To be better fit for highways, pavement systems are required to provide comfortable and safe driving and be structurally durable. Composite pavements can be an effective option as they are more durable by placing a high functional asphalt overlay on a rigid concrete base layer. In order to apply a composite pavement system to the field, it is necessary not only to develop technologies that prevent reflecting crack and deterioration of the base layer, but also to improve bonding performance of materials and ensure structural performance as a pavement system against traffic loading. In advanced countries like Japan, USA and Europe, high-functional composite pavement systems are being put into practice across new highway networks. In this study, we evaluated structural performance (rutting, reflecting crack, and deflection) by applying traffic loads of actual highways through an accelerated pavement tester (APT) of a composite pavement section made up of a quiet porous surface laid over a water-proofing layer, a continuously reinforced concrete base, and a lean concrete sub-base layer, which was developed with new pavement methods used for each layer prior to field application. The APT specimen was constructed with paving materials and equipment actually used on site in the same dimensions (W3.5m*L14m*H2m) as actual highway sections in Korea, and 3-axle double-wheel heavy load (45ton) cart type KALES(Korean Accelerated Loading and Environmental Simulator) traveling on the specimen in both directions was used to simulate traffic loading. After applying around 8,574,000 ESALs of traffic loads, no reflecting crack occurred on the asphalt surface of the composite pavement, without surface distress except for rutting. In order to examine what causes rutting of pavements, we surveyed thickness of pavements by layer and measured asphalt density.

박물관, 기록원 등의 주요 소독약제인 메틸브로마이드(MB)와 Ethylene Oxide(EO)는 오존층 파괴 물질 및 1급 발암물질로 규제가 되고 있어 대체 훈증제 개발이 필요한 실정이다. 따라서, 친환경 약제인 검역훈증제 에틸포메이트 (베이퍼메이트®)의 적용가능성을 확인하고자 주요 해충인 독일바퀴(Blatella germanica) 및 흰개미(Reticulitermes speratus)를 대상으로 Dose response 실험을 실시하였다. 공시충은 팜한농 작물보호연구센터 곤충사육실에서 누대사육중인 개체를 사용하였으며, 데시게이터(6.9L)에 농도별로 24시간동안 밀폐 훈증처리하여 약효를 조사하였다. 통계분석은 Probit analysis 통해 L(Ct) (Lethal Concentration x Time, gꞏhꞏm3)값을 산출하였다. 시험결과 L(Ct)50 및 L(Ct)99 값은 독일바퀴(혼합태)의 경우 48.38 및 346.34 gꞏhꞏm3 흰개미(성충)은 14.91및 660.94 gꞏhꞏm3로 나타났다. 모두 방제가 가능한 L(Ct)99 값은 660.94 gꞏhꞏm3으로 이는 에틸포메이 트 28.2 g/m3(베이퍼메이트® 170 g/m3)를 24시간 처리시 완전 방제가 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

Feeding effects of the honeybee pollen products from both domestic, China, Spain and mixture of different origin on the colony development of earth bumblebee, Bombus terrestris L., were surveyed to evaluate efficient nutritional resources for commercial bombiculture in Korea. As the results, the domestic pollen was most effective to achieve high rates of oviposition (88%), colony foundation (70%), and queen production. While feeding with domestic pollens during the egg-laying period, and domestic+Chinese mixture (5:2) during the breeding period (Plot-2), it revealed high oviposition rate of 75%, colony foundation of 65%, and large numbers of adult queen production, indicating its suitability for generation subculturing. In the Plot-3, the same high oviposition rate (75%) was obtained except for feeding with the domestic+Chinese mixture (2:5) during the breeding period, which produced large number of workers.

Development and fecundity of the foxglove aphid, Aulacorthum solani (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were investigated at ten constant temperatures (photoperiod: 15L:9D) from 2.5 to 30℃ on soybean (Glycine max) leaves. The nymphs couldn’t emerge to adults at 2.5 and 30℃. The lower development temperature threshold and thermal constant of development completion estimated with a linear development model in nymph were 5.02℃ and 131.2 degree-days. The lethal temperatures were estimated as 33.9 and 32.5℃ with Lactin 2 and Logan 6 non-linear models, respectively. Mean generation time (from 78.4 to 11.8 d) decreased with increasing temperatures (from 7.5 to 27.5℃). The highest net reproductive rate (77.4) was observed at 20℃. The highest intrinsic rates of population increase (0.282) and shortest population doubling times (2.07 d) were recorded at 25℃.

