This study was carried out to elucidate the distribution of vascular plants and their usefulness of Mt. Cheongnyangsan (870 m) in Gyeongsangbuk-do. The vascular plants that were collected 16 times 2006 and 2014 consisted a total of 614 taxa; 97 families, 330 genera, 541 species, 3 subspecies, 61 varieties and 9 forms. For the Korean endemic plants, 21 taxa were recorded and 8 taxa of Vulnerable Species (VU) and 5 taxa of Least Concerned species (LC) categorized by the Korean Forest Service as rare plants were investigated in this region. Furthermore, Ⅴ, Ⅳ, Ⅲ degrees of floristic regional indicator plants designated by the Korean Ministry of Environment included 2 taxa, 10 taxa and 18 taxa, respectively. Moreover, four species of distributional interesting plants, Aconitum austro-koreense Koidz., Allium spirale Willd., Dipsacus japonicus Miq. and Pinellia tripartita (Blume) Schott, in Mt. Cheongnyangsan were discovered by this study. Among them, edible, pasturing, medicinal, ornamental, timber, dye, fiber and unknown usefulness plants included 234 taxa, 213 taxa, 174 taxa, 62 taxa, 16 taxa, 12 taxa, 11 taxa and 167 taxa, respectively. In addition, 32 taxa of naturalized plants were observed.

Flood disaster generates large amounts of flood wastes and it is rarely well-treated due to the heavy amount of wastes.Therefore the prediction of flood waste generation and making a plan for appropriate treatment have been required.Targeting for Seoul city, we investigated the history of flood disasters and the number of flooded buildings, and conductedregression analysis between the number of flooded buildings and rainfall data. As a result, daily average rainfall andmaximum daily rainfall showed better correlations with the number of flooded buildings than total rainfall data. As aresult of verification on the official unit of flood waste generation, 1.35ton/flooded building, it was reliable data for totalSeoul city, but not for regional units (gu). Finally, using regression equation and the official unit of flood waste generation,we suggested the method to predict flood waste generation by rainfall. For more reliable prediction, it is necessary toaccumulate more regional data about the number of flooded buildings, building types, and topographic conditions dueto a wide regional deviation.

항산화 활성과 미백활성을 갖는 새로운 화장품 소재를 찾기 위하여 한방 소재로 사용되는 빈랑자[Areca semen (A. semen)]를 유기용매 추출을 통하여 활성분획을 분리하였다. 추출된 활성 분획을 이용하여 항산화 활성, 피부 상재균에 대한 항균 활성, 세포독성 및 세포 내 멜라닌 합성 저해능 및 멜라닌 합성에 관여하는 유전자의 저해 활성을 확인함으로써 미백 화장품 소재로서의 가능성을 확인하였다. 빈랑자는 에틸아세테이트 용매의 분획을 동결 건조하여 분말형태로 제조하였으며 이를 이후 실험에 사용하였다. 빈랑자 추출물에서 페놀성 물질은 301.35 ± 0.88 µg/mg으로 측정되었다. 항산화 효과는 DPPH assay와 FRAP assay를 이용하여 측정하였으며, 대조군으로 사용된 ascorbic acid와 비슷하게 측정되었다. 피부상재균에 대한 항균활성은 Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis)에서 모두 80 µg/mL의 농도에서 항균활성을 갖는 것으로 나타났으며 Escherichia coli (E. coli)에서는 항균활성을 나타내지 않았다. 미백소재로서의 활성을 확인하여 B16/F1 mouse melanoma cell을 이용하였으며 최대 처리농도인 80 µg/mL 에서는 독성을 나타내지 않았다. 또한 세포 내 멜라닌 합성 저해능은 80 µg/mL에서 29.44 ± 0.71%로 측정되었다. 또한 멜라닌 합성에 관여하는 유전자의 발현량은 mRNA expression assay를 통하여 확인하였으며, 그 결과 tyrosinase와 MITF 유전자는 농도 의존적으로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 따라서 이러한 결과를 통하여 빈랑자의 에틸아세테이트 분획은 항산화와 미백효과를 나타내는 것으로 확인되었으며 화장품 소재로서의 사용 가능성을 확인하였다.

