Background: Previous studies have been reported that when instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) and the self-myofascial release technique were used on the muscles. However, studies that applied the IASTM and self-stretching to the gastrocnemius muscle are thought to be necessary but there is no such previous study. Objectives: To investigate the effects of IASTM and self-stretching on gastrocnemius muscle thickness and the range of motion of joint in dorsiflexion in healthy college student. Design: Quasi-experimental design (single blind). Methods: The subjects were healthy college students in their 20s with a healthy body. As for the experimental method in this study, comparison between before and after the experiment was performed to compare the effects of myofascial release using IASTM and stretching. The preliminary survey investigated the range of motion (ROM) of ankle joint of the subjects. The thicknesses of gastrocnemius muscles were measured using ultrasonography. One day after the preliminary survey, IASTM interventions and self-stretching interventions were randomly selected. If IASTM intervention is selected, the IASTM of the gastrocnemius muscle was applied for 5 minutes. After than, muscle thickness and the ankle dorsiflexion ROM were measured. Subjects were asked to take a break for about one day after performing the intervention. Self-stretching was applied to the gastrocnemius muscle for 5 minutes identically. After than, muscle thickness and the ankle dorsiflexion ROM were measured. Results: The thickness of the gastrocnemius muscle decreased significantly IASTM intervention, and the ankle dorsiflexion ROM increased significantly IASTM intervention. Ankle dorsiflexion ROM increased significantly the selfstretching intervention. The amounts of change in ankle dorsiflexion ROM through the IASTM was significantly greater than that through self-stretching. Conclusion: In order to immediately increase muscle flexibility in a short time, the IASTM is more effective although the self-stretching method is also effective.

Fumigation of fruits and vegetables during quarantine and pre-shipment (QPS) treatment should be effective with a shorter fumigation time to minimize phytotoxicity. In this research study, a shorter fumigation time, 2 hours exposure which is shorter than that of the current commercial fumigation procedures using a lower dose of ethyl formate (EF) mixed with phosphine (PH3) on strawberry was investigated. The reciprocal effect between EF and PH3 against nymphs and adult Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Tetranychus urticae (Koch) was evaluated. In addition, L(Ct)50 and L(Ct)99 of EF only and EF mixed with PH3 were analyzed at 5°C and 20°C. The synergistic ratio (SR) of L(Ct)50 and L(Ct)99 for the nymph and adult stages of M. persicae were >1.0, which indicated a synergistic effect between EF and PH3. However, the SR values of L(Ct)50 and L(Ct)99 of the nymph and adult stages of T. urticae were ≤1.0 indicating that there was no synergistic effect between the two fumigants against T. urticae. Our results showed that the reciprocal effect between EF and PH3 has different effects on M. persicae and T. urticae. This could be attributed to the biological and physical differences between the class Arachnida and Insecta. The synergistic effect between EF and PH3 against M. persicae within a shorter exposure period and without phytotoxicity on fruits and vegetables will significantly benefit the horticultural industry.

As competition among companies has intensified and the life cycle of products has been shortened, strong innovation is needed to meet consumers' needs. In addition, it is necessary to shorten the life cycle of the product and reduce the time required for technology development for the competitive advantage of the product. In particular, venture companies where new technologies and ideas are important require more innovative capabilities than others companies. Therefore, this study analyzed the impact of technology innovation capabilities (product development process capability, human resource capability and financial capability) on sales by technology development for small and medium venture companies and analyzed moderating effect of technology development period on the relationship between technology innovation capabilities and sales by technology development. The data of 'Small and Medium Business Technology Statistics' collected by the government every year were used for analysis. Technology-intensive ventures were extracted from this data. In addition, the moderating effect was analyzed through hierarchical regression analysis. This study shows that product planning capability, test capability, and R&D expenditure have a positive impact on sales by technology development. In this study, the product development period showed a positive moderating effect on product development capability and sales performance. On the other hand, the product development period showed a negative moderating effect on R&D expenditure and sales by technology development.

