본 연구는 지방소멸에 대응하여 최근 주목받는 K-콘텐츠를 중심으로 한 워케이션(Workation) 정책을 추진하는 방향을 제시하고자 한다. 중앙 정부와 지방정부에서 추진 중인 지방소멸 대응방안 중 워케이션과 융합 하여 진행한 학문적 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 이런 점을 고려한 본 연구 는 워케이션을 통한 관계 및 정주 인구 증가에 이바지할 수 있는 정책적 제언을 제공함에 목적을 두었다. 특히, K-콘텐츠를 중심으로 워케이션 정책 및 사업 추진 방향을 제시하였다. 연구방법으로는 연구의 통찰력과 아이디어를 획득하기 위해 주요 신문과 방송의 기사를 고찰하고, 관련 선행연구와 단행본 등을 문헌 고찰하는 질적 연구를 진행했다. 그 결과, 재택·원격근무 가능한 워케이션 인프라 구축, 자유 가치·창의가 넘치는 K-콘텐츠 창작환경 조성, 워케이션 문화가 여는 지역 균형발전시대 구 축, 워케이션 문화의 공정한 접근 기회 보장, K-콘텐츠가 이끄는 워케이 션으로 경제 도약 추진의 정책 추진 방향을 제안했다.

본 연구는 ‘다크투어리즘’의 관점에서 용어 사용의 부적절성을 다차 원적으로 고찰해보았다. 다만, 문헌 고찰이라는 점에서 이론적 논의를 중심으로 기술하면서 다크투어리즘 용어 사용의 부적절성과 관련된 네 가지 주제들을 지적하였다. 이를 통해 다크투어리즘 관련 연구의 용어 사용의 부적절성을 구체적으로 드러내 보이고자 했다. 먼저, 다크투어 리즘의 논의의 방향을 관광과 여행 용어의 오용(誤用)에서 시작하였다. 그다음 다크투어리즘 논의의 방향을 행정기관과 다수의 연구자가 만든 확신 차원에서 논의하였다. 세 번째 다크투어리즘 논의의 방향을 외국 에서 유입된 용어라는 이유로 너무 쉽게 수용한다는 논의였다. 네 번째 다크투어리즘 논의의 방향은 다크투어리즘의 진정성 있는 관광인 평화 관광으로의 전환 논의였다. 이를 통해 다크투어리즘 용어에 관한 논란 의 문제를 기술한 뒤 평화관광으로의 전환을 제안하였다.

본 연구는 코로나 19로 인해 불안, 우울 등의 심리적 어려움을 겪는 사람들이 많아지면서 사회 구성원 간의 갈등을 해결하려는 방안의 하나 로 ‘관광’을 치유의 수단으로 활용하여 ‘치유관광상품’을 개발하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 그 결과, 첫째, 규칙적인 둘레길 산책 프로그램이나 도보 여행 관련 상품 개발, 둘째, 스트레스 해소를 위한 야외 관광 활동 관련 상품 개발, 셋째, 친구, 친지, 가족과 동행하는 관광상품 개발, 넷째, 하 던 일과 생각을 잠시 멈추는 등의 넋 놓기 관광상품 개발 등을 제시하였 다. 이는 코로나 19 장기화에 따른 우울증 ‘코로나 블루(Corona Blue)’ 가 일상생활의 어려움을 넘어 분노까지 느끼는 ‘코로나 레드(Corona Red)’를 호소하는 사람이 많아지면서 위험사회가 되어가고 있다는 관점 에서 이를 극복하기 위한 정책 대응방안을 요구받는 시점에서 제시한 것 이다. 본 연구는 전 국민적 심리 상담이 필요한 시점에서 관광을 기반으 로 치유하는 ‘치유관광상품’ 개발이 갈수록 위험사회로 치닫고 있는 우리 사회의 문제점을 조금이나마 해결할 수 있기를 바란다.

본 연구는 북한 김정은 체제의 관광산업 인식이 어떻게 변화하였고, 이를 통해 관광산업을 어떻게 정치적으로 이용하는가를 분석하는 것을 본 연구의 목적으로 삼았다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 관련 내용을 바탕으로 북한과 국내 문헌을 중심으로 집중적으로 분석하였다. 남북교류의 경우, 관광은 상호 정치적 관계에 영향을 미치며 정치적 관계는 관광을 제한하 거나 심지어 단절시키는 요인이 되기도 한다. 1960-1970년대 한국과 필 리핀을 포함한 국가들은 외화획득을 목적으로 관광 진흥정책을 추진하였 으며, 동시에 국내 체제의 안정과 국제사회로부터 독재 권력에 대한 묵 인(默認) 유도하는 등 정치적 방편으로 관광을 이용하였다. 북한 김정은 체제가 관광을 정치적으로 이용하는 현황을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 도시와 도시건설을 통한 관광 상품화 추진이다. 둘째, 현지 지도를 통한 최고지도자로서의 이미지 형성이다. 셋째, 폐쇄적인 북한 이미지 개 선 추진을 위해서이다. 넷째, 경제특구를 중심으로 한 다변화 하는 북한 관광을 추진하면서 관광을 정치적으로 악용(惡用)하고 있다.