목적: 비사시성 수평 안위 이상안을 대상으로 원, 근거리 사위군에서 폭주부족을 CISS(Convergence insufficiency symptom survey) 설문지를 이용하여 측정하고 상관성을 분석하고자 하였다. 방법: 경남 김해에 거주하고 굴절이상이 구면도수 ±6.00 D 이하, 원주도수 ±2.00D 이하인 대학생 94명 (남; 36명, 여; 58명, 평균나이 22.56 ± 3.72세)을 대상으로 하였으며, 전신질환 및 안질환이 있거나, 양안의 차이가 2.00 D 이상인 굴절이상안은 제외하였다. 비사시성 수평안위이상 검사를 위해 완전융합제거사위는 마 독스 로드를 이용하였고, 일부융합제거사위는 Wesson 주시시차 카드를 이용하였으며, CISS 설문결과에 따라 폭주부족의 증상군과 비증상군으로 나누었다. 통계분석은 SPSS 22.0을 이용하였고, CISS 증상군과 비증상군의 사위도에 따른 평균 값 비교는 Mann-Whitney U test를 이용하였으며 사위의 분류에 따른 비율은 교차 분석을 이용하였으며, ROC curve는 통계프로그램 Medcalc version 17.5.5(Medcalc Software, Mariakerke, Belgium)를 사용하여 민감도, 특이도 및 AUC 값을 구하여 비교하였고 유의수준은 p<0.05로 하였다. 결과: 원거리 완전융합제거사위 검사에서 외사위군(n=62)에서는 CISS 증상군이 36명(43.4%), 비증상군 이 26명(31.3%)이며, 내사위군(n=21)에서는 증상군이 12명(14.5%), 비증상군이 9명(10.8%)으로 나타났으며, 원거리 사위 종류에 따라서 CISS 폭주부족 증상군과 비증상군의 비율은 차이가 없었다(χ2 =0.131, p=0.937). 근거리 완전융합제거사위 검사에서 외사위군(n=64)에서 증상군 37명(39.4%), 비증상군 27명(28.7%), 내사위 군(n=18)에서 증상군은 12명(12.8%), 비증상군은 6명(6.4%)으로 근거리 사위종류에 따라 증상군과 비증상 군의 비율은 차이가 없었다(χ2 =0.424, p=0.809). 일부융합제거사위 검사에서 외편위군(n=61)에서는 증상군 이 36명(38.3%), 비증상군은 25명(26.6%), 내편위군(n=10)에서 증상군은 6명(10.7%), 비증상군은 4명(10.5%) 으로 나타났으며, 편위의 종류에 따라 증상군과 비증상군의 비율은 차이가 없었다(χ2 =2.474, p=0.290). 사위검사방법의 민감도와 특이도 및 AUC는 각각 원거리 완전융합제거검사 41.3%, 75.2%, 0.542, 근거리 완전융합제거검사 69.7%, 53.1%, 0.560, 일부융합제거검사 87.2%, 특이도 2.4%, 0.541로 나타났지만 검사법에 따라 차이가 없었다. 결론: 원, 근거리 완전융합제거사위 검사로 분류한 사위의 종류에 따라 CISS 설문지로 조사한 폭주부족 증상군과 비증상군의 비율은 차이가 없었고, 일부융합제거 사위 검사로 분류한 편위의 종류에 따라서도 차이가 없었다.

The purpose of this study is to examine location-based games from the post-human point of view, which is a combination of human and technology in digital games, devoid of media-oriented discussion of mobile media. In a location based game, there is a hybrid play aspect of topological character and player-driven self-generated play in a space where reality and virtual overlap. This is based on post-human characteristics of the player's spatial-temporal replication through the ubiquity of mobile technology. Through this, digital game has meaning as a game action that can be combined with various actors rather than a material object.