목적 : 본 연구는 정상 안압 녹내장(NTG) 환자에서 양안시 기능을 평가하고자 한다. 방법 : 대상자 총 64명 중 안과에 내원하여 전문의에게 정상 안압 녹내장 진단을 받은 환자 정상 안압 녹내장 41명과 정상안 26명을 대상으로 하였다. 시야검사, 안압검사, 망막신경섬유층 두께 측정을 시행하였으며, 양안 시 기능 평가를 위해 사위각, 폭주근점검사, 티티무스와 TNO 입체시 검사를 시행하였다. 검사결과는 SPSS 22.0을 이용하여 분석하였으며 양안시 스크리닝과 입체시 기능을 분석하기 위해 ROC 곡선을 이용하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 정상안압 녹내장군에서 망막신경섬유층 두께와 남아있는 시야가 감소하였다. 원근거리 폭주여력은 정상 안압 녹내장군에서 정상군보다 높게 나타났다. 티티무스 입체시는 정상안압 녹내장군에서 102.36±4.40"이며 정상군에서는 44.61±1.85"으로 나타났으며, TNO 입체시는 정상안압 녹내장군에서 231.97±30.96"이며 정상군에서는 89.42±12.02"으로 나타났다. ROC 곡선은 티티무스와 TNO 입체시 검사에서 각각 0.797과 0.807로 나타 났고, 민감도와 특이도는 티티무스 입체시 검사에서 각각 0.737, 0.731, TNO 입체시 검사에서는 각각 0.500, 0.115로 나타났다. 결론 : 티티무스 입체시검사는 정상 안압 녹내장 선별에 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

There is a growing interest in project management knowledge, project management information systems, and process improvement to systematically project execution in public sectors, achieve high performance and value, and increase the effectiveness of the overall industry. In particular, the software industry is a knowledge-intensive industry centered on professional manpower. This study examines the effect of the project managers' competences of regional SW promotion agencies on and project performance and the moderating effect of the level of project management maturity. We collected data using a questionnaire to the project managers of regional SW promotion agencies. In this study, a structural equation model was used to analyze the relationship between project managers’ competences and performance. In addition, a multi-group structural equation model was used to analyze the moderating effect according to the high and low project maturity. As a result of the analysis, it was found that only contextual competence among the competences of the project manager had a positive effect on project performance. It was found that technical and behavioral competence did not have a positive effect on management and completion performance. It was found that the moderating effect according to the maturity of business management of local institutions was not significant.

Barnyard millet is a short-lived tropical, short-term C4 plant and has superior vitality in humid conditions owing to its freshwater habitat. It shows strong adaptability to soils with poor drainage and low fertility, and efficiently competes with rice in paddy fields. Barnyard millet grain is used as feed in the Indian region and is a great source of dietary fiber, proteins, fats, vitamins, and some essential amino acids. Considering its high nutritional value and its potential as a food resource and fodder crop, various countries are showing interest in cultivating barnyard millet. However, in Korea, farm households have not yet recognized the benefits of cultivating barnyard millet, and research regarding this is scarce. In this review, the features of forage barnyard millet and its related research trends are discussed, with the aim of improving interest in this crop and promoting its cultivation.

Intercropping cereals with legumes is known to improve forage production and crude protein yield. Sorghum × sudangrass hybrids (SSH) have excellent dry matter content and high cultivation temperatures. In this study, we investigated the growth characteristics, forage productivity, and feed value of intercropping SSH with different legumes in rice paddy fields. We used five treatments in this study SSH monocropping and four intercropping treatments of SSH with, lablab, cowpea, sesbania, and two cultivars of soybean (Chookdu 1 and 2). SSH plant height was not significantly different between the monocropping and intercropping treatments. However, the plant heights of lablab, cowpea, and sesbania were significantly higher than those of the two soybean cultivars. The total dry matter yield (kg/ha) was significantly higher in SSH monocropping than in intercropping; among the intercropping treatments, the one with SSH and Chookdu 2 yielded the highest total dry matter yield. The SSH feed value was significantly different between the monocropping and intercropping treatments, although there were no differences between the intercropping treatments. Among the intercropped legumes, lablab showed the highest neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents, and cowpea had the highest crude protein content. These results reveal that intercropping SSH with legumes in paddy fields could be a promising cultivation technique to maintain stable forage productivity.

The development of IOT technology and artificial intelligence technology is promoting the smartization of manufacturing system. In this study, data extracted from acceleration sensor and current sensor were obtained through experiments in the cutting process of SKD11, which is widely used as a material for special mold steel, and the amount of tool wear and product surface roughness were measured. SVR (Support Vector Regression) is applied to predict the roughness of the product surface in real time using the obtained data. SVR, a machine learning technique, is widely used for linear and non-linear prediction using the concept of kernel. In particular, by applying GSVQR (Generalized Support Vector Quantile Regression), overestimation, underestimation, and neutral estimation of product surface roughness are performed and compared. Furthermore, surface roughness is predicted using the linear kernel and the RBF kernel. In terms of accuracy, the results of the RBF kernel are better than those of the linear kernel. Since it is difficult to predict the amount of tool wear in real time, the product surface roughness is predicted with acceleration and current data excluding the amount of tool wear. In terms of accuracy, the results of excluding the amount of tool wear were not significantly different from those including the amount of tool wear.

