고연소도 경수로사용후핵연료를 이용하여 voloxidation 및 소결 열처리 공정으로부터 세슘의 시간에 따른 방출 거동을 실험적으로 평가하였다. 사용후핵연료 voloxidation 공정에서는 fragment 형태의 시편을 사용하여 최대 의 산화 및 환원 분위기에 따른 세슘 방출 거동을 상호 비교하였으며, 소결 공정에서는 압분체를 이용하여 4% H2/Ar 환원분위기 에서 열처리 온도 변화에 따른 세슘방출 특성 변화를 분석하였다. 산화 분위기에서 fragment 형태의 사용후핵연료로부터 세슘 방출 온도 구간은 였으며, 환원 분위기에서 압분체로부터 방출 온도 구간은 로서, 산화에 의한 사용후핵 연료의 분말화가 세슘 방출 거동에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 아울러 사용후핵 연료로부터 세슘 방출 거동에 영향을 미치는 주요 인자는 사용후핵 연료내 세슘 화합물의 화학적 형태뿐만 아니라 결정립 및 핵연료 표면으로의 확산 속도에 지배를 받음을 알 수 있었다.

사용후핵연료의 건식 재가공을 위한 핵연료 원격 제조공정중 분말제조를 위한 산화 및 OREOX(산화 환원공정)열처리 공정으로부터 및 핵분열기체의 방출거동을 정량적으로 평가하였다. 특히 사용후핵연료의 평균 연소도가 범위내에서 연소도 변화에 따른 핵분열기체의 방출 분율은 측정한 실험결과와 ORIGEN 코드로부터 계산된 초기 inventory를 상호 비교하여 구하였다. 1차 산화공정(voloxidation)에서 및 의 시간에 따른 방출거동은 핵연료의 으로의 분말화 정도와 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 보이며, 입계(grain-boundary)에 분포된 핵분열기체가 대부분 방출되는 것으로 여겨진다. 산화분말을 이용한 OREOX 공정으로부터 핵분열기체의 높은 방출율은 의 환원공정에서 온도 증가에 의한 기체 확산 및 으로의 환원에 의한 U 원자 이동성 증가에 의존하며 주로 inter-grain 및 intra-grain에 분포된 핵분열기체가 방출된 것으로 판단된다. 일차 산화공정시 및 핵분열기체의 방출 분율은 핵 연료 연소도가 증가함에 따라 높게 나타났고 방출 분율 범위는 총 inventory의 정도며, 산화분말의 OREOX 공정처리시 잔류 핵분열기체 대부분이 방출되는 것으로 보인다. 아울러 사용후핵 연료로부터 핵분열기체의 제거를 위해서는 고온 환원분위기보다는 산화에 의한 분말화가 더 효과적인 것으로 여겨진다.

Background : This experiment was carried out to investigate the occurrence of disease and pest and the yield depending on cultivation methods in Cynanchum wilfordii. Methods and Results : There were damages by anthracnose, aphid, mite, thrips, Gastrophysa atrocyanea, Tropidothorax cruciger and Metcalfa pruinosa. In the case of anthracnose, the number of damaged leaf in the untreated control plot per counting area (67.5 ㎡) was 8.6 times higher than that of chemical treated plot. As a result of investigation of shoot damage and leaf juice damage by Tropidothorax cruciger, which made the most obvious damage symptom, showed the significantly lower degree of damage in the treatments of insecticides (abamectin, suloxac flour liquid wettable powder). In addition to the pest damage, the yield of roots was investigated. As a result, it was found that the yields were 3.8 ㎏, 2.6 ㎏, 1.7 ㎏ and 1.4 ㎏ per 8.5 ㎡ respectively in vine scheme cultivation with chemical control, vine scheme cultivation with non-chemical control, non-vine scheme cultivation with chemical control and non-vine scheme cultivation with non-chemical control. Conclusion : The yield per 1,000 ㎡ was 449 ㎏, which was 1.9 times higher than the national average of three years in vine scheme cultivation with chemical control.

Background : This study aimed to determine the use of proper organic fertilizer through side dressing application in the environmental cultivation of Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara. to improve farming income. Methods and Results : In the cultivation of eco-friendly and environmental medicinal plant like Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara., it is necessary to use organic instead of chemical fertilizer. Organic fertilizers such as HL, CK, OK were applied three (3) times during the last ten days of July, August, and September. There was no significant difference between CF and NT, in terms of the number of rooting per 1㎡ which was 12.1 -12.9. There were also no significant differences in plant length, leaf length, leaf width and dry weight. The root length was 19.9 ㎝, which was the longest in CK, and 16.8 ㎝, the shortest in ST, but described as no significant difference. The root width was 14.8 – 5.5 ㎜, and the number of rootlet was 5.7 - 7.1, but was considered not a significant difference. The dry weight was 16.6 g in HL, 16.3 g in CK and ST, and 15.6 g in OK, but still there were no significant differences observed. However, it was 14.6 g in NT, which was considered the lowest, thus there was a significant difference. The number of dry root per 10 a was 149 ㎏ which is considered the most in HL, 141 ㎏ in CK, 140 ㎏ in ST, and 138kg in OK yet there were no significant differences observed. While NT only had 123 ㎏ hence, there was a significant difference on the number of dry root per 10a as compared with the group applied with the three organic fertilizers. Conclusion : In conclusion, it is proper to use Organic Fertilizer HL and CK through side dressing application in growing Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara.