This study was conducted to develop a simple volume model for the Larix kaempferi species in the Central Region of South Korea. General volume model forms were used and validated using a subset of the data collected for the L. kaempferi species. A total of 550 trees were collected in the different L. kaempferi stands through destructive sampling. The dataset was randomly divided into two: 80% for initial model development(seven volume models) and 20% for model validation. The 100% dataset was used for the final model fitting. Evaluation statistics including bias(Ē), absolute mean deviation(AMD), root mean square error(RMSE), coefficient of determination(R2), and the Akaike Information Criterion values(AIC) and weight (AICw) were used to assess performance of the different volume models. Rank analysis was employed and the first five best volume models were chosen for the model validation and final model fitting. The evaluations showed that volume model 4(V=aDBHb*Hc) had the best performance, while volume model 3(V=aDBH+bDBH2), which has a single variable, had the poorest performance.

The Chinese fashion market, which has typically been dominated by luxury brands, is expanding more into mid- to low-end fashion brands including global SPA (Specialty retailer of private label apparel) brands. This change in the Chinese fashion market is due to the growth of the middle class in China. The advance of the Chinese middle class is attributed to the fact that the wages of large city workers is improving due to the development of various industries, particularly IT. Recently, the Chinese government has initiated an anti-corruption movement, which has led to the prohibition of luxury goods consumption, and so the interest of Chinese potential fashion consumers has moved to the mid-to low-end fashion products imported from developed countries. In addition, young Chinese consumers' positive attitude toward online shopping is favorable for foreign mid-to low-end brands. These changes in the tastes of Chinese fashion consumers are favorable for Korean fashion brands in particular for several reasons. First, the Korean fashion industry does not have a history of producing luxury brands, but does produce many good mid- to low-end fashion brands. In addition, Chinese tend to consider Korean fashion and food culture as more developed and preferable due to the success of the Korean wave. Lastly, it is easy for Korean practitioners to offer online shopping and customer service. The emergence of mid- to low-end fashion brands started in Korea in the late 2000s when global SPA brands entered the market. Unlike Korea's soho brands, which are based on the "No-brand" strategy, global SPA brands have actually shaken up the market by offering reasonable prices for Korean domestic brand products that are of similar quality. Since then, consumers’ willingness to pay for clothing has been reduced even further in the Korean market even though the low-growth trend in the economy has stabilized. So, it is very important to analyze and study the consumption tendency for low and mid-priced fashion brands among both Chinese and Korean consumers. The purpose of this study was to investigate how Chinese and Korean consumers perceive the personality of mid- and low-priced fashion brands and how such personality affects brand loyalty, commitment, and perceived quality. Brand personality is a vital area of research since fashion products are a type of consumer good that is consumed by users close to the body and which can express the self and the personality to others. Aaker (1997) developed a brand personality measurement scale consisting of five dimensions which many researchers have used in exploring the brand personality dimension in various industries. In the study of fashion in particular, the dimension of brand personality has been explored and its effects have been analyzed. However, most of the research has focused on luxury or high priced brands. Also, the research has not compared cultures such as China and Korea in this regard. Therefore, this study explored how Chinese and Korean consumers perceive some of the mid- to low-end priced brands originating in Europe and Korea. Also, the research examined how multiple dimensions of brand personality affected perceived quality, commitment, and brand loyalty. This study assumed that perceived quality and commitment may mediate the relationship between brand personality dimensions and loyalty. In order to conduct quantitative research, this study adopted scales from the previous literature to measure the variables used in the research model. A professional online research company conducted the survey, which was designed to be administered only to potential consumers of mid-and low-priced fashion brands who had purchased one or both European and Korean brands which were suggested in the survey. Also, gender (female), residential area (Seoul, Beijing, Shanghai), and age (21-39 years old) were controlled for. In this research, the European origin brand was the global SPA (Zara, H & M, ONLY), and there were eight Korean brands, including “Style Nanda,” which is popular in China (Refer to Table 1). The data collected on the 250 Korean and 250 Chinese participants were analyzed using statistical package SPSS 20.0. The brand personality dimension was explored using factor analysis which applied Varimax rotation based on the principle component