The frequent detection and occurrence of micropollutants (MPs) in aquatic ecosystems has raised public health concerns worldwide. In this study, the behavior of 50 MPs was investigated in three different domestic wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Furthermore, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess the geographical and seasonal variation of MPs in the WWTPs. The results showed that the concentrations of 43 MPs ranged from less than 0.1 to 237.6 μg L-1, while other seven MPs including 17-ethynylestradiol, 17-estradiol, sulfathiazole, sulfamethazine, clofibric acid, simvastatin, and lovastatin were not detected in all WWTPs. Among the detected MPs, the pharmaceuticals such as metformin, acetaminophen, naproxen, and caffeine were prominent with maximum concentrations of 133.4, 237.6, 71.5, and 107.7 μg L-1, respectively. Most perfluorinated compounds and nitrosamines were found at trace levels of 1.2 to 55.3 ng L-1, while the concentration of corrosion inhibitors, preservatives (parabens), and endocrine disruptors ranged from less than 0.1 to 4310.8 ng L-1. Regardless of the type of biological treatment process such as MLE, A2O, and MBR, the majority of pharmaceuticals (except lincomycin, diclofenac, iopromide, and carbamazepine), parabens (except Methyl paraben), and endocrine disruptors were removed by more than 80%. However, the removal efficiencies of certain MPs such as atrazine, DEET, perfluorinated compounds (except PFHxA), nitrosamines, and corrosion inhibitors were relatively low or their concentration even increased after treatment. The results of statistical analysis reveal that there is no significant geographical difference in the removal efficacy of MPs, but there are temporal seasonal variations in all WWTPs.

본 연구는 정치적 상상력을 발휘하여 DMZ를 분석한 결과, 그동안 ‘DMZ 관광’하면 ‘안보관광’으로 동일시했다는 것을 확인하였다. 이에 DMZ 관광 을 안보관광의 틀에서 벗어나 평화관광의 패러다임으로 변화시킬 수 있는 전략적 접근이 필요한 시점에서 기존의 안보관광상품 개발이나 관련 연구 위주의 DMZ를 문화콘텐츠와 연계하는 전략, 국제적인 브랜드화 하는 전 략, 평화성장을 견인하는 전략, 지역특화 콘텐츠를 발굴하는 전략을 문헌 고찰하여 ‘메타버스 DMZ 평화관광’의 거점으로 조성하는 구체적인 전략으 로 제안하였다. 그 결과, 첫째, DMZ를 전 세계적인 생태·역사·문화·관광자 원으로 가꾸는 장기적이고 전략적인 접근이 필요하다. 둘째, DMZ 인근지 역의 특화된 문화관광축제를 발굴하고 홍보 지원하는 전략과 최근 조성된 ‘DMZ 평화의 길’ 조성사업을 체계적으로 관리·운영하는 전략이 필요하다. 셋째, 낙후되고 소외된 DMZ 인근지역의 철도·도로와 공항·항만 같은 교통 망 확충을 중심으로 통신·상하수도·에너지 관련 설비를 망라하고 문화·교육 시설이나 의료·복지 시스템으로까지 확장된 개념의 인프라를 확충하는 전 략이 필요하다. 넷째, 새로운 관광시장과 수익성을 높이기 위해 고부가가치 의 치유 및 웰니스 관광 클러스터를 조성하여 고급문화를 향유하고자 하는 관광객을 유치하기 위한 전략이 필요하다고 제안하였다.

Conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) do not fully remove micropollutants. Enhanced treatment of sewage effluents is being considered or implemented in some countries to minimize the discharge of problematic micropollutants from WWTPs. Representative enhanced sewage treatment technologies for micropollutant removal were reviewed, including their current status of research and development. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as ozonation and UV/H2O2 and adsorption processes using powdered (PAC) and granular activated carbon (GAC) were mainly discussed with focusing on process principles for the micropollutant removal, effect of process operation and water matrix factors, and technical and economic feasibility. Pilot- and full-scale studies have shown that ozonation, PAC, and GAC can achieve significant elimination of various micropollutants at economically feasible costs(0.16-0.29 €/m3). Considering the current status of domestic WWTPs, ozonation and PAC were found to be the most feasible options for the enhanced sewage effluent treatment. Although ozonation and PAC are all mature technologies, a range of technical aspects should be considered for their successful application, such as energy consumption, CO2 emission, byproduct or waste generation, and ease of system construction/operation/maintenance. More feasibility studies considering domestic wastewater characteristics and WWTP conditions are required to apply ozonation or PAC/GAC adsorption process to enhance sewage effluent treatment in Korea.