Background : This project was conducted to determine proper seed harvest time and seed storage methods of Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara. Methods and Results : When Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara. transplanted this year, seeding can only be done the following year. Therefore, the seeds harvested in the interval of ten (10) days were investigated for seed harvest amount, germination rate, seed storage temperature and storing on container, between the period late August and mid-October. It is when the seed fructification started and ended. The seeds harvested from the first ten (10) days of October to mid October were 87.9% in whole seeds. The proper seed harvesting time was mid October which has a germination rate of 75% in whole seed harvest time. The lowest germination rate of 27.3% was at the germination temperature of 15℃. As the temperature rises, the germination rate increases. In 29℃, the germination rate was at 79% which is the highest; and from 30℃, the germination rate decreased to 71%. When the storage temperature was at 0℃ after storage of 5 months, the germination rate was at 83%. However, after storage of 12 months, it decreased by 7% that was 76%. When in 4℃, after storage of 5 months the germination rate was at 85%. However, after storage of 12 months it decreased by 8% which was 77%. In room temperature after storage of 5 months, germination rate was at 77%, but after storage of 12 months it decreased by 22% which was 55%. When seeds were stored in vinyl container, it was observed that the germination rate was at 86% after 5 months of storage, which was 9% higher than seed stored in paper which was 77%. After 12 months storage, seed in vinyl container had a germination rate of 71%, which was 3% higher than seed in paper at 68%. Conclusion : It is concluded that the proper time of seed gathering of Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara. is during the first ten (10) days of October to mid-October. When the long time storage is needed, below zero temperature with vinyl container is more appropriate.

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the amino acid content and physicochemical properties of Cheonggukjang prepared by using various soybean cultivars (Daewon, Deapung, Seadanbeak, and Taekwang) and a functional microorganism (Bacillus subtilis HJ18-9). These soybeans were conventional Cheonggukjang (control) and Cheonggukjang fermented with Bacillus subtilis HJ18-9 (treated). The moisture contents of steamed, control, and treated soybean were 62.45~67.12%, 63.28~67.14%, and 64.50~66.87%; amino-type nitrogen contents were 6.53~24.25 mg%, 27.63~122.09 mg%, and 37.29~133.48 mg%; and ammonia-type nitrogen contents were 26.92~47.95 mg%, 45.45~156.36 mg%, and 28.02~121.13 mg%, respectively. The umami taste associated with several amino acids (aspartic acid　and glutamic acid) in Cheonggukjang was lower than that for steamed soybeans, while the bitter taste from amino acids (methionine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, and phenylalanine) was higher than that for steamed soybeans. The result of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis showed that the molecular weight of steamed soybeans was less than 100 kDa, while control and treated groups showed low molecular weights below 34 kDa, confirming their protein hydrolysis to small molecular weight. These results are information for developing functional fermented soybean paste and diversification using soybean cultivars.

Background : In previous studies, adlay seeds showed a prevalence of diversified fungal flora with the predominant fungal genera being Fusarium (45.6%) and In vitro test showed that fungal toxins like Fumonisin and Zearalenone were produced by Fusarium fujikuroi, F. asiaticum and F. graminearum. Because of this we performed experiments to selecting disinfective chemicals for controlling the Fusarium contamination in the adlay seed. Methods and Results : We carried out the chemical efficacy test such as seed disinfectants selection test appling before planting and pesticides selection test using in the earing season. In the present study, eleven different commercially available seed disinfectant were applied to the adlay seeds. Among 11 seed disinfectants, Hexaconazole+Prochloraz emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and Prochloraz emulsifiable concentrate (EC) had control value of 80% or above against Fusarium species tested. In the pesticides selection test, seven different commercially available pesticides for Fusarium blight (Scab) control were applied and we observed that Metconazole suspension concentrate(SC) strongly inhibited the mycelial growth of 10 Fusarium species all. Conclusion : From the above results, we selected Hexaconazole+Prochloraz EC and Prochloraz EC as a seed disinfectants and Metconazole SC as a pesticide using in the earing season for Scab control.