Although the scope of Official Development Assistance(ODA) projects has been expanded to the energy and environmental sectors, many Green ODA projects have experienced difficulties in sustainable operation because of insufficient consideration on the real status of recipient countries. Selecting technology to apply is the first step on the ODA process, however, there has been lack of study on evaluation indicators, especially for waste-to-energy. Therefore, we have explored the evaluation indicators for waste-to-energy technologies selection based on the case of Phnom Penh capital city in Cambodia. The study was performed through literatures review, field trips, and interviewing local officials and experts. Finally, we have suggested following indicators: secure of raw materials (waste price, collection, waste quality), sustainable operation (construction and operation cost, land use, management ability), and market condition (prices of substitutes, demanders, required quality of products).

Anaerobic digestion is getting attention by its ability to degrade organic materials and produce energy at the same time.Even though most full-scale anaerobic digesters are operated as continuously fed reactors, laboratory-scale tests for designparameters would be conducted using batch or semi-batch reactors. The objective of this study was to investigate theeffect of different feeding patterns with an identical organic loading rate on the performance of laboratory-scale batchanaerobic digestion reactors. Laminaria japonica was applied as a substrate with 1.5g-VS/L.day of loading rate. Threedifferent types of feeding periods, i.e, 12, 24, and 48 hours, were applied. The reactors were operated at HRT 26.7 days,35±1oC mesophilic anaerobic condition. The methane production rates were 165.10±16.92, 120.74±40.25, and57.81±20.06mLCH4/gVS for feeding periods of 12, 24, and 48hours, respectively. Reactors fed more frequentlyproduced more methane gas and the coefficient of variation was lower. As substrate feeding period increased,concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) increased and pH decreased. Finally, the reactor with 48 hours of feedingperiod was failed after 22 days of operation. Consequently, it was shown that feeding pattern may significantly affectperformances of laboratory-scale batch anaerobic digestion reactors and the results from laboratory tests may mislead thedesign of full-scale digesters.

Seaweeds are received high attending as one of new and renewable energy sources. In this study, the effects of organic loading rate (OLR) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) on anaerobic digestion with Laminaria japonica were investigated using labrotory-scale semi-continuous stirred type reactors. The results demonstrated that anaerobic digestion of Laminaria japonica performed stably with OLRs in the range of 1.00 ~ 1.50 g-VS/L⋅d and HRTs in the range of 27 ~ 40 days. The maximum methane production obtained was 251.33 mL-CH4/L⋅d, which was achieved for an OLR of 1.50 g-VS/L⋅d and a HRT of 27 days. However, an OLR of 1.75 g-VS/L⋅d and a HRT of 23 days brought about a decrease in the pH and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) accumulation, causing the destabilization of the reactor and process failure. The reactors operated at a constant influent substrate concentration, i.e., 40 g-VS/L, thus OLR and HRT could not be treated separately and independently. According to the limited results of this study, it seems that the suitable OLR of anaerobic digestion of Laminaria japonica was lower than 1.50 g-VS/L⋅d and suitable HRT was higher than 27 days.

Genome sequencing researches for considerable numbers of crops and wild plants are being developed. Cytogenetic researches according to chromosome number and size are essential to confirm and comprehend ploidy level and genome size before genome sequencing project is actually conducted. Cytogenetic researches on six food crop plants were carried out by DAPI staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method. Fagopyrum esculentum Moench showed 2n=2x=16, each chromosome length of 1.42㎛ to 1.77㎛, total chromosome length of 13.31㎛, and karyotypic formula of 2n=8m; Phaseolus angularis W.F. Wight, 2n=2x=22, 2.01㎛ to 3.84㎛, total 28.03㎛, 2n=9m+2sm, Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara, 2n=2x=40, 1.73㎛ to 2.76㎛, total 44.36㎛, 2n=5m+13sm+2st. Chromosome sizes of the other three species such as, Panicum miliaceum L., 2n=2x=36, total chromosome length of 30.83㎛, Sesamum indicum L., 2n=2x=26, 27.39㎛, lpomoea batatas L., 2n=2x=30, total 33.51㎛ were too small for each chromosome type to be identified and analyzed. The result of FISH analysis using 5S and 45S rDNA probe showed species-specific chromosome locations in the genome. These preliminary analyses were carried out to decide which food crop to prioritize for genome sequencing. This work was supported by the “Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (No.PJ009837), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

According to the change of waste management policy, the focus of product-oriented environmental management has been moved from follow-up management to advanced prevention since early 2000s. For achieving advanced prevention, assessment models to evaluate environmental performance of goods need to be established which can be used at design and manufacture stage for analyzing expected environmental loads and promoting recycling of resources. In this study resource recyclability assessment model for non-energy goods was developed. The model mainly consists of assessment items and instructions of each item. Assessment items are composed of 6 common items and 1 individual item for each group of target goods.

