Following the social requirement to strengthen field supervision of the asbestos containing materials (ACM) abatement process with regard to asbestos school buildings, this study was conducted to understand the status and characteristics of airborne asbestos that may potentially occur after the ACM abatement process is completed. In the area where a series of asbestos abatement processes were finally completed, comprehensive area air sampling was performed. For sample analysis, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) was used according to The Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA) method and Phase Contrast Microscopy (PCM) analysis was also performed. Airborne asbestos was detected in 29.5% of the total samples, and the average concentration was 0.0039 ± 0.0123 s/cc (12.3 ± 38.9 s/mm2). 4.5% of the total samples exceeded the AHERA standard (70.0 s/mm2) and the average concentration was 0.0528 ± 0.0256 s/cc (167.2 ± 82.0 s/mm2). Airborne asbestos was no longer detected at the point when AHERA is exceeded after re-cleaning. Most of the detected asbestos was chrysotile (94.4%) and the structure types of asbestos were Matrix (41.4%), Fiber (39.9%), Bundle (10.8%), and Cluster (7.8%). Among the asbestos structures detected through transmission electron microscope analysis, the asbestos structures satisfying PCM-equivalent structures were found to be 6% of the detected asbestos, indicating that there is a limitation of the PCM analysis to check the airborne asbestos in that area. As a result of reviewing the status of airborne asbestos that may potentially occur and the type and dimensions of asbestos structure detected in the area, since the airborne asbestos exposure caused by poor field supervision for the ACM abatement process could not be ruled out, thorough management is necessary. In addition, the result of this study could be used as scientific evidence for establishing and strengthening policies related to ACM abatement, including cases of school buildings.

Background: To enhance the taste and physiological characteristics of Lycii fructus (Gugija) extracts, we investigated the changes in the physiological characteristics of Gugija extracts caused by adding white ginseng (WG) and red ginseng (RG) Methods and Results: Gugija extracts, including 10G10, 10GW-G8 : 2, -G6 : 4, -G4 : 6, -G2 : 8, and -G0 (mixtures made by replacing 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of Gugija with WG), as well as 10G10, 10GR-G8 : 2, -G6 : 4, -G4 : 6, -G2 : 8, and -G0 (mixture made by replacing 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of Gugija with RG) were extracted with water at 10 times the respective mixture's volume. The antioxidant activities of Gugija extracts were investigated by assessing their 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azinobis(3ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) activity, nitrite scavenging activity, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. As the amount of WG added increased, the DPPH, and, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and FRAP activity of the Gugija extract decreased. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 10G10, 10GW-G6 : 4, 10GR-G6 : 4, and 10GR-G0 for DPPH radical scavenging activity were 25.50 ± 1.04, 52.06 ± 1.46, 16.87 ± 1.24, and 9.50 ± 0.16 ㎕/㎖, respectively. On the other hand, the physiological activity of Gugija extract increased with the addition of increasing amounts of RG. However, ACE inhibitory activity was the highest (50.25 ± 2.58%) in the Gugija 10-fold extract without any added RG. Conclusions: From the above results, we suggest that adding RG to Gugija extracts increase their antioxidant, FRAP, and nitrite scavenging activities.

Background : The major active components of ginseng are ginsenosides and their pharmacological effects include anticanser, anti-stress, anti-fatigue, antioxidant and aging inhibitory effects. These ginsenosides components is higher in leaves than roots. Therefore, consumers are increasingly interested in using ginseng sprouts. Methods and Results : Ginseng sprouts were cultivated during 60 days from June to late July in greenhouse. After 60 days of cultivation, the stem was hardened, and the cultivation was done until 60th because of the tendency that the value of ginseng sprouts was lowered. The content of the three indicator components were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography. Total ginsenoside content increased 1.07 times in leaves and decreased 0.67 times in roots according to cultivated period. The contents of ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc F3 and F4 of leaves were increased and ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rb2 and Rf of roots were decreased on cultivated 60 days, especially. Total free sugar content increased 1.29 times in leaves and decreased 0.68 times in roots according to cultivated period. The total phenolic acid contents of leaves decreased slightly until 40 days and then increased. The major components of ginsenoside, free sugar and phenolic acid in leaves were Re, sucrose and sinapic acid, respectively. Conclusion : From the above results, ginseng sprouts cultivated for 60 days is more effective ingredient than roots, so it can be said that it is good for consumers to use.