Due to the large-scale production and use of synthetic chemicals in industralized countries, various chemicals are found in the aquatic environment, which are often termed as micropollutants. Effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been identified as one of the major sources of these micropollutants. In this article, the current status of occurrence and removal of micropollutants in WWTPs and their management policies and options in domestic and foregin countries were critically reviewed. A large number of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and industrial chemicals are found in WWTPs’ influent, and are only partially removed by current biological wastewater treatment processes. As a result, some micropollutants are present in WWTPs’ effluents, which can negatively affect receiving water quality or drinking water source. To better understand and assess the potential risk of micropollutants, a systematic monitoring framework including advanced analytical tools such as high resolution mass spectrometry and bioanalytical methods is needed. Some Western European countries are taking proactive approach to controlling the micropollutants by upgrading WWTP with enahnced effluent treatment processes. While this enahnced WWTP effluent treatment appears to be a viable option for controlling micropollutant, its implementation requires careful consideration of the technical, economical, political, and cultural issues of all stakeholders.

Dynamic behavior of piezoelectric ZnO nanowires is investigated using finite element analyses (FEA) on FE models constructed based on previous experimental observations in which nanowires having aspect ratios of 1:2. 1:31, and 1:57 are obtained during a hydrothermal process. Modal analyses predict that nanowires will vibrate in lateral bending, uniaxial elongation/contraction, and twisting (torsion), respectively, for the three ratios. The natural frequency for each vibration mode varies depending on the aspect ratio, while the frequencies are in a range of 7.233 MHz to 3.393 GHz. Subsequent transient response analysis predicts that the nanowires will behave quasi-statically within the load frequency range below 10 MHz, implying that the ZnO nanowires have application potentials as structural members of electromechanical systems including nano piezoelectric generators and piezoelectric dynamic strain sensors. When an electric pulse signal is simulated, it is predicted that the nanowires will deform in accordance with the electric signal. Once the electric signal is removed, the nanowires exhibit a specific resonance-like vibration, with the frequency synchronized to the signal frequency. These predictions indicate that the nanowires have additional application potential as piezoelectric actuators and resonators.

The status of probiotics is increasing worldwide and the range of application of probiotics is also being extended to the livestock industry. The use of probiotics in the swine industry aims to improve animal health and productivity by forming a healthy gut microbiota. Intensive pig breeding, a common breeding method in modern society, causes physiological stress in pigs, resulting in imbalance of the intestinal microbiota and dysfunction of the intestinal barrier. We conducted a scientific research on the properties of probiotics for multi-strain probiotics (MSP) and observed the economic benefits and efficiency of culturing MSP through a self-cultivation system in livestock. Initially, we observed alteration occurred by MSP application in the gut microbiota of pig. MSP were characterized to have resistance to digestive juices such as gastric acid and bile, followed by colonization in the target organ, the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT). In addition, MSP was also confirmed to have antibacterial ability against pathogenicity that most frequently infected in the swine industry and showed low resistance to antibiotics which means guaranteed stability when added to feed. The growth rate of probiotics in the optimized medium used in the self-cultivation system was suitable for efficiently and economically culturing and feeding pigs with high concentrations of probiotics, considering the ingredient price and the growth efficiency. We observed the significant alteration of gut microbiota of pig by application of MSP. Importantly, the MSP supplementation significantly increased the beneficial bacteria genus of Bifidobacterium that confer a health benefit to the host in pig GIT, whereas decreased the number of harmful bacteria including coliforms. In addition, MSP influenced on the uniformity of gut microbiota at both of sow and weaning pigs. Taken together, the application of MSP with high concentration of probiotics using self-cultivation system may critically improve the pig health by regulation intestinal microbiota.

