After the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA) came into effect, international cooperation through Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) was required, and each RFMO established and adopted the Conservation and Management Measure (CMM) for the regional Observer Programs to collect data on fishing activities and biological information and to monitor compliance with its CMMs. The observer coverage required by RFMO is set differently for each organization, ranging from 5% to 100%. In addition, tuna-RFMOs recommend increasing observer coverage in longline fisheries by at least 20% for reliable quantitative analysis of not only target species but also bycatch species and ecologically related species such as sharks, seabirds, sea turtles, and marine mammals. Therefore, in this study, we discussed ways to improve the national observer programs of Korean distant water fisheries that should be addressed in the future to respond to the RFMO trends.

The IUU Fishing Index is composed of 40 indicators. These indicators were grouped by state responsibilities (flag, coastal, port, and general including market) defined in the FAO IPOA-IUU (2001) and then by type into vulnerability, prevalence, and response. A total of 152 coastal nations was surveyed. Korea's total combined IUU Fishing Index was 2.49 in 2019 and 2.91 in 2021, indicating a drop in the ranking to the third worst out of 152 countries followed by China and Russia in 2021. The indicators that increased the IUU fishing risk in 2021 compared to 2019 included seven indicators of prevalence and two indicators of response while those reducing the risk included one prevalence and one response indicator. The IUU Fishing Index revealed that many fisheries observers and monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) practitioners active in the waters of RFMOs jurisdiction where Korean distant water vessels operate have mentioned concerns about the compliance with RFMO conservation measures or fishing practices. It suggested that strengthening management intervention in the fishing sector is needed. The primary tool for management is the MCS system. Given the logistical difficulty of oversight from land, air and at-sea, there is a need to enhance MCS strategies through logbook data, at-sea observer and electronic monitoring program. It also suggested that MSC fisheries certification and fisheries improvement projects, which are widely used for improving fishing sector performance, could contribute to the eradication of IUU fishing and the promotion of sustainable distant water fisheries.

Since the interaction between the second-phase particle and grain boundary was theoretically explained by Zener and Smith in the late 1940s, the interaction of the second-phase particle and grain boundary on the microstructure is commonly referred to as Zener pinning. It is known as one of the main mechanisms that can retard grain growth during heat treatment of metallic and ceramic polycrystalline systems. Computer simulation techniques have been applied to the study of microstructure changes since the 1980s, and accordingly, the second-phase particle–grain boundary interaction has been simulated by various simulation techniques, and further diverse developments have been made for more realistic and accurate simulations. In this study, we explore the existing development patterns and discuss future possible development directions.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the feeding method of total mixed fermentation (TMF) and concentrate feed on the growth performance, carcass and meat characteristics of late fattening Hanwoo steers. Twenty-four Hanwoo steers were used in this study. The control group was fed with concentrate feed + rice straw from the growing to the late fattening period, while the T1 group was fed with TMF from the growing to the early fattening period and concentrate feed + rice straw for the late fattening period. The T2 group was fed with TMF from the growing to the late fattening period. The average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not different between the treatment and control group. Serum cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations were higher in the T2 groups than in the control group (p<0.05). The yield grade and quality grade were not different between the treatment and control group. The lightness of longissimus muscle was higher in the T1 group than in the control and T2 groups (p<0.05). Poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) of longissimus muscle was increased in the T2 groups than in the control group. Therefore, the method of feeding TMF and concentrate feed could have a positive effect on the lightness and fatty acid composition of longissimus muscle without affecting the growth and carcass grades of Hanwoo steers.

최근 기후변화에 따라 전 세계적으로 큰 규모의 산불 발생이 증가하고 있으며, 우리나라도 산불발생이 전반적으로 증가하는 경향을 보인다. 최근 우리나라와 인접한 북한에서 발생한 산불이 비무장 지대 등의 국내 영토로 번지는 사건이 많이 발생하고 있다. 우리나라에서는 오픈 API(application programming interface)를 통하여 과거 산불발생 기록을 검색할 수 있으나 행정기관에서 수집한 자료여서 국내 지역으로 정보가 국한되어 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 접근불능지역인 북한을 포함한 한반도의 산불발생에 대한 장기 시계열 정보를 생산하기 위하여 2000년부터 2015년까지의 MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) 위성자료를 수집 및 재가공하여 일자별 산불발생 현황의 GIS 데이터베이스를 구축하고자 한다. 데이터베이스 구축을 위한 입력자료로서 Terra 위성의 MOD14A1 산출물과 Aqua 위성의 MYD14A1 산출물을 사용하였으며, 16년간의 일자별 영상을 일괄작업으로 재처리하여 산불의 발생일자, 발생 위치, 탐지 신뢰도, 방사열 에너지(fire radiative power: FRP) 등의 정보를 추출하고 이들을 결합하여 Shapefile 형태로 생성하였다. 본 연구에서 구축한 장기시계열 GIS 데이터베이스는 다른 연구자들에 의해 한반도 산불정보의 시공간 특성 분석에 활용될 수 있으며, 이를 위하여 인터넷에 결과 파일을 탑재하여 자유롭게 다운로드 가능하도록 하였다.