method. As a result, even though the items included were found to be somewhat different according to the country and origin of the brand, the brand personality dimensions of the European global brands turned out to be similar and reflected “TRENDY, SINCERITY, AND COMPETENCE.” Also, Chinese consumers’ perception of brand personality in Korean brands was found to be similar to their perception of European brands. However, Korean consumers’ perception of Korean brands, which are of course their own brands, was more diverse reflecting “TRENDY, SINCERITY, COMPETENCE, AND OUTGOING.” This seems to be because Korean consumers may have had more chance to experience Korean brands either online or offline through visiting stores or being exposed to a variety of marketing communications. Thus, because there are more Korean brands than European, Korean consumers may be able to have an accurate perception of the personality of Korean brands. The conceptual model of the current research includes the relationships among multiple dimensions of brand personality in perceived quality, commitment, and loyalty. Also, the mediating effect of quality and commitment between brand personality and loyalty was examined. In order to test the hypotheses, hierarchical multiple regression using SPSS was analyzed and is described in Table 2 in relation to European brands and in Table 3 in relation to Korean brands. As expected, brand personality dimensions that were found to be a significant factor in perceived quality, commitment, and loyalty were likely to vary based on Chinese or Korean perceptions. For Korean consumers’ perception of global brands, while TRENDY was likely to be the most powerful personality dimension forming brand loyalty, its impact on loyalty seemed not to be mediated by quality but rather by commitment. Also, the influences of COMPETENCE on loyalty were mediated by quality and commitment. For Chinese consumers’ perception of global brands, the impacts of SINCERITY as well as TRENDY on loyalty were found to be mediated by quality and commitment. In addition, COMPETENCE seemed to have a rather direct impact on quality, commitment, and loyalty without a mediating effect. For local brands, Korean consumers did not seem to rely on brand personality or commitment when considering brand loyalty. Since the R2 did not improve at all with adding mediating factors such as quality and commitment, there was found to be no mediating effects in the Korean cases for local brands. In particular, while TRENDY directly impacted loyalty, OUTGOING was found to be significant only in its impact on quality. On the other hand, all three dimensions of local brand personality turned out to be significant influencers on loyalty and quality for Chinese consumers. The impact of TRENDY and COMPETENCE on loyalty seems to be mediated by quality and commitment. In this study, we found that mid- to low-end fashion brands seemed to reflect valid brand personality according to the brand’s origin (global vs. local) as well as consumers’ culture (Chinese vs. Korean). Also, the effect of brand personality dimension was different. This study contributes to the study of brand personality and the Chinese fashion market by comparing a conceptual model of the consumption behavior of Chinese and Korean consumers in relation to mid and low-priced fashion brands and brand awareness formation. In particular, the research revealed differences between Chinese and Korean consumers, suggesting different approaches for Korean fashion practitioners who are planning on entering China, which has not only a similar market to that of Korea but also one that is familiar to Korean practitioners.

consumption, has been attempted to replace with sharing economy which is consumer-to-consumer’s activity of obtaining, giving, or sharing the access to goods and services (Hamari et al., 2016). Research argued that the sharing economy develops based on information and communication technology (ICT) as it is an emerging economic-technological phenomenon, proliferation of using social networking site (SNS) (e.g. Instagram, Facebook, YouTube), and increased consumer awareness (Belk, 2014; Hamari et al., 2016). SNS refers to a digital environment that allows individual to create his/her space where sharing and constructing relationship with others are possible (Lin & Lu, 2011). Among the numbers of SNSs, Instagram is gaining notable attention as powerful marketing tool which may especially be important for fashion industry. Hutchins (2017) reported that number of its daily active users exceeds 400 million, and 90% of users are under 35 who may be familiar with the idea of the sharing economy. In terms of marketing, 53% of Instagram users are found to follow their favorite brands (Hutchins. 2017). According to Ryan and Deci (2000), consumer behavior of using information technology such as Instagram was influenced by extrinsic and intrinsic motivations. Although numerous researches have done with the sharing economy and SNS respectively, despite the recognized role of SNS in the sharing economy, comprehensive and empirical study of the sharing economy and SNS is very limited. Hence, the purpose of this research is to investigate consumer’s motivations to use Instagram for participating sharing economy by developing research framework based on the motivation theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000) perspective.

