This was aim to study the changes of components by different parts and maturity of tomato. We found that orally fed tomatine which induced a significant reduction in cholesterol in hamster in contrast to potato glycoalkaloids, the safety of tomatine was supported by our observation that pickled green tomatoes consumed widely in many countries has a high tomatine content. The tomatoes harvested during the first stage(10 days after flowering) contained tomatine 6333.49μg per 100g and dohydrotomatine and α-tomatine in a ratio of about 1:13.8. The tomatine content then decreased by about 85% during stage 2(20 days after flowering) an dehydrotomatine contene dropped to a value near zero during stage 3, 4 It on the tomatine content dropped to a value near zero during the final stage(50 days after flowering). With respect to health benefits at all stages of maturity, unripe tomato contain chlorophyll and α-tomatine should consumed.

교량의 내진성능확보를 위한 유지보수계획을 수립하는데 있어서, 전체 생애주기비용의 최소화를 통하여 최적의 검사 및 수리회수의 결정방법을 제시한다. 생애주기 비용에는 초기비용, 파괴비용 뿐만 아니라, 검사 및 보수비용이 포함된다. 시간에 따른 내진성능저하모델을 손상함수를 이용하여 표현하였으며, 손상감지정도에 따른 Event Tree Analysis를 통하여 유지보수에 따른 파괴확률을 랜덤진동이론을 이용하여 산출한다. 예제로서 10경간 연속교의 최적유지보수방법을 살펴본 결과, 가속도계수가 증가하고, 연약지반일수록 최적유지보수회수는 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

해양 미생물로부터 사람 Low Density Lipoprotein(LDL)에 대한 항산화 활성 균주를 검색 하였든 바 부산 인근연안에서 항산화 활성이 높은 Bacillus sp. RH-5를 분리 동정하였다. Bacillus sp. RH-5의 항산화 활성물질의 생산 거 배지는 1.0% glucose, 0.25% polypeptone, 0.25% yeast extract, 0.01% FeSO_4?7H_2O, 50% sea water이였다. 이때 최적 조건은 pH 7.0, 배양 온도는 30℃ 및 배양 시간은 48시간에서 항산화 활성이 가장 높았다. 사람 LDL을 1~5 μM CuSO_4 존재하에서 산화 시킨 결과 Bacillus sp. RH-5 배양액의 ethyl acetate 추출물의 500 및 1,000 ㎍/ml에서 산화가 억제되었으며 또 5 μM CuSO_4 존재하에서 산화시킨 LDL의 전기영동거리는 native LDL보다 다소 높았으나 LDL에 ethyl acetate추출물을 첨가한 경우 그 이동거리는 native LDL과 거의 비슷하였다.

This study was pcrformed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of silymarin against human low density lipoproteins(LDL) oxidation. Silymarin extracted from Silybum marianum was successively purified with solvent fractionation and followed by silica gel column chromatography. The active substances were separated by HPLC and the isolated active substances, silymarin were identified by IR, NMR, GC-MS as silymarin. Silymarin inhibited at the 5 uM Cu^(2+)-mediated oxidation of human low density lipoprotein (LDL) in a dose dependent manner. Silymarin completely inhibited LDL oxidation at 50 ug/ml concentration. These findings suggest that silymarin may protect LDL against oxidation in atherosclerotic lessions.

