The IUU Fishing Index is composed of 40 indicators. These indicators were grouped by state responsibilities (flag, coastal, port, and general including market) defined in the FAO IPOA-IUU (2001) and then by type into vulnerability, prevalence, and response. A total of 152 coastal nations was surveyed. Korea's total combined IUU Fishing Index was 2.49 in 2019 and 2.91 in 2021, indicating a drop in the ranking to the third worst out of 152 countries followed by China and Russia in 2021. The indicators that increased the IUU fishing risk in 2021 compared to 2019 included seven indicators of prevalence and two indicators of response while those reducing the risk included one prevalence and one response indicator. The IUU Fishing Index revealed that many fisheries observers and monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) practitioners active in the waters of RFMOs jurisdiction where Korean distant water vessels operate have mentioned concerns about the compliance with RFMO conservation measures or fishing practices. It suggested that strengthening management intervention in the fishing sector is needed. The primary tool for management is the MCS system. Given the logistical difficulty of oversight from land, air and at-sea, there is a need to enhance MCS strategies through logbook data, at-sea observer and electronic monitoring program. It also suggested that MSC fisheries certification and fisheries improvement projects, which are widely used for improving fishing sector performance, could contribute to the eradication of IUU fishing and the promotion of sustainable distant water fisheries.

This study analyzed the reproductive biology, fishing characteristics and changes in fishing business of Liparis tanakae, snailfish collected from September to March. It was the period when they were mainly caught from 2018 to 2020. The average length was generally small in September and October and was large in January and February. The average body weight was generally around 1,500 g and the average body weight in autumn was lower and in winter was higher. The sex ratio of male and female was 0.40:0.60 (χ 2 test, p < 0.05). The spawning period was estimated from October to February and the main spawning period was from December to February through the GSI. The egg diameter of matured staged female L. tanakae was 0.11-1.48 mm, which was the main spawning period and the relationship between body weight and fecundity was F = 1849TL0.1093 (r2 = 0.2401). The monthly catch of L. tanakae was high from November to February, the time of migrating to the coastal area. Coastal gillnet fishery showed the highest percentage of all fisheries catching Liparis spp. Liparis spp. were caught at a high rate in winter in Chungnam, Jeonbuk, Jeonnam and Gyeongnam region, and revenue and cost was increased since 2017. Assuming a situation where there is no catch of Liparis spp., the fishing profit that can be obtained was the highest in Gyeongnam region and the dependence on fishing of Liparis spp. by coastal gillnet fishery was high.

This study evaluated the physicochemical and microbial quality characteristic of seasonal commercial kimchi for hygienic safety levels. The pH of seasonal commercial kimchi was 3.84-6.36 and the titratable acidity and salinity of the samples were 0.21-1.16 and 1.19-1.54%, respectively. The content of nitrate and nitrite in the commercial kimchi were lower in the spring and summer, which was affected by acidic condition of the kimchi depending on fermentation. Heavy metal contents in commercial kimchi are not an issue because they were detected only at very low levels. The total aerobic bacteria and coliforms counts ranged from 5.25 to 8.44 Log CFU/g and 0.00 to 5.08 Log CFU/g, respectively. The total aerobic bacteria and coliforms were detected more in summer than in the other seasons. E. coli was detected in three of the samples tested. Food-borne pathogens were not detected in any of the samples except for B. cereus. B. cereus was detected in the fall in more than 70% of samples. These results suggest that commercial kimchi distributed in the fall maintain the quality properties and the microbiological safety of kimchi compared to the other seasons. Therefore, further studies as an effective distribution system for the particular seasons will be needed to guarantee the hygienic safety levels of commercial kimchi required by the consumers.

Species composition in the coastal waters off Ulleungdo of Korea were examined based on catches bimonthly collected by trammel net in 2013. A total of 711 individuals and 181.9 Kg were caught and catches were composed of 4 classes 15 orders 27 families 52 species including 44 Pisces, 4 Gastropoda, 3 Cephalopoda, and 1 Echinodermata. The dominant species in biomass were File fish (Thamnaconus modestus), Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus azonus), and Greenling (Hexagrammos otakii). Data were summarized using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) to examine similarity in species composition for each month, and community structure in Ulleungdo was divided into two groups. Community structures in February, April and December with low temperature and well-mixed surface water were distinguished from those in June, August and October with high temperature and strong stratification, which could be attributed to temporal changes in dominant species. Atka mackerel and Spear squid mainly caught in February and April, disappearing in June, August and October, and File fish outburst was shown in October. Because the water off Ulleungdo has been under low human pressure, it could be a good case study to elucidate effects of climate change on community structure and ecosystem in the East sea. Continuous surveys and further studies are required to demonstrate migration route and distribution of dominant species and long-term changes in community structure in the water of Ulleungdo.