최근의 기후변화로 인한 국지성 호우의 증가로 도시유역의 내수침수피해가 증가하고 있다. 도시 내수침수에 큰 영향을 미치는 시간당 강우량이 증가하였으며, 도시화 및 산업화로 인한 불투수 지역의 증가로 인해 하천으로 유입되는 첨두유량의 증가, 도달시간의 감소 등의 수문학적 특성이 나타나게 되었다. 이로 인해 도시지역의 홍수에 대한 방어능력이 취약하게 되었으며 매년 호우로 인한 도시내수 침수 피해가 발생하고 있는 실정이다. 최근 침수피해가 발생한 광화문, 강남역, 사당역 일대 등은 불투수 지역의 비율이 80% 이상이므로 강우 발생시 빗물이 지하로 침투되지 못하며, 우수관거의 노후화로 인한 용량부족으로 인한 침수가 발생되는 것으로 판단된다. 대도시의 경우 대부분의 우수관거가 오래전에 매설되어 최근 발생하는 강우에 대한 대처능력이 떨어지므로 앞으로도 침수피해가 또다시 발생할 수 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 도시유역의 내수침수예측을 위해 현재 실무에서 가장 많이 사용되는 도시유출모형인 XP-SWMM을 이용하여 서울시 강남역, 목동 빗불펌프장 배수분구를 대상지역으로 선정하여 방재성능목표강우량을 입력강우로 적용하여 강우-유출분석을 실시하였으며, 침수피해가 발생하는 지역의 우수관거 용량 검토를 실시하였다.

Leachate generation is an inevitable consequence of waste disposal in landfills. Numerous mathematical modelshave been developed to simulate leachate occurrence and behavior. However, these models have been successful toa limited extent because of uncertainties associated with biological, chemical, and physical processes in landfills. Inorder to predict the generation of leachate in closed landfills, correlation analysis was conducted based on precipitationin this paper. Regression analysis for deriving the correlation between precipitation and leachate generation rate wasperformed in a closed landfill. As a result, we found that the amount of leachate which is generated regardless ofprecipitation should be considered as well as the percolation of precipitation. Also, it was possible to make an fairlyaccurate prediction of leachate generation only using precipitation data in this paper. It is suggested that the amountof leachate generation is 4~8% of monthly precipitation and about 25,000m3/month of base generation regardlessof precipitation. However, the predicted values of leachate generation for the high precipitation seasons were not closeto those observed.

Needs for more accurate greenhouse gas (GHG) emission estimation are increasing to prepare for post-Kyoto protocol and emission trading starting from 2015 in Korea. Although GHG emission from landfill is relatively low, uncertainty of methane emissions from landfill is very high compared to the other sectors. Moreover, accurate estimation is needed to design landfill gas collection system and energy generation plant. In this paper, we investigated development methodologies of parameters comprising methane generation potential (L0) which is one of key parameters in methane emission estimation models. DOC included four steps including analysis of waste component, water content, organic carbon content, fossil carbon content. Instead of analysis of organic carbon content and fossil carbon content, biochemical analysis, measuring content of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, is used in MELMod, landfill gas generation model in UK. Methodologies to develop DOCF has several methods including batch test, lysimeter test and test cell. They had difference in scale and similarity to landfill, but it is hard to consider the best method at the present stage. Preceding research on MCF is little. Lysimeter test and test cell can be the candidate to develop MCF, because of flexibility on test condition to characterize the structure of landfill sites. F is defined as fraction of methane in landfill gas. But by carbon flow and mass balance, F should represent fraction of methane in biogas generated by anaerobic decomposition. In this definition, F can be derived by same methods to that of DOCF.