백설기의 기준조리법 설정을 백설기의 조리과정에서 품질특성에 영향을 미친다구 생각되는 제반요인을 찾아냈고 그 요인들 중에서 가장 유의차가 크게 나타난 요인은 첨가하는 물의 양, 찌는 시간, 첨가하는 설탕의 양으로 나타났다. 그 중 첨가하는 물의 양과 찌는 시간과의 상호작용을 보면 제 Ⅰ보^14)에서 검토하였다. 다음은 첨가하는 설탕의 양과 찌는 시간과의 상호작용이 백설기의 texture와 기호성에 어떤 영향을 미치는가를 기계적 측정과 관능검사에 의하여 검토하였는데 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 백설기 제조시 첨가하는 설탕의 양과 찌는 시간을 달리한 시료들의 기계적인 측정치를 분산분석한 결과 첨가하는 설탕의 양은 hardness, adhesiveness, gumminess에서 유의적인 차이(P<0.001)를 나타내었으나 찌는 시간, 설탕의 양과 찌는 시간과의 상호작용에서는 모든 항목에서 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 2. 백설기 제조시 첨가하는 설탕의 양이 15, 20%인 시료와 5, 10%인 시료간에 찌는 시간에는 관계없이 유의적인 차이를 보여 첨가하는 설탕의 양이 많을수록 hardness, adhesiveness, gumminess가 큰 수치를 나타냈다. 3. 찌는 시간을 20분으로 통일하고 설탕의 양을 달리한 시료들의 관능검사결과 첨가하는 설탕의 양이 15, 20%인 시료가 adhesiveness, sweetness, chewiness, overall quality에서 유의적으로 높게 평가되었다. 4. 관능검사에서 유의적으로 높게 평가된 시료들의 기계적인 측정결과는 대체로 hardness, adhesiveness, gumminess가 큰 수치를 나타냈다. 본 결과와 제Ⅰ보^14)에서의 결과를 요약하여 보면 12시간 침수한 멥쌀에 1%의 소금(NaCl)을 첨가하여 분쇄한 후 10%의 물을 첨가하여 물내리기를 한 후 김이 오른 후 물내린 쌀가루에 15%이상의 설탕을 첨가하여 20분간 쪄서 만든 백설기가 가장 바람직하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이 실험중 가장 중요한 조건은 첨가하는 물의 양이 10%이며 첨가하는 당이 설탕일 경우는 김이 오른 후 설탕을 섞어 바로 쪄야 하며 설탕의 양이 15%이상이라는 것이다. 이 조건은 대체적으로 hardness, adhesiveness, gumminess가 큰 수치를 나타낸다.

A fucoidanase, which was screened from the heptopancreas of Patinopectin yessoensis, was fractionated according to by ammounium sulfate precipitation and anion exchange chromatography. The crude fucoidanase activity was hydrolyzed a small amounts of fucoidan agar and not carrageenan. The crude enzyme hydrolyzed fucoidan to produce oligosaccha-rides of fucose, glucose, maltose maltotriose and maltotetraose as the reaction products.

There is a need for a method that can effectively remove wastewater containing small-sized particles such as TiO2. In this study, we attempted to remove TiO2 wastewater using electrocoagulation-electroflotation two-step separation. The TiO2 wastewater was effectively removed via batch electrocoagulation-electroflotation separation. However, in the batch process, the simultaneous operation of electrocoagulation and electoflotation was challenging due to the high residual turbidity. In the continuous operation, electrocoagulation and electoflotation reactors were kept separate. The turbidity removal in continuous operation was similar to that in the batch process, nevertheless, the residual Al concentration was high, leading to the conclusion that counterterm ensures against residual Al were necessary.

This study aims to inactivate Artemia sp. (Zooplankton) in ballast water through the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma process. The DBD plasma process has the advantage of enabling direct electric discharge in water and utilizing chemically active species generated by the plasma reaction. The experimental conditions for plasma reaction are as follows; high voltage of 9-22 kV, plasma reaction time of 15-600 s, and air flow rate of 0.5-5.5 L/min. The results showed that the optimal experimental conditions for Artemia sp inactivation were 16 kV, 60 s, 2.5 L/min, respectively. The concentrations of total residual oxidants and ozone generated by plasma reaction increased with an increase of in voltage and reaction time, and the concentration of generated air did not increase above a certain amount.

This study investigated the treatment of acetaminophen in municipal wastewater by conventional ozonation, ozone-based advanced oxidation, ozone/UV, and the electro-peroxone process. The ozone/UV process and electro-peroxone process of electric power consumption increased 1.25 and 2.04 times, respectively, compared to the ozone process. The pseudo-steady OH radical concentration was the greatest in the　electro-peroxone process and lowest in the ozone process. The specific energy consumption for TOC decomposition of the ozone/UV process and electro-peroxone process were 22.8% and 15.5% of the ozone process, respectively. Results suggest that it is advantageous in terms of degradation performance and energy consumption to use a combination of processes in municipal wastewater treatment, rather than an ozone process alone. In combination with the ozone process, the electrolysis process was found to be more advantageous than the UV process.

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) ballast water management agreement (International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship's Ballast Water and Sediments) came into force on September 8, 2017. This study evaluated the disinfection performance of electrolysis, UV treatment, and electrolysis + UV combined, to improve the treatment of zooplankton (size ≥ 50 μm), which is expected to strengthen the standards for biodegradation efficiency. Among the methods used, the disinfection time leading to 100% death was in the order: electrolysis > electrolysis + UV > UV process. For the same level of disinfection performance, the amount of electricity required for the electrolysis, UV, and electrolysis + UV processes were 1,300 W.s, 8,400 W.S, and 4,500 W.s, respectively. The combination of electrolysis + UV process for inactivation of zooplankton in ballast water did not show a synergic effect owing to the slow disinfection time and high power consumption.