It was a case study to use as a basic data for efficient the preservation and management of subalpine coniferous forest in national parks. It is based on inhabitation condition of 210 individuals of Abies koreana Wilson that was found through local investigation in the sub-alpine zone of Jirisan National Park and Songnisan National Park. It analyzed the effect of the geographical location and topographical features, which are the basics of location environment, on the growth of A. koreana. The variables related to the growth of A. koreana are tree height and diameter at breast height. Topographical features include geographical longitude, altitude above sea level, slope of the mountains, aspect that describes the direction in which a slope faces and topographical wetness index. Topographical features were extracted through GIS spatial analysis. It used canonical correlation analysis to estimate whether the two variables groups have related to each other and how much they are related, if any, and estimated the effect of the geographical and topographical features on the growth structure of A. koreana using multiple regression analysis. The tree height and diameter at breast height that represent the growth structure of A. koreana show greater relation to geographical latitude distribution than topographical feature and the geographical and topographical factors show greater relation to diameter at breast height than tree height. The growth structure’s variable and geographical and topographical variable of A. koreana have meaningful relation and the result shows that geographical and topographical variables explain 18.1% of the growth structure. The variables that affect the diameter at breast height of A. koreana are geographical latitude, topographical wetness index, aspect and altitude, which are put in order of statistical significance. The higher the latitude is, the smaller the diameter at breast height. Depending on the topographical feature, it becomes bigger. The variable that affects the tree height is topographical wetness index, which was the only meaningful variable. Overall, the tree height and diameter at breast height that are related to the growth structure of A. koreana are affected by geographical and topographical feature. It showed that the geographical feature affected it the most. Especially the effect of water among the topographical features is expected to be bigger than the other topographical factors. Based on the result, it is expected that geographical and topographical feature is an important factor for the growth structure of A. koreana. Even though it considered only the geographical and topographical features and used spatial analysis data produced by GIS, the research results will be useful for investigating and researching the growth environment of coniferous forest inhabiting in sub-alpine zone of national parks and are expected to be used as basic data for establishing measures to efficiently manage and preserve evergreen needleaf tree such as A. koreana.

This study aims at providing basic data to objectively evaluate the areas suitable for reintroduction of the species of Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in order to effectively preserve the Asiatic black bears in the Korean protection areas including national parks, and for the species restoration success. To this end, this study predicted the potential habitats in East Asia, Southeast Asia and India, where there are the records of Asiatic black bears’ appearances using the Maxent model and environmental variables related with climate, topography, road and land use. In addition, this study evaluated the effects of the relevant climate and environmental variables. This study also analyzed inhabitation range area suitable for Asiatic black and geographic change according to future climate change. As for the judgment accuracy of the Maxent model widely utilized for habitat distribution research of wildlife for preservation, AUC value was calculated as 0.893 (sd=0.121). This was useful in predicting Asiatic black bears’ potential habitat and evaluate the habitat change characteristics according to future climate change. Compare to the distribution map of Asiatic black bears evaluated by IUCN, Habitat suitability by the Maxent model were regionally diverse in extant areas and low in the extinct areas from IUCN map. This can be the result reflecting the regional difference in the environmental conditions where Asiatic black bears inhabit. As for the environment affecting the potential habitat distribution of Asiatic black bears, inhabitation rate was the highest, according to land coverage type, compared to climate, topography and artificial factors like distance from road. Especially, the area of deciduous broadleaf forest was predicted to be preferred, in comparison with other land coverage types. Annual mean precipitation and the precipitation during the driest period were projected to affect more than temperature’s annual range, and the inhabitation possibility was higher, as distance was farther from road. The reason is that Asiatic black bears are conjectured to prefer more stable area without human’s intervention, as well as prey resource. The inhabitation range was predicted to be expanded gradually to the southern part of India, China’s southeast coast and adjacent inland area, and Vietnam, Laos and Malaysia in the eastern coastal areas of Southeast Asia. The following areas are forecast to be the core areas, where Asiatic black bears can inhabit in the Asian region: Jeonnam, Jeonbuk and Gangwon areas in South Korea, Kyushu, Chugoku, Shikoku, Chubu, Kanto and Tohoku’s border area in Japan, and Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Fujian border area in China. This study is expected to be used as basic data for the preservation and efficient management of Asiatic black bear’s habitat, artificially introduced individual bear’s release area selection, and the management of collision zones with humans.

