국립농업과학원 완주군 포장에서 이루어졌다. 3종의 풍뎅이 페로몬 루어를 유인제로 사용하였으 며 6월 초부터 8월 말까지 조사지에 트랩을 설치하여 포획된 풍뎅이를 수집하여 동정을 하였다. 유기재배포장에서 포획된 종은 큰검정풍뎅이, 콩풍뎅이, 청동풍뎅이, 녹색콩풍뎅이, 별줄풍뎅이 등의 풍뎅이와 흰점박이꽃무지 등이 주로 채집되었다. 유기재배 고구마포장에서 풍뎅이 발생소장을 조사한 결과 최대로 발생한 시기는 7월초였다.

This study was carried out to confirm the predatory and developmental features of N. stenoferus. We determine the host range of N. stenoferus. As a result, it was confirmed that Aphis gssypii, Myzus persicae, Planococcus citri, and Frankliniella occidentalis. N. stenoferus is thought to be able to feed on other micro pests. The test for a developmental period of N. stenoferus at 25℃ showed that the egg period was about 10 days. The nymphal period was about 18 days. Each nymphal period from 1st instar to 3rd instar nymphs was about 3 days. And the nymphal period of 4th and 5th were about 3.5 and 6 days, respectively. The female adult laid eggs in stem tissue or on leaves, and sometimes on the soaked cotton for water supply.

고추 비가림하우스에서 에어포그 시스템을 이용한 무인방제 효과를 평가하기 위해 본 시험을 수행하였다. 에어포그 시스템과 동력분무기를 이용한 관행방제의 약제살포 시간은 동일한 약량으로 살포하였을 때 처리 간에 차이가 없었으나, 에어포그 시스템으로 1/2약량을 살포하였을 때는 관행방제 보다 살포시간이 약 50% 줄었다. 약제부착 능력을 감수지로 조사하였을 때, 고추 생육초기와 중기에는 모든 처리에서 약제 부착이 우수 하였지만, 생육후기에는 관행방제의 약제 부착이 에어포그 시스템보다 균일하지 않았다. 처리별 총채벌레 살충률은 관행살포 90.0%, 에어포그 시스템 90.8%, 에어포그 시스템 1/2약량이 83.5% 로 유사한 방제효과를 나타내었다. 이러한 결과로 에어포그 시스템은 고추 비가림하우스 내에서 노동시간과 약제 살포량을 줄이면서 총채벌레를 효과적으로 방제할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

As concerns about the pursuit of well-being culture and interest in safe food has increased and demand for organic agricultural products are increasing. This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence pattern of diseases and pests and to select effective organic materials for control of diseases and pests in organic watermelon. The watermelon was damaged by diseases and pests such as Didymella bryoniae, Podosphaera xanthii, Aphis gossypii, Tetranychus urticae, thrips, Spodoptera exigua, and Spodoptera litura. Among them, powdery mildew and cotton aphid are major disease and pest in organic watermelon. The occurrence of powdery mildew and cotton aphid initiated in the middle of May in Chungju and Eumseong. The control efficacy for eleven organic materials against powdery mildew was evaluated. As the results, the symptoms of plant disease were effectively reduced by more than 85% in the treatments of materials such as sodium bicarbonate 80% and sulfur 80%. The treatment of TFM-6 (insect repellent 2%+paraffin oil 68%) and TFM-7(cinnamomum ext. 10%+derris ext. 20% + citranella oil 30%) showed by more than 80% in control efficiency against cotton aphid. Tstudy was supported by the research project of RDA.(Project No.: PJ0125302018)

Monochamol is a male-produced aggregation pheromone of the Monochamus species, which are vectors of the pine wood nematode (PWN). This nematode is a fatal devastating pest, infecting pinewood trees and is one of the serious forest pest in Korea. The nematicidal activity of synthetic monochamol and its homologues (ROEtOH: R = C7-C13) were determinated to potential alternatives to the currently used PWN control agents. In this study, for elucidation of the lethal mechanism induced by monochamol, we performed Transcriptome analysis by next-generation sequencing (RNA-seq) from LC50 treated PWN and are characterizing some significant genes which were differentially expressed in PWN.

The Ryanodine Receptor in wild type Drosophila melanogaster has an amino acid substitution which is known to cause Chlorantraniliprole resistance in Pluteall xylostella. Even though we have reported that two Chlorantraniliprole resistant Drosophila strains have elevated total esterase activities, our report does not fully explain the significantly increased resistant ratios in two Chlorantraniliprole resistant Drosophila strains. Thus, we further analyzed alteration of reactive oxygen species and mitochondria activities in two Chlorantraniliprole resistant Drosophila strains. Our result suggested that Chlorantraniliprole resistance development in Drosophila requires alteration of various signal transduction pathways.

In order to investigate novel insect growth regulators (IGRs) from actinomycetes, 363 isolates of actinomycetes were tested for their IGR activities. Among them, Streptomyces sp. AN120537 showed the highest juvenile hormone antagonist (JHAN) activity and significant insecticidal activities against larvae of Aedes albopictus and Plutella xylostella. In addition, the dead larvae showed morphological deformities such as contraction of body segments or pigmentation of all body parts. Through liquid chromatography and bioassay-guided fractionation, 7 IGR compounds were identified from the crude hexane extract of AN120537. These results suggested that Streptomyces sp. AN120537 could be useful resources for development of eco-friendly insecticidal agents.