Background : This experiment was conducted to select GAP applying seed disinfectants in Astragalus membranaceus and Platycodon grandiflorum. Methods and Results : We carried out the chemical efficacy and injury test. For the efficacy test, we investigated fungal detection rate by seed disinfectants and for the chemical injury, we investigated germination rate and emergence rate by seed disinfectants in reference amount and fold amount. These experiments carried out two times. The results obtained are as follows. In the experiment for seed disinfectants selection of Astragalus membranaceus, all tested chemicals such as Tebuconazole emulsifiable concentrate(EC), Thiophanate-methyl + Triflumizole wettable powder(WP), Prochloraz copper chloride complex+Tebuconazole suspension concentrate(SC), Prochloraz emulsifiable concentrate(EC), Fludioxonil wetting liquid(WL) and Hexaconazol+Prochloraz emulsifiable concentrate(EC) had control value of 80% or above against seed contaminated fungi. However two chemicals such as Tebuconazole EC and Prochloraz copper chloride complex+Tebuconazole SC and two chemicals such as Prochloraz EC and Hexaconazol+Prochloraz EC exhibited chemical injury significantly in reference amount and in fold amount respectively, compared to non treated control. In the case of seed disinfectants selection of Platycodon grandiflorum, Prochloraz copper chloride complex+Tebuconazole SC, Prochloraz EC and Hexaconazol+Prochloraz EC had control value of above 80% against seed contaminated fungi except Thiophanate-methyl+Triflumizole WP and Fludioxonil WL. However Hexaconazol+Prochloraz EC and Prochloraz copper chloride complex+Tebuconazole SC exhibited chemical injury significantly in reference amount and in fold amount respectively, compared to non treated control. Conclusion : From the above results, we finally selected three items of seed disinfectants including Thiophanate-methyl+Triflumizole WP and Fludioxonil WL in Astragalus membranaceus and Prochloraz emulsion in Platycodon grandiflorum.

Background : Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara. is one of the important oriental medicinal herbs being used to cure lung/respiratory diseases. It belongs to the five Sam (ginseng) including Panax ginseng, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Sophora flavescens, and Scrophularia buergeriana. In 2015, Korea produced 72 tons of medicinal herbs in a 14-hectare area and imported 24 tons valued at US$95,000. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of several biopesticides to control leaf spot of A. triphylla var. japonica Hara. Methods and Results : One year plants at the Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA were used. The treatments used biopesticides such as plant extracts (BP), microbial agent (DM), microbial agent (PJ), sulfur powder (HS), and controlled chemicals (ST), while non treatment (NT) was used as control. After the early part of disease outbreak, the plants were treated four times with 7 days interval. The incidence of leaf spot, efficacy, phytotoxicity and control value were investigated. Based on the efficacy test, incidence of leaf spot is lowest at 15.6% in plant extracts (BP). Other biopesticides showed higher incidence - 16.7% for microbial agent (DM), 17.8% for microbial agent (PJ), 18.9% for sulfur powder (HS) and 71.1% for non treatment (NT), compared with 11.1% in controlled chemicals (ST). The microbial agent (PJ), sulfur powder (HS), plant extracts (BP) and microbial agent (DM) were not damaged in the phytotoxicity test. In the test of application dose, time and methods, the control value was highest in plant extracts (BP) at 78.1%, followed by microbial agent (DM) at 76.6%, microbial agent (PJ) at 75.0%, and sulfur powder (HS) at 73.4% , compared with controlled chemicals (ST) at 84.4%. Conclusion : It is possible to use biopesticides at the proper time to prevent leaf spot in Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara.

Background : Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara. is used to cure respiratory/ lung diseases, which makes it an important oriental medicinal herb. It is one of the five Sam (ginseng), which includes Panax ginseng, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Sophora flavescens, and Scrophularia buergeriana. In 2015, Korea imported 24 tons of medicinal herbs worth US$95,000. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of several mulching materials on the growth and root yield of A. triphylla var. japonica using organic fertilizer. Methods and Result : Seeds of A. triphylla var. japonica were collected at the nursery of the Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA in 2015. Mulching materials used are black plastic, black woven fabric, and biodegradable plastic. Hand weeding was done to serve as control. The soil was fertilized two months before planting. Seeds of A. triphylla var. japonica were sowed in tray in early March and were allowed to grow for two months. It was planted in early May with planting density of 30 ㎝ x 15 ㎝ and was covered with various mulching materials. Parameters investigated are survival rate, aerial part and root growth characteristics, and yield at harvest time. Results showed that biodegradable plastic is most favorable for plant growth with height of 17.2cm, leaf length of 13.4cm and leaf width of 5.6 ㎝. Dry plant weight was heaviest in biodegradable plastic treatment at 2.8 g, and lightest at 2.5 g when planted without mulch. Biodegradable plastic has the highest dry root weight of 19.3 g, followed by black vinyl (18.4 g), woven fabric (18.3 g) and without mulch (17.9 g). The yield obtained per 10 a was highest in biodegradable plastic treatment at 174 ㎏, while black vinyl and woven fabric treatments produced 169 ㎏ and 160 ㎏, respectively. Plants without mulch had the lowest yield of 157 ㎏. Conclusion : In the above results, biodegradable plastic and woven fabric are considered suitable mulching materials for the cultivation of A. triphylla var. japonica.