This study was conducted to develop a technique of ecosystem health assessment on Korea National Parks. The purpose of natural resource monitoring in national parks is to develop scientific information on the current status and long term trends in the composition, structure, and function of park ecosystems, and to determine how well current management practices are sustaining those ecosystems. The evaluation results will reflect in the park conservation and polices and promote the effect and functions of assessment program to the people. Health assessment steps were performed in order the establishing monitoring goals and objectives, development of the conceptual model, frame establishment, determination of indicators, standard and classification and health assessment. Health Indicators were selected the 13 with common, choice and climate indicators. We developed a pictogram and was separated into five colors to health condition, it was divided into three shape for comparison with the past state. Seoraksan, Odaesan National Park has been rated highly but Bukhansan, Kyeryongsan National Park has been underestimated.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate topographic characteristics revealed in the predicted distribution areas of Aporia crataegi, according to climate change. Towards this end, this study compared the differences of topographic factors, such as altitude, mountain slope and the aspect of slope, in the distribution areas with different potential inhabitation possibilities of the Aporia crataegi. The inhabitation possibilities of the Aporia crataegi were different, according to altitude and topographic slope, and the inhabitation possibility is judged to be affected more by the topographic conditions including altitude and mountain slope than by the aspect of slope. Especially, the inhabitation possibility of the Aporia crataegi was higher in the higher altitude area, as time goes on furthermore. The reason is that the current climate environment, which is suitable for the potential inhabitation of the Aporia crataegi, is forecast to be formed with an area with high altitude. Although the difference in the aspect of slope was not statistically significant according to inhabitation possibility, the reason why the inhabitation possibility of the Aporia crataegi varies in the mainly southeast slope is conjectured to be derived from the warmer heat environmental condition to grow from a larva into an imago. The result drawn in this study is expected to be utilized as basic data to establish a policy soundly preserving and managing the habitat of biospecies in consideration of climate change and topographic conditions in the natural ecosystem field by using the already built up various biological resources information.

Fishing characteristics of Korean tuna purse seine fishery in the Pacific Ocean were investigated using logbook data compiled from captain onboard and the statistical data from 1980 to 2014. Changes in fishing ground and correlation between marine environmental factors and fishing patterns were investigated using Oceanographic index. The proportion of unassociated set was higher than that of associated set. The catch proportion of yellowfin was higher in the unassociated set, while that of skipjack and bigeye was higher in the associated set. Due to vessels, fishing gears and Korean captains’ high-level of skills in fishing technology optimized for the unassociated set and preference of large fishes, especially large yellowfin tuna, it showed unique fishing characteristics focusing on the unassociated set. As for fishing distributions of Korean tuna purse seine fishery and impacts of oceanographic conditions on the fishery, the main fishing ground was concentrated on the area of 5°N~10°S, 140°E~180° through the decades. When stronger El-nino occurred, the range of fishing ground tended to expand and main fishing ground moved to the eastern part of western and central Pacific Ocean. During this season, yellowfin tuna had high CPUE and catch proportion of yellowfin tuna in the eastern part also increased. As for the proportion of fishing effort by set type, proportion of log associated set was high during El-nino season while that of FAD associated set was high during La-nina season.