Generally, fate of spematogonial stem cells (SSCs) can be determined specifically by microenvironments enclosed with various extracellular matrix (ECM) components and integrins recognizing directly ECM proteins play an pivotal role in transporting ECM-derived signals into cytoplasm, resulting in inducing a variety of biological functions such as cell attachment, self-renewal and differentiation. However, to date, studies on type of integrins expressed on the undifferentiated SSCs remain unclear. Therefore, we tried to investigate systematically what kind of integrin subunits are expressed transcriptionally or translationally in the SSCs derived from testis of hybrid B6CBAF1 mouse. For these, isolation of SSCs from testis were conducted by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) using Thy1 antibody. Subsequently, transcriptional and translational level of integrin α and β subunits in the isolated SSCs were measured by real-time PCR and fluorescene immunoassay, respectively. As the results, transcriptional levels of genes encoding total 25 integrin subunits were quantified, and integrin α4, α6, α7, α9, αV, αL and αE and integrin β1, β5 showed higher expression levels than other subunits. By contrast, integrin α3, α5, α 10 and α11 and integrin β2, β3, β4, β7 were weakly transcribed. When translational levels of the integrin α subunits showing high transcription level (α4, α6, α7, α9, αV αL, and αE) were measured, integrin α6, α7, α9, αV and αL were higher than integrin α4 and αE. In case of integrin β subunit, β1 evaluated more expression than β5. From these results, we speculate that the undifferentiated SSCs derived from hybrid B6CBAF1 mouse may express integrin α4β1, α6β1, α7β1, α9β1, αVβ1 and/or αVβ5 on plasma membrane. Moreover, this information will greatly contribute to constructing non-cellular niche supporting self-renewal of SSCs in the future.

We performed a survey for flavivirus infection and distribution of Aedes albopictus that known as Zika and Dengue virus vector using black–light trap and BG-sentinel trap around urban area in Korea. Mosquitoes were collected in 27 cities during March to November (twice a month) year 2016. Total numbers of mosquitoes collected 102,102 including 19 species 8 genera during collecting period. Total 21,467 Ae. albopictus was collected that 20,961(24.3%) by BG-sentinel trap and 506 (3.2%) by Black-light trap in urban area. Trap index(trap/night) of Ae. albopictus was showed highest in Hamyang (TI:992.3) and lowest in Taebaek (TI:0.3) there was only collected by Black-light trap. A total of 894 pools from all collecting Ae. albopictus were performed a Flavivirus detection. Flavivirus was not detected during study period. This study may provide basic information for surveillance of imported diseases (include Zika virus) and vectors in Korea.

Maruca vitrata larvae feed on flowers and pods of several leguminous crops, and can severely reduce seed yield. Adult emergence, mating and oviposition behaviors were observed in a 15h/9h=light/dark and 25℃ condition as a base study for monitoring. Emergence occurred mainly during the first five hours of scotophase. Mating occurred from the two days after emergence, and the mated females started to lay eggs from the next day. A maximal mating rate was observed in the night of five days. Mating occurred significantly more often during the time from 2 hours before to 3 hours after lights-off, but older females mated more frequently during the photophase. Electroanntennographic responses of males to some chemicals, and body extracts and volatile collections of females were measured