Finite element analyses are carried out to understand the piezoelectric behaviors of ZnO nanowires. Three different types of ZnO nanowires, with aspect ratios of 1:2. 1:31, and 1:57, are analyzed for uniaxial compression, pure bending, and buckling. Under the uniaxial compression with a strain of 1.0 × 10−4 as the reference state, it is predicted that all three types of nanowires develop the same magnitude of the piezoelectric fields, which suggests that longer nanowires exhibit higher piezoelectric potential. However, this prediction is not in agreement with the experimental results previously reported in the literature. Such discrepancy is understood when the piezoelectric behaviors under bending and buckling are considered. When only the strain field due to bending is present in bending or buckling, the antisymmetric nature of the through-thickness stain distribution indicates that two piezoelectric fields, the same in magnitude and opposite in sign, develop along the thickness direction, which cancels each other out, resulting in a zero net piezoelectric field. Once additional strain contribution due to axial deformation is superposed on the bending, such field cancelling is compensated for due to the axial component of the piezoelectric field. Such numerical predictions seem to explain the reported experimental results while providing a guideline for the design of nanowire-based piezoelectric devices.

A simple method for generating pores in a cellulose acetate (CA) polymer matrix was developed using a combination of an ionic liquid and water pressure treatment. A porous CA membrane was successfully prepared using the ionic liquid (BMIM-BF4) and subsequent water pressure treatment. Pores were generated in the CA polymer matrix when the CA/ionic liquid composite was subjected to water pressure. The characteristics of the thus-generated porous membrane were evaluated using porosimetry. FT-IR and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that when the CA polymer was subjected to water pressure, most of the BMIM-BF4 incorporated in the polymer during its preparation was removed, thereby generating the observed pores. In addition, it was observed that the flux varied with water pressure, indicating that the pore size was controllable.

외상으로 인한 혈액담즙증은 드물지 않게 보고되고 있고 경피경간 경로를 이용한 담도내시경이나 배액술 등에 의한 의인성 손상이 증가하고 있다. 그러나 담도스텐트 제거에 따 른 대량의 혈액담즙증의 보고는 매우 드물다. 본 증례는 복부 외상으로 간엽절제술을 받은 환자에서 발생한 담즙 누출을 치료하기 위해 삽입한 담도 스텐트를 제거하면서 혈액담 즙증이 대량 출혈로 악화된 사례이다. 간외상 수술 후 담즙 누출로 플라스틱 담도 스텐트 삽입 후 호전 중에 혈액담즙증 및 담도염 발생으로 스텐트 교체 목적으로 제거하였으나 제 거하자마자 대량의 활동성 혈액담즙증으로 악화되었다. 수술 후의 담즙 누출로 인한 주변조직 손상 및 삽입된 담도 스 텐트로 인한 자극과 제거시의 손상이 원인이 될 수 있을 것 으로 생각된다. 치료는 대량 출혈로 내시경 시야가 확보되지 않아 응급 혈관조영술로 지혈술을 시행하였다. 따라서 복부 외상 환자나 수술 환자에서 담즙 누출 후 담도 배액 스텐트 는 일반적으로 시행되는 효과적인 치료 방법이나 혈액담즙 증 및 합병증으로 담도 스텐트를 교체할 때 주변 담도나 혈 관계의 합병증 유무에 대한 사전 검사를 시행하고 스텐트 제거시에도 주의를 요한다.

The N-Screen contents is a kind of emerging technologies to make a new user-experience by integrating multiple devices like smart TVs, personal computers, and smartphones. In the paper, we characterize game design issues of N-Screen based game with smart TV and smartphone and describe the game design issues of 「Beaver Rising」as its case study.「Beaver Rising」is the N-Screen game which developed by our team ans its' game play is similar with a classic game, called「Snake」but it can be played on a smart TV screen while players can control their own beaver characters with their smartphones. We first give a survey of N-Screen games to characterize their properties in the paper. Then, we describe the game play, game design architecture, and user experience of the game,「Beaver Rising」as its case study. Finally, we propose three new properties to make an effective N-screen game with a smart TV and smartphons. The paper will contribute to provide am effective game design guideline when we make a N-screen based game with a smart TV and smartphones.

본 연구에서는 인진쑥 배지에서 배양한 노루궁뎅이버섯 균사체 배양 추출물의 간세포 독성 및 간세포 보호 효과와 이 배양 추출물에 흑마늘 추출물을 혼합한 혼합액의 간세포 보호 효과와 항산화력을 측정하였다. 배양 추출물의 세포 독성을 농도별로 측정한 결과, 0.05 mg/mL의 농도 이상에서는 세포생존율이 유의적으로 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 배양 추출물의 간세포 보호 효과를 측정한 결과, 물과 ethanol의 비율 5:5, 80˚C의 조건에서 추출한 추출물이 상대적으로 가장 좋은 간세포 보호 효과를 나타내었다. 이 조건에서 추출한 배양 추출물에 흑마늘을 혼합(배양 추출물:흑마늘 추출물=9:1, 8:2, 7:3)하여 간세포 보호 효과와 항산화력을 측정하였다. 측정 결과, 간세포 보호 효과는 흑마늘 추출물 첨가 시 유의적인 차이가 나타내지 않았으며, 항산화력 측정 결과에서는 오히려 흑마늘 추출물 첨가 비율이 낮을수록 상대적으로 높은 항산화 활성을 보여, 흑마늘 추출물의 경우, 적은 농도에서는 간세포 보호 효과 및 항산화력에 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 추정되었다. 배양 추출물만으로(1.9 Brix, 15%) 액상과당 농도를 달리하여(10, 15, 20%) 제조한 음료의 관능검사 실시 결과, 액상과당 농도 차이가 단맛에서는 유의적 차이를 나타내었으나, 쓴맛, 향, 농도 및 전반적 기호도에 있어서는 유의적 차이를 나타내지 않았다.