The dissolution of ionized gas in dielectric barrier plasma, similar to the principle of ozone generation, is a major performance-affecting factor. In this study, the plasma gas dissolving performance of a gas mixing-circulation plasma process was evaluated using an experimental design methodology. The plasma reaction is a function of four parameters [electric current (X1), gas flow rate (X2), liquid flow rate (X3) and reaction time (X4)] modeled by the Box-Behnken design. RNO (N, N-Dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline), an indictor of OH radical formation, was evaluated using a quadratic response surface model. The model prediction equation derived for RNO degradation was shown as a second-order polynomial. By pooling the terms with poor explanatory power as error terms and performing ANOVA, results showed high significance, with an adjusted R2 value of 0.9386; this indicate that the model adequately satisfies the polynomial fit. For the RNO degradation, the measured value and the predicted values by the model equation agreed relatively well. The optimum current, gas flow rate, liquid flow rate and reaction time were obtained for the highest desirability for RNO degradation at 0.21 A, 2.65 L/min, 0.75 L/min and 6.5 min, respectively.

In this study, the two-stage electroflotation-rising process was investigated with the aim of improving the performance of the conventional one-stage electroflotation process. A total of 32 min (the electroflotation and rising times were 30 min and 2 min, respectively,) was required when a current of 0.35 A was applied in the one-stage electroflotation-rising experiment. The amount of electric power required to treat 1 m3 of water was 1.75 kWh/m3. For the two- stage system, the time required to achieve a turbidity removal rate of over 95% was 16 min (50% of the one-stage system). The amount of electric power required to treat 1 m3 of water was 0.59 kWh/m3, which was only 33.7% of that required for the one-stage process. The total treatment time and electric power were excellent in case of the two-stage system in comparison with those of the one-stage process. The rate of turbidity removal for the horizontal electrode arrangement is 9.3% higher than that of vertical electrode arrangement. When Na2SO4 was used as the electrolyte, the optimum electrolyte concentration was 1.0 g/L.

To increase electrolysis performance, the applicability of seawater to the iron-fed electro-Fenton process was considered. Three kinds of graphite electrodes (activated carbon fiber-ACF, carbon felt, graphite) and dimensionally stable anode (DSA) electrode were used to select a cathode having excellent hydrogen peroxide generation and organic decomposition ability. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide produced by ACF was 11.2 mg/L and those of DSA, graphite, and carbon felt cathodes were 12.9 ~ 13.9 mg/L. In consideration of durability, the DSA electrode was selected as the cathode. The optimum current density was found to be 0.11 A/cm2, the optimal Fe2+ dose was 10 mg/L, and the optimal ratio of Fe2+ dose and hydrogen peroxide was determined to be 1:1. The optimum air supply for hydrogen peroxide production and Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation was determined to be 1 L/min. The electro-Fenton process of adding iron salt to the electrolysis reaction may be shown to be more advantageous for RhB degradation than when using iron electrode to produce hydrogen peroxide and iron ion, or electro-Fenton reaction with DSA electrode after generating iron ions using an iron electrode.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of salt concentration and turbidity on the inactivation of Artemia sp. by electrolysis, UV photolysis, electrolysis+UV process to treat ballast water in the presence of brackish water or muddy water caused by rainfall. The inactivation at different salt concentrations (30 g/L and 3 g/L) and turbidity levels (0, 156, 779 NTU) was compared. A decrease in salt concentration reduced RNO (OH radical generation index) degradation and TRO (Total Residual Oxidant) production, indicating that a longer electrolysis time is required to achieve a 100% inactivation rate in electrolysis process. In the UV process, the higher turbidity results in lower UV transmittance and lower inactivation efficiency of Artemia sp. Higher the turbidity resulted in lower ultraviolet transmittance in the UV process and lower inactivation efficiency of Artemia sp. A UV　exposure time of over 30 seconds was required for 100% inactivation. Factors affecting inactivation efficiency of Artemia sp. in low salt concentration are in the order: electrolysis+UV > electrolysis > UV process. In the case of electrolysis+UV process, TRO is lower than the electrolysis process, but RNO is more decomposed, indicating that the OH radical has a greater effect on the inactivation effect. In low salt concentrations and high turbidity conditions, factors affecting Artemia sp. inactivation were in the order electrolysis > electrolysis+UV > UV process. When the salt concentration is low and the turbidity is high, the electrolysis process is affected by the salt concentration and the UV process is affected by turbidity. Therefore, the synergy due to the combination of the electrolysis process and the UV process was small, and the inactivation was lower than that of the single electrolysis process only affected by the salt concentration.