국가 생물자원의 핵심지역인 국립공원의 통합적 공원관 리 체계 구축 및 활용을 위해서 현재 국립공원의 자연환경 보전과 이용관리의 문제점을 종합하여 건강상태를 파악 할 수 있는 과학적 평가방안이 필요하다. 체계적이고 과학적 평가 결과는 공원정책방향 확립 및 국민과의 공감 기회 확 대를 도모할 수 있다. 미국 공원청의 Vital signs, 캐나다 국립공원의 Ecological Integrity 등 선진국에서는 현장관리 와 연계성이 높은 자원 모니터링 지표를 선정하여 국립공원 을 체계적으로 관리하고 있다. 본 연구는 국립공원 생태계 건강성평가를 위한 고도화 방안을 제시하고 평가 지표를 적용하여 국립공원 생태계 건강성 평가를 실하였다. 생태계 건강성 평가의 고도화를 위해서 연구 방향성 설정 은 5가지를 선정하여 접근하였다. 첫째, 지표 설정 인자는 자연성, 다양성, 희귀성, 풍부성 측면에서 접근하였으며, 둘째, 지표 설정원칙은 편의성, 스트레스 민감성, 반응성, 예측성, 통합성, 저가변성을 고려하였다. 모니터링에 있어 지표는 장기적으로 진행되어야 하기 때문에 설정원칙은 가 장 중요한 방향성으로 나타날 수 있다. 셋째, 지수 고도화는 생태계 건강성평가에 대해 모든 사람들이 공감할 수 있는 확대 방안이 필요하다. 국립공원은 많은 탐방객이 방문하는 지역이므로 보전과 이용에 대한 이해력이 증진되어야 하나 아직까지는 부족한 상황이다. 넷째, 모델선정은 공원의 특 성과 건강성을 반영 할 수 있는 개념적 모델 선정 및 Framework을 설정하였다. 마지막으로 환류방안은 평가결 과에 따른 공원별, 지표별 보전, 복원, 환류방안수립에 적용 될 수 있어야 한다. 국립공원 생태계는 일반생태계에 비해 보전성과 안정성이 높게 평가되는 지역이나, 탐방객이나 외 부 압력으로부터 발생되는 문제점을 해결하여야 되기 때문 에 관리방안을 도출할 수 있는 모니터링 지표들을 선정되어 야 한다. 생태계 유형범주는 우리나라 국립공원 대부분을 구성하 는 육상생태계와 수생태계로 유형 범주를 구분하였으며, 생 태계 구성 요소 및 기능적 범주는 종 다양성, 생태계구조 및 기능, 스트레스로 구분하였다. 특히, 국립공원의 보전 및 관리를 위해서는 스트레스에 대한 평가 지표가 필수적이며, 스트레스 지표를 기본체계로 하여 발생되는 문제점을 도출 하여 보전, 복원, 관리 행위가 실시되어야 한다. 건강성평가 지표의 고도화를 위해 육상생태계에서 26개 예비평가 지표와, 수생태계에서 10개의 예비평가 지표를 추 출하였으며, 평가 지표에 대해 델파이 방법을 통해 한 계층 분석적 의사결정 방법(AHP)을 실시하여 공통 지표, 선택 지표, 기후대응 지표로 구분하여 선정하였으며, 각 범주는 생태계유형, 기능 및 세부분류유형에 따라 단계별로 구분하 여 선정하였다. 공통 지표는 저서무척추동물(BMI지수), 양서류 종 다양 도, 외래종지수, 지표성곤충(습성별 밀도 및 비율), 훼손지 평가(훼손지, 독립훼손지), 경관지수(파편화, 면적, 평균파 편화형태지수) 등 6개를 선정하였고, 선택 지표는 특정동물 평가지수(개체수, 분포수, 분포면적, 번식쌍 등), 수질지수 (DO, T-N), 외래생물관리 지수, 위해생물관리 지수 등 4개, 기후대응 지표는 건조지수(연 건조일), 폭설빈도(연 폭설빈 도), 강수빈도(일강수량 30mm이상 강수일) 등 3개를 선정 하였다. 기후변화 지표는 직접적인 관리활동으로 생태계건 강성을 증진할 수는 없으나 기후변화로 인해 생태계변화 예측 및 장기적 대응방안을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 판단된 다. 본 연구에서 제시된 지표에 대한 건강성 평가를 위해서 는 기존 모니터링 사업의 체계적 방안을 수정 보완하고, 모 니터링사업의 재확립이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 생태계 건강성평가 결과와 공원의 상태를 쉽게 이해 시킬 수 있도록 픽토그램을 개발하였다. 일반적으로 미국 공원 청 Vital Sign 모니터링 프로그램과 캐나다 온전성 평가에 서도 적용하고 있다. 공원의 현 상태를 표현하기 위해 녹색은 매우 건강, 연두는 건강, 노랑은 양호, 주황은 관리 필요, 빨강은 관리 시급으로 5단계로 구분하였다. 또한 과거 평가 결과와 비교를 위해 상승, 변동 없음, 하락 등으로 구분하여 총 15개 유형의 픽토그램을 개발하였다. 최종적으로 본 연구의 고도화 결과의 효과적 실행을 위해 서는 첫째, 공원 모니터링 사업을 종합 분석하여 모니터링 을 재확립, 둘째, 모니터링 사업에 대한 프로토콜을 제작, 셋째, 모니터링 조사자의 전문화, 넷째, 평가시스템 구축의 절차를 통해 국립공원 생태계 건강성평가가 실시되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 과정을 통해 도출된 결과는 국립 공원을 체계적·과학적 관리에 적용 될 수 있으며, 또한 국립 공원 정책 및 대 국민 홍보에 활용 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된 다.