Background : Cirsium japonicum seeds is the high price, less than 40% germination rate is low. There is a need for a method developed to increase seed germination rate increases consumption. Also, by measuring the harvest season each functional ingredients contents was performed to investigate the optimal timing harvest of ingredients that target. Methods and Results : Test materials were used Cirsium japonicum seeds harvested from late May until mid-June in medicinal testing ground. GA3(0, 25, 50, 100 ppm), Kinetin(0, 25, 50, 100 ppm) and KNO3(0, 25, 50, 100 ppm) of Growth regulator were treated, it examined the population grew more than 1 ㎜. Contents of functional components to harvest season analyzed by HPLC after pre-treatment harvested and drying the leaves and roots in late august until early November. Germination rate of the growth regulator treatment was higher by 52% from the full ripening brown seeds GA3 100 ppm, 56% in the Kinetin 50 ppm, KNO3 treatment in 52% germination in 25 mM. The white seed germination rate was low at less than 10% of all growth regulator treatment. Functional ingredient content of leaf according to harvest time were higher respectively Rutin is 8.61 ug/g in late october, apigenin is 59.6 ug/g in beginning november, quercetin is 8.61 ug/g in beginning september, kaemferol is 32.9 ug/g in late september. Very low content in roots, there was no significant difference. The main ingredient silymarin was highest 4.36 ㎎/g at the late september in case of leaf, and syringin was maintained at a high level from mid-september to early october. Conclusion : Seed germination is thought to be able to increase the germination through the growth regulator treatment and assort brown seed. Functional components according to the harvest time is determined to be able to improve effective component when processing harvest to select a high yield by the component for the purpose.

본 연구는 된장 제조 시 자연발효 시킨 control과, B. subtilis KACC15935, B. subtilis HJ18-9균주를 starter로 접종하여 발효시킨 팽화미된장의 효소활성과 품질특성을 측정하였다. 환원당을 유리하는데 관여하는 α-amylase 효소활성의 경우 control과 HJ18-9를 접종한 시료에서 높게 나타났다. 또한 된장의 단백질을 분해하여 특유의 구수한 맛 성분을 유리하는 protease 활성의 경우도 control과 HJ18-9를 접종한 시료에서 높게 나타났으며, 이는 아미노태질소 함량에서도 같은 경향을 나타냈다. 또한 cellulose를 분해할 수 있는 능력을 가지고 있어 유용성분의 장내 이용성 증진을 위해 널리 사용되는 효소인 cellulase활성이 있는 HJ18-9균주를 처리한 접종구에서 115.45±30.05 unit/g로 control과 B. subtilis KACC15935 처리구에서 53.75±15.91, 43.75±13.51 unit/g 인 것에 비해 높게 나왔다. 이러한 결과로 본 연구를 통해 선별한 균주를 스타터로 접종하여 된장 제조에 알맞은 균주를 개발, 평가하여 가공품으로 개발의 기초연구가 되고자 하였다.

본 연구에서는 β-glucosidase활성이 있는 B. subtilis HJ18-9균을 접종하여 품종별로 청국장을 제조하여, 품종별 청국장의 품질특성과 isoflavone 함량 변화를 측정한 결과이다. 청국장의 단백질 분해 특유의 구수한 맛 성분을 유리하는 효소인 protease활성은 발효 전에는 새단백 청국장이 가장 높은 활성을 나타냈으며, 발효 후에는 우람 청국장이 가장 높은 protease활성을 나타냈다. 이는 구수한 맛 성분의 지표성분인 아미노태 질소함량과 같은 경향을 나타냈다. 환원당을 유리하는데 관여하는 a-amylase 활성은 새단백으로 제조한 청국장이 다른 품종에 비해 유의적으로 높은 함량을 나타냈으며 다섯가지 품종 모두 발효 후에 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 발효 후에 총 균수가 높아지는 경향을 나타냈으며 발효 초에는 우람 청국장이 유의적으로 높은 균수를 나타냈으나, 발효 후에는 품종 간에 유의적인 차이는 나타내지 않았다. 품종별 청국장의 isoflavone 함량은 발효초기에는 대풍, 우람 품종으로 제조한 청국장의 aglycone함량이 가장 높았으며, 48시간 발효 후에도 두 가지 품종이 각각 1249.04±9.14 ug/g, 589.32±14.08 ug/g로 가장 높은 aglycone 전환율 나타냈다. 이는 발효 초 aglycone함량에 비해 5.31, 1.94배 증가시켰다.