The lifetime of the electrode is one of the most important factors on the stability of the electrode. Since the lifetime of the DSA (Dimensionally stable anode) electrode is long, an accelerated lifetime test is required to reduce the test time. Beacuse there is no basis or standard method for accelerated lifetime testing, many researchers use different methods. Therefore, there is a need for basis and methods for accelerated lifetime testing that other researchers can follow. We designed a reactor system for accelerated lifetime testing and planned specific methods. Reactor system was circulating batch reactor. Reactor volume and cooling water tank were 12.5 L and 100 L, respectively. Electrode size was 2 cm x 3 cm (real electrolysis area, 5 cm2). In order to maintain the harsh conditions, accelerated lifetime test was carried out in a high current density (0.6 A/cm2) and low electrolyte concentration (NaCl, 0.068 mol/L). Maintaining a constant temperature was an important operation parameter for exact accelerated lifetime test. As the accelerated lifetime test progressed, the active component of electrode surface was consumed and desorption occurred. At the point of 5 V rise, corrosion of the surface of the base material(titanium) also started.

This study was conducted to investigate the possibility of utilizing various types of nozzles and gas-liquid mixers to increase the dissolution rate of plasma gas containing ozone generated in a dielectric barrier plasma reactor. After selecting the air atomizing nozzle with the highest gas dissolution rate among the 13 types of test equipment, we investigated the influence of the operating factors on the air atomizing nozzle to determine the optimal plasma gas dissolution method. The gas dissolution rate was measured by a simple and indirect method, specifically, the measurement of KLa instead of direct measurement of ozone concentration, which requires a longer analysis time. The results showed that the KLa value of the simple mix of air and water was 0.372 min-1, Which is 1.44 times higher than that (0.258 min-1) of gas emitted from a normal diffuser. Among the nozzles of the same type, the KLa value was highest for the nozzle having the smallest orifice diameter. Among the 13 types of devices tested, the nozzle with highest KLa value was the M22M nozzle, which is a gas-liquid spray nozzle. The relationship between water circulation flow rate and KLa value in the experimental range was linear. The air supply flow rate and KLa value showed a parabolic-type correlation, while the optimum air supply flow rate for the water circulation flow rate of 1.8 L / min is 1.38 times.

The Electrocoagulation-Flotation (ECF) process has great potential in wastewater treatment. ECF technology is effective in the removal of colloidal particles, oil-water emulsion, organic pollutants such as microalgae, and heavy metals. Numerous studies have been conducted on ECF; however, many of them used a conventional plate-type aluminum anode. In this study, we determined the effect of changing operational parameters such as power supply time, applied current, NaCl concentration, and pH on the turbidity removal efficiency of kaoline. We also determined the effects of different electrolyte types (NaCl, MgSO4, CaCl2, Na2SO4, and tap water), as well as the differences caused by using a plate-type and mesh-type aluminum anode, on the turbidity removal efficiency. The results showed that the optimal values of ECF time, applied current, NaCl concentration, and pH were 5 min, 0.35 A, 0.4 g/L NaCl in distilled water, and pH 7, respectively. The results also revealed that the turbidity removal efficiency of kaoline in different electrolytes decreased in the following sequence, given the same conductivity: tap water > CaCl2 > MgSO4 > NaCl > Na2SO4. The turbidity removal efficiency of the mesh-type aluminum anode was significantly greater than the plate-type aluminum anode.

In this study, we examined the suitability of ten disinfection models for predicting the inactivation of Artemia sp. via single or combined physical and chemical treatments. The effect of Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) on the inactivation of Artemia sp. was examined experimentally. Disinfection models were fitted to the experimental data by using the GInaFiT plug-in for Microsoft Excel. The inactivation model were evaluated on the basis of RMSE (Root Mean Square Error), SSE (mean Sum Square Error) and r2. An inactivation model with the lowest RMSE, SSE and r2 close to 1 was considered the best. The Weibull+Tail model was found to be the most appropriate for predicting the inactivation of Artemia sp. via electrolytic treatment and electrolytic-ultrasonic combined treatment. The Log-linear+Tail model was the most appropriate for modeling inactivation via homogenization and combined electrolytic-homogenization treatment. The double Weibull disinfection model was the most suitable for the predicting inactivation via ultrasonic treatment.