This study investigated the preventive effect of Dendropanax morbifera leaf extracts (DMLEs) drew out with water, 30, 50 and 70% ethanol against alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro and vivo. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dipenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed to assess cytotoxic activity of DMLEs, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranged between 1.11 and 2.08 mg/mL on Hep3B cells. In preventing ethanol-induced-hepatotoxicity on Hep3B cells, 30 and 50% ethanol DMLEs were significantly effective compared to the 5% ethanol treatment control. In addition, the 30% ethanol DMLE was orally provided to rats 30 min prior to the administration of ethanol (3 mL/kg body weight). At 1, 3 and 5 h after ethanol treatment, the plasma levels of ethanol and acetaldehyde were determined. The 30% ethanol DMLE effectively decreased the plasma ethanol levels during 5 h but increased the plasma acetaldehyde levels until 3 h and then significantly decreased at 5 h, as compared to the control. These results indicate that the 30% ethanol DMLE possesses a potent preventive effect against ethanol-induced liver toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats.

중국은 1979년 이후로 한자녀정책을 주요 정책으로 추진해왔고, 이로 인해 저출산 사회로 전환되었 다. 또한 발전된 보건과 의료기술로 노인들의 수명이 급격히 늘어나면서 중국의 고령화율 역시 급증하 였다. 이렇듯 수발이 필요한 고령인구는 급증하였으나, 현재 중국에는 이들을 돌볼 돌봄인력이나 인프 라가 턱없이 부족한 상태이다. 본 연구는 이러한 노인수발 문제를 해결하기 위한 제도적 해법으로 노인 장기요양보험에 주목한다. 본 연구는 중국 노인장기요양보험제도의 도입과정과 시범사업 등을 살펴본 후, 노인장기요양보험제도 도입의 선도국가인 한국으로부터 어떤 정책교훈을 얻을 수 있는지 살펴보았 다. 본 연구는 연구를 수행함에 있어 주로 문헌연구 분석을 사용하였다. 본 연구는 두 가지 의의를 갖는다. 첫째, 중국 노인장기요양보험제도의 시범사업을 개관함으로써 그 흐름은 물론 그에 관한 기초 자료를 제공하고 있다. 둘째, 중국의 노인수발 문제를 연구함에 있어 기존 연구들에서 찾아볼 수 없는 비교사회정책학적 접근법, 특히 동아시아 사회복지에 대한 비교연구를 수행하였다.

Several studies investigating the behavior and environmental distribution of rare earth elements (REEs) have been reviewed to determine the geochemical processes that may affect their concentrations and fractionation patterns in groundwater and whether these elements can be used as tracers for groundwater-rock interactions and groundwater flow paths in small catchments. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), equipped with an ultrasonic nebulizer and active-film multiplier detector, is routinely used as an analytical technique to measure REEs in groundwater, facilitating the analysis of dissolved REE geochemistry. This review focuses on the distribution of REEs in groundwater and their application as tracers for groundwater geochemistry. Our review of existing literature suggests that REEs in ice cores can be used as effective tracers for atmospheric particles, aiding the identification of source regions.

벗초파리기생벌인 A. japonica의 벗초파리 유충의 발육단계에 따른 기생특성과 기생당한 유충과 번데기에서 형태적인 차이를 조사하였다. 또한 A. japonica의 우화기간이 벗초파리 우화일수 보다 더 소요되는 것을 확인하였다. A. japonica는 벗초파리 유충에 효과적인 기생 및 살충 효과를 나타내었으며 벗초파리 방제를 위한 천적으로 활용이 가능할 것으로 보인다.