The feeding habits of the Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis were examined based on the stomach contents of 330 specimens caught by offshore large purse seine fishery in the southern sea of Korea, 2011. The size of Pacific bluefin tuna used in this study ranged from 34.1 to 67.3 cm in fork length (FL). The percentage of empty stomachs was 41.8%. The main prey items were Pisces and Cephalopoda based on percentage IRI (index of relative importance). The main fish preys were Trachurus japonicus, Bregmaceros japonicus, Engraulis japonicus, and Cephalopoda were Todarodes pacificus, Loligo edulis, Watasenia scintillans. T. orientalis showed ontogenetic change in diet composition. Although Pisces dominated the diet of all length classes the portion of Cephalopoda was relatively higher in size between 40 and 50 cm other than length classes. In terms of seasonal variation in feeding habits, Pisces was the main prey group in all seasons, but Cephalopoda was also frequently consumed during spring and autumn based on %IRI.

This study aims to offer basic data to effectively preserve and manage pine forests using more precise pine forests’ distribution status. In this regard, this study predicts the geographical distribution change of pine forests growing in South Korea, due to climate change, and evaluates the spatial distribution characteristics of pine forests by age. To this end, this study predicts the potential distribution change of pine forests by applying the MaxEnt model useful for species distribution change to the present and future climate change scenarios, and analyzes the effects of bioclimatic variables on the distribution area and change by age. Concerning the potential distribution regions of pine forests, the pine forests, aged 10 to 30 years in South Korea, relatively decreased more. As the area of the region suitable for pine forest by age was bigger, the decreased regions tend to become bigger, and the expanded regions tend to become smaller. Such phenomena is conjectured to be derived from changing of the interaction of pine forests by age from mutual promotional relations to competitive relations in the similar climate environment, while the regions suitable for pine forests’ growth are mostly overlap regions. This study has found that precipitation affects more on the distribution of pine forests, compared to temperature change, and that pine trees’ geographical distribution change is more affected by climate’s extremities including precipitation of driest season and temperature of the coldest season than average climate characteristics. Especially, the effects of precipitation during the driest season on the distribution change of pine forests are irrelevant of pine forest’s age class. Such results are expected to result in a reduction of the pine forest as the regions with the increase of moisture deficiency, where climate environment influencing growth and physiological responses related with drought is shaped, gradually increase according to future temperature rise. The findings in this study can be applied as a useful method for the prediction of geographical change according to climate change by using various biological resources information already accumulated. In addition, those findings are expected to be utilized as basic data for the establishment of climate change adaptation policies related to forest vegetation preservation in the natural ecosystem field.

Forest vegetation of Hwangjangsan (1,077.3 m) in Woraksan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, mountain valley forest, coniferous forest, riparian forest, afforestation and other vegetation. Including 55 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 4 communities of other vegetation, the total of 59 communities were researched; mountain forest vegetation classified by physiognomy classification are 28 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 12 communities of mountain valley forest, 3 communities of coniferous forests, 2 communities of riparian forest, 10 afforestation and 4 other vegetation. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica and Quercus variabilis communities account for 65.928 percent of deciduous broad leaved forest, Fraxinus rhynchophylla - Quercus mongolica community takes up 41.459 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 86.100 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Quercus serrata are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation region in Woraksan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla which are climax species in the area.