Background : The insufficient soil moisture due to spring drought causes the germination rate of ginseng seeds to be remarkably lowered and the low seeding depth causes the roots not to be settled but remain in the surface soil containing moisture, resulting in the ill-shaped ginseng. Especially, in the case of paddy soil, the soil environment is often over-humidified or over-dried, resulting in high rate of occurrence of physiological disorders such as rough skin, yellow-colored root and red-colored root, etc. compared to the upland soil, requiring more care in managing the soil. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim to investigate the effects of stamping treatment on the direct seeding cultivation in the paddy soil and to investigate the survival and growth characteristics according to the seeding method. Methods and Results : We investigated the effects of stamping on the emergency rate and growth by using rollers (15, 20, 25, 30 ㎏), and also investigated the growth characteristics according to the direct sowing methods (broadcast planting, motorized seeder, semi-automatic seeder, manual seeder, hoop-type seeder). In the emergency rate of 1-year-old ginseng group directly sowing and treated with trampling, the group treated with 25 ㎏ & 30 ㎏ showed the highest emergency rate & growth, and above-ground & underground parts growth of 1-year-old ginseng by sowing method, there was no significant difference between sowing methods, the emergency rate of motorized seeder and semi-automatic seeder was high. Conclusion : In the paddy soils, the 25 – 30 ㎏ stamping after direct seeding showed superior above-ground growth and emergency rate, and there was no significant difference in growth, but motorized seeder and semi-automatic seeder had a higher rate of emergency in 1-year-old ginseng.

Background : The fruit of Lycii fructus (Gugija) has beeen used as a tonic medicine and a long-term healthy food without side effect in Asia. An increase in the demand for natural healthy food, Gugija has been thought as a source of healthy foods, and then the extracts of dried Gugija have been frequently used as food ingredients. But, its extracts with Gugija alone has a slightly bad taste. Physiological characteristics of Gugija extracts were investigated by adding white ginseng (WG) and red ginseng (RG) to enhance taste. Methods and Results : Gugija extract were prepared by adding 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of ginseng (WG and RG) to the weight of Gugija, respectively. Antioxidant activities of Gugija extracts were investigated DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, SOD-like activity, FRAP, activity. As the amount of WG added increased, DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and FRAP activity of Gugija extract decreased. On the other hand, the physiological activity of Gugija extract increased with increasing amount of RG. The SOD-like activity of Gugija extract added up to 60% of WG and to 40% of RG was continuously lowered, in the addition amount thereafter, the activity increased as the addition amount increased. In components, As the amount of WG and RG added increased, the ginsenosides content of Gugija extract increased, the content of ginsenosides was higher in extract added RG than WG, but betaine and total flavonoid content decreased. Conclusion : From the above results, we may suggest that Gugija extracts by adding RG increased the antioxidant activities, SOD-like activity, and the preference degree.

Background : Korea ginseng root has been traditionally used as a tonic as it is stated to have the capacity to normalize body functions and strengthen systems that are caused by various stresses. But, white ginseng (WG) has lower antioxidant activity than other medicinal crops. Omija (Schisandra chinensis Baillon) has various physiological functionalities such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, which have the effective components of Omija are lignans (schizandrins and gomisins), and this components were contented mostly in seed part on Omija. Physiological characteristics of WG extracts were investigated by adding Omija to enhance functionality. Methods and Results : WG extract were prepared by adding 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of Omija to the weight of WG. Physiological characteristics of WG extracts were investigated DPPH radical scavenging activity, FRAP, and nitrite scavenging activity. As the amount of Omija added increased, DPPH radical scavenging activity of WG extract increased proportionally. IC50 of 10 times water extracts were 0.455, 0.028 and 0.041 ml/ml on WG (100WG), WG added 50% Omija (50OM50WG), and Omija (100OM0WG), respectively. On the other hand, FRAP of extracts decreased slightly with increasing amount of Omija. Nitrite scavenging activity of Omija extract were significantly more active than WG extract, exhibited to 88.89% and 72.65% on WG extract added with 40% Omija (40OM60WG) and non added (100WG), respectively, pH 1.2. and then, to 33.45% and 1.38% with 40OM60WG and 100WG extract, respectively. Conclusion : From the above results, we may suggest that WG extracts by adding Omija increased the DPPH radical scavenging activity, nitrite scavenging activity and the preference degree on taste.

