This research intended to conduct literary research on ‘Jeok’ of 25 jong-ga through Jong-ga Ancestral Ritual Formalities and Food, published by the Cultural Heritage National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage during 2003~2008, and compared and analyzed an arranging method and recipe transmission process by directly visiting four Jong-ga. Religious ceremony foods of Jong-ga could be divided according to the standard of the hakpa attribute (large), regional attribute (midium), and family attribute (small), which forms a complex connection structure between the attributes. ‘Jeok’ arranging form is divided into ‘3-Jeok building method (vertical structure)’, ‘3-Jeok arrangement method (horizontal structure)’, ‘3- Jeok replacement method’, ‘2-Jeok arrangement method’, ‘Jeon-Jeok arrangement method’, and ‘Others-Jeok arrangement method’. Generally, ‘jeok’ arrangement order per hakpa is in the order of ‘meat jeok - chicken jeok - fish jeok’ in case of Gihohakpa, whereas Yeongnamhakpa is in the order of ‘fish jeok - meat jeok - chicken jeok’. Umoringye (羽毛 鱗介), the method of laying ‘dojeok’ of the Gyeongbuk region, could be found in the 2nd century B.C. Chinese ancient book Hoenamja and the theoretical background was Yin and yang philosophy (陰陽論). This research has significance in terms of securing advanced results compared to advanced research that has so far concentrated on some regions and hakpas.

태양광 발전시스템은 태양복사에너지를 반도체의 광전효과를 이용하여 전기에너지로 직접 전환시키는 에너지변환 시스템이다. 태양전지의 내구성과 에너지변환율에 영향을 미치는 핵심소재로는 다층형 필름구조를 갖는 백시트를 들 수 있다. 대표적인 상용 백시트는 고내구성 poly(vinyl fluoride) (PVF) 필름이 중심축에 위치하고 가격저감을 위해 도입된 poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) 필름이 그 양쪽에 접합된 삼층구조로 구성된다. 하지만, PVF 필름의 높은 가격은 저렴한 고내구성 백시트 를 요구하는 시장상황을 반영하기 어렵게 한다. 이를 위한 해결책으로는 PVF 필름을 결정성 PET 필름으로 대체한 탄화수소계 백시트가 될 수 있다. 하지만, PET 필름의 본질적인 가수분해에 대한 취약성으로 인해, 추가적인 수분에 대한 배리어성 부여 는 필수적이다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 소수성 실리카 나노입자 분산기술을 활용한 수분차단성 폴리우레탄 접착제를 개발 코자 하였다. 개발된 접착제는 내부에 위치한 PET 필름으로의 수분침투를 약화시켜, 가수분해속도를 지연시킬 것이라 기대 되었다. 본 개념의 효용성을 확인하기 위해, 표준화된 온습도조건에 노출된 이후의 일반접착제와 수분차단성 접착제가 도입 된 백시트의 기계적 강도 및 시간당 태양전지성능 변화가 비교평가되었다.

인천 대교는 인천국제공항과 송도국제도시를 연결하는 길이 21.38km, 경간 800m의 대형 교량으로 시간당 73.8(vessel/hour)척의 선박이 통항하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 인천대교 주식회사에서 인천대교 건설 시 설계된 인천대교 충돌방지공의 안전기준을 바탕으로 인천대교를 통항하는 선박의 중량에 따른 안전한 통항 속력을 제시하기 위하여 AASHTO LRFD에 의한 선박 충돌에너지와, 선박 충돌 속도, 수리동적질량계수를 고려하여 통항 선박의 안전..

Perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA)ionomersare representative proton-conductive polymer electrolyte materials with excellent chemical resistance. PFSA ionomers exhibitrelatively well-defined morphologies composed ofhydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties, which provide pathway and barrier for fast proton conduction and hydrogen permeation, respectively. A general way to change thedegree of hydrophilic-hydrophobic phase separation is thermal treatment at certain temperatures, particularly their glass transition temperatures. In this study, a simple way to transform their morphologies and to give improved proton conduction and reduced hydrogen permeationis suggested.

Sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone)(SPAES) random copolymers are representative alternatives to perfluorinated sulfonic acid(PFSA) ionomers used as the state-of-the-art polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cells. SPAES copolymers have advantages such as low hydrogen permeability, low production cost. However, it is difficult to demonstrate high electrochemical single cell performances for a long period time, since SPAES membranes have critical interfacial issues with catalyst layers containing PFSA ionomers, particularly in the repeated hydrated and dehydrated cycles. In this study, called as radiation grafting of proton conductive polymers on SPAES membranes, is tried in order to improve proton conductivity without a severe loss in dimensional stability and to reduce interfacial resistance with PFSA catalyst layers at the same time.

Sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (SPAES) random copolymers have been perceived as alternatives to perfluorinated sulfonic acid ionomers used as polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cells. SPAES copolymers are suffering from degradation under harsh fuel cell operation conditions. One solution to overcome the decomposition issue is to fill SPAES copolymers into polymeric support films (e.g., poly(tetrafluoro ethylene), PTFE) with interconnected porous structures. It is difficult to fill the SPAES copolymers dissolved in polar aprotic solvents into PTFE support films owing to their different surface energies. In this study, a SPAES nanodispersion in a water-alcohol mixture is used to make defect-free pore-filling membranes where poly(ethylene glycol) oligomers are added to induce advanced morphologies for fast proton conduction.

Sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (SPAES) random copolymers have been perceived as membrane materials alternative to perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomers, since they are cheap and chemically tunable when compared with PFSA. Moreover, their relatively low gas permeability, particularly to hydrogen, contributes to reduced thermal decomposition of membrane-electrode assemblies. In spite of their advantages, freestanding SPAES copolymers have critical issues associated with chemical/electrochemical durability as well as interfacial resistance with electrodes. In this study, SPAES-PTFE reinforced membranes are fabricated using consecutive membrane formation protocols, (e.g., SPAES nanodispersion in water-alcohol mixtures, spontaneous pore-filling, and solvent-assisted thermal treatment techniques) and systematically evaluated.

Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEFCs) are eco-friendly energy conversion systems to convert hydrogen directly into electricity via an electrocatalytic reaction. Representative membrane materials of PEFCs are Perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomers including NafionⓇ and 3M ionomers. In spite of high proton conductivity, it is difficult to apply PFSA free-standing membranes in real PEFC applications owing to their weak mechanical failures and thermo-chemical decomposition during PFEC operations, in addition to a relatively high production cost. In this study, Nafion nanodispersions in water-alcohol mixtures are fabricated using a supercritical fluid technique. The fundamental membrane characteristics are compared with those of counterpart membranes obtained from a commercially available Nafion emulsion.

Perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomers have been widely used as representative polymer electrolyte membrane materials for fuel cells and water/salined water electrolyses. The PFSA ionomers membranes need to satisfy complicated transport behaviors to small molecules including gases and ionic species. That is, the PFSA ionomers membranes have to transport protons as fast as possible, while the membranes should act as hydrogen barriers, since the permeated gas induces thermal degradation of cathode catalyst resulting in rapid reduction in fuel cell performances. In this study, it is disclosed that these permeation behaviors can be easily tunable by controlling membrane processing histories even though the ionomers have the same chemical architecture and equivalent weight.

Salined water electrolysis is an electrochemical reaction to produce chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide as major products from salined water. Perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomers and their derivatives have been usually used as polymeric electrolytes with high sodium ion selectivity and barrier property to chlorine and hydrogen gases. In spite of their industrial importance, there is little information on the relationship of their chemical features and electrochemical performances. In this study, fundamental characteristics of commercially available PFSA family materials are compared each other. Their electrochemical performances are evaluated in the same salined water electrolysis cell. The obtained results are expected to provide membrane material design factors for low energy-consuming salined water electrolysis.

Perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomers have been widely used for renewable energy generation, including polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), owing to their excellent resistance to harsh chemicals and good ion-transport properties. PFSA materials experience critical chemical decomposition to radical attacks, and fast hydrogen crossover leading to fairly reduced electrochemical performances, when they are used as membrane materials. Similar chemical degradation also occurs in PEFC electrodes containing PFSA ionomer binders used as both mechanical supporters and proton conductors and shortens PEFC lifetime. In this study, several approaches based on their morphological rearrangement to overcome these economical and technical issues are proposed. They include pore-filling membrane formation, nanodispersion, and their combination.

This study researched a document regarding ‘Pyeon (tteok)’ on 25 Jong-ga ancestral ritual foods through 「Jong-ga Ancestral ritual formalities and food」, published during 2003~2008 by the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage of Cultural Heritage Administration. A after about 10 years, the transmission process of the setting and recipe was compared and analyzed in 2015 by directly visiting 4 Jong-ga. This research classified regions into 7 Gyeonggi, 4 Chungcheong, 2 Honam, and 12 Yeongnam, and classified hakpa, Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, Honam region into 13 Gihohakpa, Yeongnam region into 12 Yeongnamhakpa. The important analysis standard of Jong-ga ancestral ritual food was the region and hakpa, which appeared to considerably influence ‘Pyeon’ setting style, which represents and symbolizes family and recipe. Gihohakpa Jong-ga, which is an academic tradition that pursues practical interests, seems to highly regard practicality to adapt to changes along with the period. On the contrary, Yeongnamhakpa Jong-ga, which highly regards self-sufficiency living base and moral justification, seems to be highly conservative. Increase in Jong-ga, which utilizes mill, is the result of adaptation to the period environment such as Jongbu aging and lack of labor, etc.