목적 : 안경광학과 대학생을 대상으로 일반적 특성과 전공만족도, 안경사 직업관을 조사하여 안경사 직업관에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하고자 하였다. 방법 : 충남지역 안경광학과 대학생 196명을 대상으로 일반적 특성(11)과 전문적 자아 개념(5), 사회적 인식 (5), 안경사의 전문성(5)의 총 26개 문항을 온라인 설문 조사하였다. 분석방법은 SPSS 18.0 통계프로그램을 사용하였으며 통계적으로 유의수준은 p<0.050 기준으로 하였다. 결과 : 전문적 자아 개념에는 전공 만족도(β =0.36, p<0.001)와 연령(β =-0.20, p=0.002)이 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 사회적 인식에는 전공 만족도(β =0.33, p<0.001)와 연령(β =-0.31, p<0.001)이 유의 한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 안경사의 전문성에는 전공 만족도(β =0.33, p<0.001)가 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 안경광학과 학생들이 생각하는 안경사의 전문적 자아개념, 사회적인식, 전문성에 대한 전공만족도와의 상관관계가 유의하였다. 이는 재학생들의 전공 만족도가 높을수록 직업적 인식이 높다는 것을 나타내는 연구결과로 안경광학과 학생들의 진로 지도를 위한 기초자료로 활용 되어질 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor (dmrt) play crucial roles in sex determination and sex differentiation in vertebrates and invertebrates. Although dmrt genes have been identified in vertebrates, little is known about aquatic invertebrates. In this study, two dmrt genes, namely, Dc_dmrt93B and Dc_dmrt99B, were identified from brackish water flea, Diaphanosoma celebensis. Transcriptional changes were observed in the dmrt genes when the flea was exposed to bisphenol (BP), an endocrine disruptor. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that both dmrt genes contained two conserved domains, namely, DM and DMA, closely clustered with those of Daphnia spp. Additionally, a significant increase in the Dc_dmrt99B mRNA expression level was observed upon exposure to intermediate concentrations of BP (bisphenol A>bisphenol S=bisphenol F, p<0.05), while the expression of Dc_dmrt93B mRNA was slightly modulated. These findings imply that the two dmrt genes may be involved in sex differentiation of D. celebensis. Furthermore, it was found that the ability of BP to modulate dmrt genes could affect development and reproduction. This study provides a basis for understanding the function of the dmrt genes and the molecular mode of action of BP in small crustaceans.

The present study evaluated the influence of rumen inocula of different breeds on in vitro fermentation with forage and concentrate substrates. An in vitro was conducted under a 2×2 factorial arrangement with two breeds (Jersey and Holstein steers) and two feed substrates (forage and concentrate) as factors. Three Jersey and 3 Holstein steers were used for the source of in vitro inocula. Metataxonomic analysis of donor rumen fluids showed that Firmicutes was more abundant in Jersey, while Bacteroidetes in Holstein steers. In vitro ㏗ was lower in the fermented inocula of Jersey steers and in the concentrate substrate (p<0.05). After 24h, higher gas production, dry matter, and neutral detergent fiber degradability, and total volatile fatty acids concentration were noted in concentrate substrate (p<0.05). After 24h, inocula of Jersey steers had higher methane and ammonia-nitrogen (p<0.05). After 24h, fermented inocula of Holstein steers produced higher propionate (p<0.05). Conversely, in vitro butyrate production was higher in the fermented inocula from Jersey steers (p=0.072) and in those with concentrate substrate (p<0.05). After 24h, the total bacterial population (log10 c opies) was h igher in t he fermented inocula received from Jersey steers and in the concentrate substrate whereas, Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens population were higher (p<0.05) only in the concentrate substrate. Overall results suggest that rumen inocula of different donors influence in vitro fermentation either with forage or concentrate substrates.

Meta-heuristic algorithms have been developed to efficiently solve difficult problems and obtain a global optimal solution. A common feature mimics phenomenon occurring in nature and reliably improves the solution through repetition. And at the same time, the probability is used to deviate from the regional optimal solution and approach the global optimal solution. This study compares the algorithm created based on the above common points with existed SA and HS to show advantages in time and accuracy of results. Existing algorithms have problems of low accuracy, high memory, long runtime, and ignorance. In a two-variable polynomial, the existing algorithms show that the memory increases and the accuracy decrease. In order to improve the accuracy, the new algorithm increases the number of initial inputs and increases the efficiency of the search by introducing a direction using vectors. And, in order to solve the optimization problem, the results of the last experiment were learned to show the learning effect in the next experiment. The new algorithm found a solution in a short time under the experimental conditions of long iteration counts using a two-variable polynomial and showed high accuracy. And, it shows that the learning effect is effective in repeated experiments.

Due to increasing awareness on the treatment of end-of-use/life products, disassembly has been a fast-growing research area of interest for many researchers over recent decades. This paper introduces a novel lot-sizing problem that has not been studied in the literature, which is the service-parts lot-sizing with disassembly option. The disassembly option implies that the demands of service parts can be fulfilled by newly manufactured parts, but also by disassembled parts. The disassembled parts are the ones recovered after the disassembly of end-of-use/life products. The objective of the considered problem is to maximize the total profit, i.e., the revenue of selling the service parts minus the total cost of the fixed setup, production, disassembly, inventory holding, and disposal over a planning horizon. This paper proves that the single-period version of the considered problem is NP-hard and suggests a heuristic by combining a simulated annealing algorithm and a linear-programming relaxation. Computational experiment results show that the heuristic generates near-optimal solutions within reasonable computation time, which implies that the heuristic is a viable optimization tool for the service parts inventory management. In addition, sensitivity analyses indicate that deciding an appropriate price of disassembled parts and an appropriate collection amount of EOLs are very important for sustainable service parts systems.