The α-Gal epitope (Galα1,3Galα1,4GlcNAc-R) is responsible for hyperacute rejection (HAR) during transgenic pig-to-non-human primate xenotransplantation. To overcome HAR after xenografts, it is essential for the inactivation of α1,3Galactosyltransferase (GT) gene by the homozygotic knocked out of GT-/- and the isoglobotrihexosylceramide synthase (iGb3s-/-). This study was performed to investigate the generation and characterization of the α1,3GT-MCP/-MCP+iGb3-/- transgenic cells. Ear fibroblast cells from the GT-MCP/-MCP pig were cultured and used to positive control. For iGb3s knock out, the Cas9-GFP-iGb3s vector was transfected into the GT-MCP/-MCP cells. The Cas9-GFP-iGb3s transfected cells were sorted and sequenced for the selection of GT-MCP/-MCP+ iGb3s-/- cells. Among the three sorted cell lines, one transgenic cell line was homozygously deleted 3 bases and 10 bases in each chromosome, respectively. To characterize an expression of α-Gal epitope, a wild type and the transgenic cells were measured by FACS Aria using BS-IB4 lectin antibody. The expression of α-Gal epitope in GT-MCP/-MCP cells (<0.01 %) were significantly down-regulated to the range of wild type (99.4 %) fibroblast cells (p<0.05). To analyze the function of iGb3s, α -Gal epitope expressions were measured for the GT-MCP/-MCP, GT-MCP/-MCP+iGb3s-/+, and GT-MCP/-MCP+iGb3s-/-. The range was 95.8%, 94.2%, and 75.8%, respectively. Interestingly, there was a negative range (16.2%) of α-Gal epitope -/- section in GT-MCP/-MCP+iGb3s-/-, compared to 2.74% of GT-MCP/-MCP+iGb3s-/+ and 1.4% of WT, respectively. Our results demonstrated that iGb3s-/-combined with GT-/- had a function to inhibit α-Gal epitope expression in pig cells. Further studies are needed to evaluate the functions of double gene knock out to minimize a HAR response after xenotransplantation.

The α-Gal epitope (Galα1,3Galα1,4GlcNAc-R) is responsible for hyperacute rejection (HAR) during transgenic pig-to-non-human primate xenotransplantation. There are genes related to the expression of α-Gal epitope such as α1,3Galactosyltransferase gene (GT-/-) and the isoglobotrihexosylceramide synthase (iGb3s-/-). This study was performed to investigate the expression of α-Gal epitope in the skin derived from GT-/- transgenic pig. The skin (7/1000 inches) was obtained by dermatome (Zimmer® Electric Dermatome) from one month old of wildtype (WT) and GT-/- piglets, respectively. The skins were fixed, dehydrated, cleaned, and embedded. To analyze the expression of α-Gal epitope, the paraffin section of WT and GT-/- were stained with BS-IB4 lectin and isoglobotrihexosylceramide synthase antibody. There was a strong BS-IB4 lectin signal in the skin of WT, but not detected in GT-/-. However, the iGb3s positive signals were stained in the skin of both WT and GT-/-. Taken together, it can be postulated that the knocked out of GT gene may not enough to inhibit the expression of α-Gal epitope. Further studies are needed to evaluate the functions of the double knock out of GT and iGb3s on the expression of α-Gal epitope.

Agricultural by-productsis a rich source of dietary fibers including arabinoxylans, which is found mainly in water-insoluble form and reported to have immunomodulatory activities. We investiglatedwhether solublearabinoxylan (AX)-enriched byproducts alters macrophage activity.Agricultural by-products wereorally given to mice for 4 weeks. Peritoneal macrophages from mice were assayed for scavenger receptor expression, phagocytosis, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated responses. Serum levels of inflammatory cytokines were determined 1 hour after intraperitoneal injection of LPS. Agricultural by-productstreated mice showed a higher expression of SRA and CD36, accompanied by enhanced phagocytosis of latex beads, relative to control mice. Upon stimulation with LPS ex vivo, macrophages from the byproducts group showed lower levels of CD86 and CD40 at the surface protein level and lower production of NO, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6, compared with the control group. Theagricultural by-products group showed a decrease in serum levels of LPS-induced TNF-αand IL-6, while mice given crude byproducts, which was prepared without enzymatic hydrolysis, showed a reduction only in serum TNF-α,indicating that soluble arabinoxylans contributes to the immunomodulatory effect ofagricultural by-products. Our data present evidence that soluble arabinoxylan-enriched agricultural by-products can be an immune enhancing functional food.