Background : For ginseng breed development, mostly the pure-line separation method that registers excellent varieties after performing the regional adaptation test with the varieties selected through the preliminary and main productivity tests on selected excellent individuals cultivated in farms or excellent lineages for growing from collected lineages is used. Recently, the quality of ginseng is degrading while the yield decreases by 15 - 20% due to the high-temperature injury, the physiological disorder and/or the diseases caused by the climate warming so that development of disaster tolerant varieties strong against high temperatures, salts and diseases are demanded. For such reason, three lineages showing excellent overground and underground growing were selected from the gene resources collected from 1997 to 2000. And the productivity test has been conducted with these lineages having Chunpoong and Yunpoong, the existing varieties as the reference varieties. For the lineages excellent in growing, the variety registration will be performed after the regional adaptation test. Methods and Results : The results of productivity tests on the 3 lineages (GS98-3-4, GS00-58 and GS97-69) selected for excellent growing while having Chunpoong and Yunpoong as the reference varieties show that on the 2-years-old dormant roots, all of the selected 3 lineages are better in growing compared to the reference varieties. Especially, GS98-3-4 shows excellent leaf lengths and stem lengths while GS97-69 shows excellent leaf widths. On the overground growing of 3-years-old ones, GS00-58 and GS97-69 lineages are exceedingly more excellent compared to the reference varieties while the selected 3 lineages showing superb underground growing. Especially, GS98-3-4 lineage shows great root weights and diameters. Conclusion : According to the productivity tests on the 3 lineages selected for excellent growing, the selected lineages are excellent in both overground and underground growing compared to the reference varieties of Chunpoong and Yunpoong. On the 2-years-old ginsengs, GS98-3-4 shows excellent overground growing while GS97-69 shows excellent underground growing. On the 3-years-old ginsengs, GS00-58 and GS97-69 show excellent overground growing while GS98-3-4 shows excellent underground growing.

Background : Currently sprout ginsengs are produced in extensive variations of cultivation times, methods and specifications that are different in each farm in Korea. Also, regardless the effective ingredient content of ginseng, overgrown sprout ginseng are distributed so that the quality standardization of sprout ginseng is urgently required. The sprout ginseng market is only a segment of the Korean ginseng market still. However, If development of processed products utilizing the functionalities is connected, the market may exponentially grow. Also, if the use of sprout ginseng is extended to productions of drinks, cosmetics, facial masks and others in the cosmetics and health functional food industries, the export competitiveness to the global market is expected to increase. Therefore, this study aims the quality standardization of sprout ginseng to secure the market competitiveness in Korea and overseas by examining the property change following the cultivation phases. Methods and Results : For the overground growing in green houses, the sprout ginsengs planted in early April and early June show to be better in growing than the ones planted in early August. For the underground growing, while no significance is found among the cultivation periods, the sprout ginsengs planted in early June are excellent in terms of the root length and the weight of overground portion. Also, according to the examination on the stem properties of 2-year grown sprout ginsengs in each cultivation time, a trend that, as the growing period is longer from 25 days to 35 days, 45 days and 95 days, the hardness, gumminess, chewingness and springiness of stem are higher. And, on the hardness, gumminess, chewingness and springiness of leaf, while no statistically significance is found in the growing periods from 25 days to 45 days, the 95-day sprout ginsengs show high figures referring that the leaves becomes tougher. Conclusion : In case of cultivating sprout ginsengs in a green house, cultivating in April - June is advantageous for the overground and underground growing. And, it is determined that cultivating sprout ginsengs for 35 - 45 days produces leaves and stems with the most excellent chewing textures felt by consumers when chewing.