This study conducted a literature review, field study, and in-depth interview on the build order, cooking method, and origin of ‘Donggot-tteok (rice cake)’, which was the ritual food for ‘Chungjae Gwon Beol from the Andong Gwon clan Jongga’ in Bonghwa, Gyeongbuk, who deifies Chungjae Gwon Beol as Bulcheonwi. Donggot-tteok of Chungjae Jong-ga is classified as one kind of Bonpyeon (Janjeolpyeon) and 11 kinds of Utgipyeon, and assumes a unique circle build shape. According to the results of the literature review data in 2004 and 2010 with field study data in 2014, the build order, materials, and cooking method were maintained without large changes. With regard to Utgipyeon with which Donggot-tteok is topped, Cheongjeolpyeon, Milbiji, Songgisongpyeon, Gyeongdan, Ssukdanja, Bupyeon, Japgwapyeon, Jeon, Sansim, Jo-ak, and Kkaeguri were heaped in each layer, and the beauty of obangsaek (five colors) was well harmonized. Besides, with regard to the origin of Donggot-tteok, which was presented without elaborating sundry records, we examined the possibility of being introduced from the royal court through old paper and the Jokbo (family tree) that Jong-ga owns.

태양전지는 태양복사에너지를 반도체의 광전효과를 통해 전기에너지로 변환시키는 친환경 에너지변환장치를 의미한다. 수분을 포함하는 다양한 화학물질들에 대한 높은 차단성을 갖는 다층형 필름인 백시트는 태양전지의 중요한 요소이다. 대표적인 백시트는 polyvinyl fluoride (PVF)와 poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)의 다층필름으로 구성된다. PVF는 높은 내후성을 가지는 반면, 가격이 상대적으로 비싼 단점을 보인다. 따라서, 백시트의 제조가격을 낮출 수 있으면서, 동시에 실제 태양전지모듈에 적용할만한 수명특성을 만족시킬 수 있는 대체소재의 개발이 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 일정수준의 결정성을 갖는 PET 필름을 PVF 필름 대신 사용하였다. 그러나, PET 소재는 다양한 pH 조건에서 trans-esterification 및 가수분해에 의해 분해될 수 있기 때문에, 태양전지의 구동조건에서 PET의 분해거동을 이해할 필요가 있다. 단시간 내 화학적 분해거동을 평가하기 위해서, 가속화된 PET 분해실험 프로토콜이 개발되었다. 마지막으로, 제안 개념의 효용성은 태양전지모듈의 장기운전성능 평가를 통해 확인하였다.

클로알칼리(CA) 멤브레인법은 이온전도성 고분자전해질을 이용한 염수전기분해공정을 의미하며, 전통적으로는 가성소다와 염소 생산을 목적으로 하고 있다. CA 멤브레인법은 기존 클로알칼리 공정으로 사용되어왔던 수은법 및 격막법에 비해 환경적 유해성이 낮으며, 에너지비용을 상당히 감소시킬 수 있다는 장점을 나타낸다. 본 총설에서는 멤브레인법의 기본개념 및 특징, 핵심기술에 관한 내용을 다루고자 한다. 또한 높은 에너지비용을 갖는 염수전기분해에 대한 에너지 절감효과를 달성하기 위한 시스템 집적화기술, 산소탈분극전극 기술과 이종 기술과의 하이브리드를 통한 고도 CA 시스템기술의 예로서의 이산화탄소 직접전환기술에 대해 논할 것이다. 마지막으로, 멤브레인법에 기반한 국내외 CA 기술동향을 소개할 것이다.

Perfluorinated sulfonic acid ionomers have been used as representative membrane materials in a wide range of applications. Though PFSA ionomers have been well known as chemically durable materials, their chemical resistances should be improved further to apply them to practical fuel cell systems operated under harsh conditions. One plausible solution would be to fabricate reinforced membranes composed of proton-conducting ionomers and chemically durable porous support films. In this study, pore-filling membranes are prepared via the impregnation of PFSA ionomers into porous PTFE support films. The objective of this study is to systematically investigate the influences of pore characteristics on proton transport behavior and electrochemical single performances.

The Chlor-alkali (CA) process is a representative electrolysis system to produce valued chemicals such as chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide. Membrane cell process has been obtaining the largest market shares, because it is free from environmental issues and low chemicals purity. For the CA process, commercially available membrane materials are perfluorinated sulfonic acid ionomers (PFSAs) with high chemical resistance. Unfortunately, there are limited data associated with the relationships between membrane material parameters and CA performances. It prevents the CA membrane development to be difficult. In this study, the influences of PFSA membrane thickness are disclosed, considering their ion transport behaviors, gas evolution capability, and chemical/electrochemical resistances under CA operation conditions.

Photovoltaic (PV) modules are environmentally energy conversion devices to generate electricity via photovoltaic effect of semiconductor from solar energy. One of key elements in PV modules is “backsheet,” a multilayered barrier film. A desirable backsheet should exhibit barrier properties. A representative backsheet materials is composed of polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). In this study, we utilize PET films with high crystallinity, instead of PVF. Since it is well known that PET is suffering from hydrolysis, it is needed to understand PET decomposition behavior. To evaluate their hydrolysis behavior, accelerated PET decomposition test protocols are used. Electro chemical PV module performances are investigated to prove the efficacy of hydrolyticall durable PET films selected via the screening process.