Maturity and spawning of the giant Pacific octopus, Octopus dofleini was investigated based on the samples collected in the coast of Gangwondo, East Sea, from January to December in 2009. Individuals of mature stage had a higher occurrence rate from February toMay, and gonadosomatic index (GSI) also showed a higher value from February toMay than the other months. For that reason, the spawning period was estimated from February to May with the main spawning period from March to May. The total number of eggs in the fecundity (F) ranged from 9,045 in 11.0 kg (TW) to 148,682 in 16.5 kg (TW), which was proportional to total weight (TW), and the relationship between total weight and fecundity was F=0.185×TW2.238 (R2=0.389). The total weight at 50% group maturity (TW0.5) of female was estimated to be 12.2 kg.

Despite her seemingly insufficient time of l0 years, as being an artist, includingthe period of art education, Paula Modersohn-Becker was highly productive in herartist skills by leaving more than 500 oil paintings, 700 sketches and 13 etchings.This suggests that her passion for art was not infinitesimal. Paula Modersohn-Beckermostly worked in the Worpswede Art Association wherein liberty and artisticactivity were highly regarded. In spite of her length of duration within the art circle,she was able to be independent of the shadow of the association because she alwaystried to learn a new approach. Paula Modersohn-Becker, it is understood, that herawareness of Worpswede’s characteristics and overcoming them enabled her toproduce progressive work. The researcher studies the properties of female portraitsin Paula Modersohn-Becker’s work.The researcher noticed that women in Paula Modersohn-Becker’s portraits werenot the only attraction but the accessories which the women are wearing in theportraits also viewers’eyes over them. The researcher also categorizes the variousfemales in her portraits into basic three subjects based on Greek mythology:Persephone, Demeter and Aphrodite, who is unusually used as the goddess of thecreativity in this study, according to Jean Shinoda Bolen’s original grouping form.Repeating the original form of Greek mythology, women, in Paula Modersohn-Becker’s portrait, have a propensity to be classical, and very unlike modernpainting. Paula Modersohn-Becker does not appear to have expressed any sympathy with feminism - which represented the new life-style in the city - and ‘equal rights forwomen’in those times perhaps because of her bourgeois background and also hersupport for Worpswede’s conventional female distinctiveness based on naturalism.Although there is no doubt that Paula Modersohn-Becker had a pre-modern view ofwomanhood, what we should heed is regardless of whether it be modernism or not,is that she had her own thoughts in a subjective way. Not only did she have themodern impression of tableau but she also worked as a professional female painterwhich was her dream and a most unusual career for a woman in those days. Thisproves that Paula Modersohn-Becker had a independent and subjective view of herprofession. Suggested to be the forerunner of female artists among phallic Germanexpressionism, Paula Modersohn-Becker should not be misjudged as an old-fashioned woman judged only by her painting.One omission in this study is that the researcher does not study comprehensiblyPaula Modersohn-Becker as the forerunner of German expressionism. In spite of thefact that Paula Modersohn-Becker’s achivements have been referred to as result ofrecent studies of German expressionism, there is not enough data about her works,with the consequent lacking of concrete studies of her and her works. Havingstudied Paula Modersohn-Becker with the diverse approaches hereafter,achievements of German expressionism are, hopefully, more affluent.

To investigate seasonal variation and species composition by depth layers in the deep sea ecosystem of the East Sea of Korea, bottom trawl survey was conducted at 4 depth layers during spring and autumn from 2007 to 2009. A total of 47 species were collected and were composed of 23 fish species, 9 crustacea, 6 cephalopoda and 9 gastropoda. The main dominant species at each depth layers were Chionoecetes opilio in 300m, Berryteuthis magister in 500m, Chionoecetes japonicus in 700m and 900m. In spring, richness indices (R) showed low value of 2.01 in 500m depth, and high value of 2.16 in 300m depth. Diversity indices (H') showed low value of 1.53 in 300m depth, and high value of 2.09 in 700m depth. Dominance indices (D) showed low value of 0.15 in 700m depth, and high value of 0.31 in 300m depth. In Autumn, richness indices showed low value of 1.48 in 900m depth, and high value of 2.69 in 300m depth. Diversity' indices (H') showed low value of 1.13 in 300m depth, and high value of 2.23 in 700m depth. Dominance indices (D) showed low value of 0.14 in 700m depth, and high value of 0.54 in 300m depth. In spring, similarity analysis in each depth layers showed the difference between 900m and othe depth layer, on the contrary 500m and 700m showed the similarity. In autumn, similarity analyssis in each depth layers showed the difference between 700m and other depth layers, on the contrary 300m and 500m showed the similarity.

초미립 BaTiO3분말을 출발물질로 하고 La3+을 0~2 mol% 첨가하여 1200~1400˚C에서 소결하였을 때 La3+을 첨가하지 않고 1350˚C 이상에서 소결한 경우를 제외하고는 모두 110~240 nm의 평균입경을 갖는 초미립의 La3+-doped BaTiO3소결체를 얻을 수 있었다. 이 때, 평균입경이 240 nm에서 110 nm로 감소함에 따라 정방정비 (c/a), 90˚ 분역의 부피분율, 상온 비유전율, 상전이온도(TC)에서의 최대 비유전율, TC 에서의 상전이 완만화도 등은 모두 감소하였다. 이와 같은 유전특성의 입경 의존성은 평균입경 감소에 따른 90˚ 분역 생성의 억제 및 그에 따른 내부응력의 영향으로 해석하였다.