Mosquitoes are medically important insect pests that act as vectors of various diseases when they feed on humans. Insect growth regulators (IGRs) could become an effective alternative to control mosquitoes because of their high specificity and relatively low toxicity to environment. Recently, we have developed high-throughput juvenile hormone antagonist (JHAN) screening system based on yeast-two hybrid assay. Actinomycetes have been reported to produce various bioactive compounds including insect growth regulators (IGRs). In this study, culture filtrates and mycelia extracts of 2,875 actinomycetes isolates screened for their IGR activities and mosquitocidal activities. Among 75 culture filtrates and 17 mycelia extracts with JHAN activities, 19 culture filtrate and 3 mycelia extracts showed high level of mosquitocidal activities against 3rd instar larvae of Aedes albopictus. These results suggested that secondary metabolites of actinomycetes could be used as environmentally benign mosquitocidal agents.

경북 영양지역 고추 비가림하우스 재배지에서 2016년부터 2018년까지 주요 해충의 발생양상을 조사하였다. 발생조사는 영양읍, 청기면, 일월면을 중심으로 임의 10개 포장을 선정하여 4월부터 10월까지 실시하였다. 총채벌레류는 5월 중순, 6월 중순, 7월 상순∼중순, 9월 중순∼9월 하순에 걸쳐 총 4회의 발생최성기를 보였고 꽃노랑총채벌레가 84.8%로 우점하였다. 총채벌레 피해과율은 조사연도에 따라 0.8~7.3%로 조사되었다. 담배나방 유충에 의한 과실피해 는 7월 상순, 8월 중순, 9월 중순~9월 하순에 많이 발생하였다. 진딧물류는 5월 중순～5월 하순, 7월 중순∼8월 하순에 걸쳐 연 2회의 발생최성기를 보였다. 가루이류는 8월 중순～8월 하순, 9월 하순～10월 상순에 걸쳐 연 2회의 발생최성기를 나타냈으며, 담배가루이가 98.1%, 온실가루이가 1.9%로 담배가루이가 우점종인 것으로 확인되었다.

거미는 산림 및 농작물 해충의 천적으로 알려져 있으며, 겨울철 벼 재배지에서 볏짚이나 논둑 등에 월동한다. 이 연구는 월동시기부터 모내기 전까지 유기 벼 재배지에 서식하는 거미상을 알아보기 위해 수행하였다. 거미의 발생을 조사하기 위해 함정트랩을 이용하였고, 농업과학원 유기재배포장에서 2018년 1월 중순부터 5월 중순까지 2주 간격으로 총 8회에 걸쳐 거미를 채집하였다. 조사가 이루어진 논은 거미가 월동 서식처로 이용할 수 있도록 볏짚을 걷어내지 않은 상태로 유지하였다. 조사 결과 6과 15종 359개체의 거미가 채집되었다. 그 중에서 애접시거미가 119개체(33%)로 가장 많았고, 들늑대거미(23%), 턱거미(17%), 각시긴손접시거미(8%) 순으로 나타났다. 또한 4월 중순(7회)에 가장 많은 개체가 채집되었고, 채집이 이루어질수록 거미의 개체수가 증가하는 경향을 보였다.

The morphological identification of alate aphids needs reliable and appropriate methods such as morphometrics. In previous studies, the seven species which aphids have been known as migrating to potato had been separated into genus levels using specific points of forewing vein (Landmarks). Adding the number of secondary sensillum of antennae, setae of abdomen, etc., we experimented to separate four species of genus Aphis (Aphis craccivora, Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis spiraecola). After taking each of 25X twenty photographies of four species, we calculated and measured coordinates of landmarks, the number of secondary sensillum of antennae, dorsal setae of 8th abdominal segment, anterior/posterior genital plate setae and cauda, and then performed the principal component analysis using PAST3 and the canonical variate analysis using MORPHO J, only with a landmarks. As results, in PCA, Aphis gossypii has been separated, but the others are overlapping. In CVA, all species of aphis has been separated.

Sacbrood virus (SBV) caused significant colony collapse in Korean Apis cerana. Considering that hygienic behavior in honey bees confers colony-level resistance against brood diseases, we utilized this trait for selecting A. cerana colonies. In addition, the brood survival rate was evaluated after colonies were SBV-inoculated. Over four selective generations, dead brood removal and brood survivorship in selected colonies were higher than those in the unselected colonies (P < 0.01, 99.3 vs. 89.9% for removal of pin-killed pupae; P < 0.01, 99.0 vs. 63.9% for removal of SBV-killed larvae; and P < 0.01, 70.0 vs. 9.2% for brood survivorship). Following SBV-inoculation, selected colonies showed an increase in the number of surviving pupae and adults, whereas unselected colonies collapsed mostly. Our results confirm the feasibility of selecting SBV-resistant A. cerana.