국가 생물자원의 핵심지역인 한국 국립공원의 자연환경 보전, 이용에 나타나는 공원관리 문제를 해결하기 위해 국립 공원의 자연생태계 건강상태를 파악하여 관리 할 수 있는 과학적 평가 수단이 필요하다. 미국 공원청의 Vital signs, 캐 나다 국립공원의 Ecological Integrity 등 선진국에서는 현장 관리와 연계성이 높은 자원 모니터링 지표를 선정하여 국립 공원을 과학적이고 체계적으로 관리하고 있다. 본 연구는 2011~2014년 국립공원 생태계 건강성 평가를 활용한 국립공 원 자원관리 방안을 마련하여 국립공원 보전방향 확립 및 현장 관리력을 향상하고자 하였다. 국립공원 생태계 건강성 평가 연구 대상지역은 육상형 15 개 국립공원인 지리산, 경주, 계룡산, 설악산, 속리산, 내장산, 가야산, 덕유산, 오대산, 주왕산, 치악산, 월악산, 북한산, 소 백산, 월출산이다. 국립공원은 일반생태계와 다르게 스트레 스에 대한 평가 지표가 필요하며, 스트레스 지표를 기본체계 로 하여 발생되는 문제점을 도출하여 보존, 복원, 관리가 진 행된다. 따라서, 건강성 평가 지표는 자연생태계의 온전한 상태를 나타내는 생태계구조(종다양도지수, 멸종위기종지 수)와 인위적인 교란을 나타내는 스트레스(생태계교란종지 수, 수질지수, 파편화지수)로 구분하였다. 국립공원 생태계 건강성 평가의 각 지수는 5등급 기준을 선정하여 평가하였다. 종다양도지수(H')는 각 분류군별로 등 급화하였다. 멸종위기종지수는 우리나라 멸종위기종의 총 종수를 기준으로 각 공원에 분포하는 멸종위기종수의 비율 을 환산하였으며, 생태계교란종지수는 우리나라 외래생물 총 종수 대비 해당 국립공원의 외래생물 종수 비율을 지수화 하였다. 수질지수는 환경부 하천수 수질환경기준으로 생물 학적 산소요구량(BOD), 용존산소(DO)를 평가한 결과이고, 파편화지수는 국립공원 단위면적당 탐방로 길이의 비율을 환산하였다. 2011~2014년 국립공원 생태계 건강성 평가결과는 2011년 3.49점, 2012년 3.54점, 2013년 3.66점, 2014년 3.73점으로 지 속적으로 상승하고 있으며, 세부지수별 평가결과를 살펴보 면, 종다양도 지수는 2011년 3.35점, 2012년 3.78점, 2013년 3.90점 2014년 3.95점으로 상승하고 있고, 멸종위기종지수는 2011년 3.07점, 2012년 3.07점, 2013년 3.40점, 2014년 3.73점 이며, 생태계교란종지수는 2011년 4.93점, 2012년 4.93점, 2013년 5.00, 2014년 4.60이고, 수질지수는 2011년 3.43점, 2012년 3.07점, 2013년 3.13점, 2014년 3.43점이며, 서식지파 편화지수는 2011년 2.67점, 2012년 2.87점, 2013년 2.87점, 2014년 2.93점이다. 2011~2014년까지 가장 많이 상승한 지수는 멸종위기종 지수이며, 종다양도지수, 수질지수, 서식지파편화지수는 지 속적으로 상승하고 있는 반면, 생태계교란종지수는 감소하 고 있는 실정이다. 국립공원관리공단에서는 이러한 평가결과를 바탕으로 공 원관리를 실시하여 멸종위기종 서식지 보호 및 복원, 조사 등을 실시하여 ’11년 133종에서 ’14년 155종으로 증가하였 으며, 국립공원 생물종도 자연자원조사, 자원모니터링, 직원 현장 조사 등을 통하여 ‘11년 15,727종에서’14년 18,654종으 로 2,492종 증가하여 종다양도지수가 상승하였으며, 수질지 수는 전공원 계곡 수질 ‘매우좋음’ 등급을 달성하였으며 습 지 보전, 계곡 내 인공보 철거, 오수처리시설 관리 등 수생태 계 보전관리 강화를 통하여 BOD는 ’11년 0.33, ’14년 0.45, DO는 ’11년 7.97, ’14년 9.49로 상승하였다. 서식지 파편화 지수는 국립공원 타당성 조사 등을 통하여 공원면적은 ’11년 3,094.702㎢, ’14년3,170.064 ㎢으로 증가하였으며, 탐방로 길이도 ’11년 1,393.55km, ’14년 1,406.75km도 증가하였으 나, 생태계를 파편화하는 샛길 차단 및 샛길 단속 등을 강화 하였다. 위 4가지 지수는 상승하였으나, 생태계교란종지수는 교란종식물제거 면적이 해마다 증가(’11년 →’14년 796,596 ㎡)하고 있는 반면 돼지풀, 큰입배스 등 서식지가 기하급수적으로 증가하고 있어 지수가 하락하고 있어 주요종에 대한 과학적 관리방안이 시급한 실정이다. 한국 국립공원에서는 생태계 건강성 평가를 활용 국립공 원 자원관리 방안을 마련하여 공원관리 정책지원, 과학적이 고 체계적인 관리