This research carried out to figure out the effect of the green manure crop cultivated at a preparation field and the shading net on the growth, development, and quality of ginseng. Followings are results obtained from the research. Leaf width of ginseng under the shading net of a two-layered blue and two-layered black polythylene net (TBTBPN) was good at rye and hairy vetch cultured group. Leaf length of ginseng under the shading net of a threelayered blue and one-layered black polyethylene net (TBOBPN) was good at barley and hairy vetch cultured group. Meanwhile, leaf width was good at hairy vetch cultured group. Leaf length of ginseng under a blue polyethylene sheet (BPS) was good at a barley and barley + hairy vetch cultured group, but stem length was shorter compare to other shading net cultivations. Root weight of ginseng was good under the shading net of a two-layered blue and two-layered black polyethylene net (TBTBPN) at a rye and hairy vetch cultured group, and was good under the shading net of a three-layered blue and onelayered black polyethylene net (TBOBPN) at a barley + hairy vetch cultured group, but there was no significant difference under blackout screen according to manure crop varieties. Ratio of rusty root was 10.2% at the barley cultured group under the shading net of a two-layered blue and two-layered black polyethylene net (TBTBPN), and was 23.1% at hairy vetch cultured group under shading net of a three-layered blue and one-layered black polyethylene net (TBOBPN). Ratio of rusty root was the lowest at a rye cultured group regardless the shading nets. Content of the ginsenoside was the highest at the rye cultured group under the shading net of two-layered blue and two-layered black polyethylene net (TBTBPN), was the highest at the barley cultured group under the shading net of a three-layered blue and one-layered black polyethylene net (TBOBPN), and was the highest at the rye cultured group under the blackout screen.

This research analyzed the characteristics of varieties of rice such as a harvest time and yield, and to select a proper variety to product green rice according to a conventional planting culture and a late planting culture. The most proper harvest time of rice, in general, was 15 to 25 days after heading to product the green rice. Sinsunchal among glutinous rice varieties and Chilbo among nonglutinous rice varieties showed the most amount harvest at 25 days after heading, which was a limit harvest time for the whole green rice production in overall rice varieties. The amount of green rice according to transplanting times, the May 30 th transplanting was more than the June 20 th . The yield of green rice harvested at 15~25 days after heading was varied according to varieties. Proper glutinous varieties for green rice production were Dongjinchal, Sangdongchal, Boseokchal, and Sinsunchal, in order of listed, which were transplanted at the May 30 th . Meanwhile, Boseokchal, Backokchal, and Sinsunchal, in order of listed, were proper varieties for green rice production, which were transplanted at the June 20 th . In nonglutinous rice, Samkwang, Nunbora, and Chilbo, which were transplanted at the May 30 th , were proper varieties for green rice production. Hwanggeomnodeul, Hopum, and Chilbo, which were transplanted at the June 20 th , were proper varieties for green rice production.

Background : This study was carried out to investigate the changes to fatty acid, mineral, and ginsenosides contents in ginseng seed when they were stratified for different length of time and to determine whether variety had any effects on the changes. The aim was to improve the ginseng seed stratification process. Methods and Results : The ginseng varieties used were Geumpoong, Chunpoong, Yunpoong, and K-1. Stratifying periods treated on ginseng seed were 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 days. The main fatty acids of ginseng seed were oleic acid (C18 : 1, n9c) with a content of 78.40 - 79.20% followed by linoleic acid (C18 : 2, n6c). The main mineral in the seeds was potassium (K), at 1208.2 - 1337.6 ㎎/100 g. The main ginsenosides in ginseng seed were ginsenoside Re and Rb1. Increasing the length of the stratification periods led to increases in oleic acid content (60 - 80 days), however after this the content declined. In contrast, linoleic acid content fell as the stratification period increased. K, P, Mg, Ca and Na content rose as the stratification period increased. The ginsenoside Re content of Chunpoong and K-1 cultivar seeds also rose as the stratification period increased which meant that total ginsenoside content increased. However, ginsenoside Re content rose in Geumpoong and Yunpoong seeds, but total ginsenoside content decreased as the stratification period increased. Conclusions : Some beneficial compound in ginseng seed rose as the stratification period increased. Therefore, ginseng seed stratification could improve the food value of ginseng.

고품질 우량인삼 생산을 위한 해가림자재별 인삼의 생육 상황과 해가림 아래의 미기상 변화를 조사하였고, 각각의 해가림자재에서 생산된 수삼의 유효성분들을 조사 분석한 결과, 6~8월까지의 해가림자재별로 온도는 차광지>차광판> 차광지 순이었고, 투광량도 차광지가 8월에 381.7 μmol/s/m2 로 인삼포내 온도가 가장 높은 원인이었다. 2~3년 인삼의 지상부 생육은 차광망>차광판>차광지 순이었으며, 4년근은 차광판=차광지>차광망 순으로 좋았다. 4년근 인삼의 진세 노사이드 총함량은 차광판>차광지>차광망 순으로 많았으 며, 수삼의 색도는 차광망>차광판>차광지 순으로 높았다