In order to develop tea by using the leaves of stevia, which is a herbal plant, and to solve the disadvantages of stevia dried leaf tea, we have manufactured the steamed tea, stir-fried tea and fermented tea by changing the manufacturing processes. As a result of the sensory tests, the steamed tea, stir-fried tea and fermented tea received higher evaluations than the dried leaf tea. In terms of efficiency, it is desired that the total number of steaming and stir-frying is only once, but the fermentation is found to be the most desirable for 2 days. There are no trends for changes in the general ingredients, mineral and free amino acid contents of stevia leaf teas by different manufacturing processes. As a result for the measurement of antioxidant activities, the steamed tea and dried leaf tea did not show significant differences, but the stir-fried tea and the fermented tea show significantly low antioxidant activities as compared to the steamed tea. The contents of stevioside in both the stir-fried tea and the fermented tea were less than that in the dried leaf tea, but in the steamed tea, there was no significant difference in the content of stevioside. Base on the present observations, this study supports high potentials of steaming process in order to produce new stevia leaf tea.

The study of grinding behavior characteristics on aluminum powders and carbon nano tubes (CNTs) has recently gained scientific interest due to their useful effect in enhancing advanced nano materials and components, which significantly improves the property of new mechatronics integrated materials and components. We performed a series of dry grinding experiments using a planetary ball mill to systematically investigate the grinding behavior during Al/CNTs nano composite fabrication. This study focused on a comparative study of the various experimental conditions at several variations of rotation speeds, grinding time and with and without CNTs. The results were monitored for the particle size distribution, median diameter, crystal structure from XRD pattern and particle morphology at a given grinding time. It was observed that pure aluminum powders agglomerated with low rotation speed and completely enhanced powder agglomeration. However, Al/CNTs composites were achieved at maximum experiment conditions (350 rpm, 60 min.) of this study by a mechanical alloy process for Al/CNTs mixed powders because the grinding behavior of Al/CNTs composite powder was affected by addition of CNTs. Indeed, the powder morphology and crystal size of the composite powders changed more by an increase of grinding time and rotation speed.

Presently, the most promising family of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics is based on K0.5Na0.5NbO3(KNN). Lithium, silver and antimony co-doped KNN ceramics show high piezoelectric properties at room temperature, but often suffer from abnormal grain growth. In the present work, the (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Ti0.88Zr0.12)O3 component, which has relaxor ferroelectric characteristics, was doped to suppress the abnormal grain growth. To investigate this effect, Lead-Free 0.95(K0.5Na0.5)0.95Li0.05NbO3-(0.05-x)AgSbO3-x(Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Ti0.88Zr0.12)O3[KNLN-AS-xBCTZ] piezoelectric ceramics were synthesized by ball mill and nanosized-milling processes in lead-Free 0.95(K0.5Na0.5)0.95Li0.05NbO3-(0.05-x)AgSbO3 in order to suppress the abnormal grain growth. The nanosized milling process of calcined powders enhanced the sintering density. The phase structure, microstructure, and ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of the KNLN-AS ceramics were systematically investigated. XRD patterns for the doped and undoped samples showed perovskite phase while tetragonality was increased with increasing BCZT content, which increase was closely related to the decrease of TO-T. Dense and uniform microstructures were observed for all of the doped BCZT ceramics. After the addition of BCTZ, the tetragonal-cubic and orthorhombic-tetragonal phase transitions shifted to lower temperatures compared to those for the pure KNNL-AS. A coexistence of the orthorhombic and tetragonal phases was hence formed in the ceramics with x = 0.02 mol at room temperature, leading to a significant enhancement of the piezoelectric properties. For the composition with x = 0.02 mol, the piezoelectric properties showed optimum values of: d33 = 185 pC/N, kp = 41%, Tc=325˚C, TO-T=-4˚C.