The recovery potential of rare earth elements (REE) in coal ash was evaluated in this study. The previous researches were reviewed, and the physicochemical analysis of coal ash collected from a thermal power plant in Korea was conducted. According to the results of particle-size distribution, fly ash could be classificed as a fine-grained soil by unified soil classification system, and showed a uniform particle size distribution. The particle size of bottom ash was a coarse grained soil and the particle-size distribution was well graded compared to that of fly ash. However, there was no significant difference in the physicochemical composition between both the ashs and particle-size. Although REE was not found in the coal ash specimens used in this study, various valuable metallic compounds were observed. The silicate compounds showed the highest contents being 50% (by wt.), followed by 20 and 10% in aluminum oxide and iron hydroxide. There were also the trace elements in oxide forms (e. g., Ca, Mg, K). Unlike previous researches there are no REE detected in the coal ash specimens used in this study. The composition of ash depends on the coal used in the power plant and the detection limits of analytic instruments may be critical.

Understanding the host defense mechanisms in response to brown leaf spot disease caused by Cochliobolus miyabeanus is very important for production of resistant plant. In this study, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) in conjunction with mass spectrometry was utilized to unravel changes of stress inducible proteins in rice leaves infected with C. miyabeanus. For this purpose, we firstly observed disease developmental process of C. miyabeanus in rice using trypan blue, anilin blue, acid fuchsin staining, and DAB staining for ROS detection and expressional abundance of ROS related proteins in rice leaves inoculated was confirmed by Western blotting. Proteins were extracted by PEG fractionation and their expression patterns were analyzed by 2-DGE and subjected to image analysis using the ImageMaster 6.0 2D Platinum software, resulting in the identification of 86 differentially expressed protein spots with significantly changes (p<0.05) compared with control. MALDI-TOFTOF-MS analysis revealed that 69 proteins including 42 and 27 significantly up- and down-regulated proteins, respectively, were identified. Based on gene ontology analysis, identified proteins were classified according to their functional groups: metabolism (20%), oxygen-detoxifying (13%), protein stress/defense (24%). Thus, these results for the first time suggest that differentially induced proteins may play a key role for understanding host defense mechanisms during rice -C. miyabeanus interaction.

The rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) is one of the most serious diseases of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) in most rice-growing regions of the world. In order to investigate early responsible genes in rice in response to M. oryzae, we analyzed transcriptomics analysis using 300 K tilling microarray chip. The quality of RNA samples was initially validated by 4 defense related genes and phytoalexins measurement using RT-PCR and HPLC, respectively, which are well known defense markers. We determined that accumulation of 608 genes showed statistically significant changes in the level of transcription (>2 fold change, P<0.05). Among them, 261 genes were more up-regulated in incompatible interaction than that of compatible one. We further analyzed GO enrichment analysis of the 41 and 231 which were 2 fold up-regulated genes at 12h and 48h in incompatible interaction, respectively, using Rice Oligo nucleotide Array Database (http://ricearray.org). Furthermore, MapMan analysis (http://mapman.gabipd.org/) revealed that 21 and 85 genes including 18 receptor-like genes which were more induced in incompatible interaction compared to compatible interaction were found to be involved in biotic stress. Thus, this study suggests that early inducible genes including receptor-like protein kinases in incompatible interaction may play a key role in disease resistance against M. oryzae attacks.

Here, we first demonstrate that identification of rice brown spot disease fungus (Cochliobolus miyabeanus, C. miyabeanus) proteins is possible in infected tissues using in planta apoplastic proteome with non-destructive tissues. In planta apoplastic proteins from rice leaves inoculated with C. miyabeanus, CM2 (compatible race), were isolated by vacuum infiltration with CaCl2/Na-acetateextractionbuffer, separated by SDS-PAGE, and identified by MudPIT. Of the 529 proteins that were identified by MudPIT, a large proportion (490) was from the rice. Numerous carbohydrate metabolic process (48), oxidation and reduction (44), response to oxidative stress (20%) were identified and confirmed their expression at RNA levels using microarray. Bioinformatic analysis showed that 176 and 39 of these proteins have a signal peptide in rice and rice brown spot fungus, respectively, using Signal P. The large proportion of proteins interestingly identified from the in planta apoplast were involved inprotease, hydrophobin, and host cell wall hydrolysis (Xylanase, beta-glucosidase) derived from pathogen. Thus, we suggest that in planta rice apoplastic secretome will be an important clue to understand the rice-rice brown spot fungus interactions.