Designers have to consider voice of customer, process capability, manufacturing standards & condition, manufacturing method and characteristics of products to decide tolerances. Especially, in case of position of hole and pin, designers have to consider process capability to decide tolerances. The traditional position tolerances used in a drawing are theoretical values which are allocated to position under the worst case assembling condition that both hole and pin are the maximum material condition(MMC). However, when the process capability is high, more exact product size can be produced under stable manufacturing condition. Larger clearance of hole and pin can be allocated. In this point of view, manufacturer could increase the yield by allocating larger position tolerance than theoretical position tolerance of hole and pin considering process capability.

In this study, the seismic performance of RC school buildings which were not designed according to earthquake-resistance design code were evaluated by using response spectrum and push-over analyses. From the results of analysis, the efficiency of the seismic retrofitting methods RC shear wall, steel frame, RC frame and PC wing wall for existing RC school buildings was evaluated and analysised. The analysis result indicate that the inter-story drift concentrated in the first floor and most plastic hinge forms in the column of the first story. And results of analysis of the efficiency of the seismic retrofitting indicate that inter-story drift significantly reduced and ductile behavior is expected.

In this study, the structural stability of stone pagoda in Korea is evaluated with regard to the contact characteristics between stone blocks and a method for restoring the static stability of the stone pagoda by increasing the friction coefficient between stone blocks are proposed. Existing steel insertions, which are used for a temporary retrofitting method, bring about not only decoloration on the surface due to its corrosion but also stress concentration in stone blocks which may end up fracturing blocks. In order to replace the stiff insertions such as iron with ductile materials, lead or tin, experirnental test is conducted for identifying the friction characteristics of stone blocks without/with various types of insertions and the results indicated that a ductile compound metal insertion brought about the increase of the friction coefficients when compared to the existing iron insertion.

Since the school buildings are generally used as public shelters when the natural disasters such as flood and earthquake occur, it must be designed to show enough structural performance when subject to earthquake. Major failure mode of the school buildings observed in past earthquakes were shear failure of column of which length is shortened by infilled masonry blocks. ln this study, the seismic risk of the reinforced concrete school building structure was evaluated by using the seismic performance evaluation methods of low-story RC structures developed in Japan and the required seismic performance index which is obtained according to the KBC2008 seismic hazard map and soil types. ln this paper, the seismic performance of the school building is evaluated by considering this short-column effects, building shape and deterioration.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the preventive effects of Paeoniae Radix Extract (PRE) against the acute hepatotoxicity-inducing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the liver. PRE of 100 mg/kg concentration was intraperitoneally administered into rats at dose of 1.5 ml/kg for 20 days. On day 21, 5 mg/kg of LPS dissolved in saline was injected 4 hours before anesthetization. We examined the levels of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum of rats, superoxide dismutase (SOD) in mitochondrial fractions, and malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in liver homogenates. LPS-treatment markedly increased the levels of GOT, GPT, LDH and MDA, and significantly decreased those of SOD, CAT and GPx. But PRE-pretreatment decreased the levels of GOT, GPT, LDH and MDA, by 59.7%, 43.6%, 59.6% and 63.5%, respectively and increased those of SOD, CAT and GPx, by 85.5%, 57.8% and 62.9%, respectively. These results showed that the PRE had the preventive effects against the acute hepatotoxicityinducing LPS in the liver .

This paper focused on the application of finite element model updating technique to evaluate the structural properties of the reinforced concrete specimen using the data collected from shaking table tests. The specimen was subjected to six El Centro(NS, 1942) ground motion histories with different Peak Ground Acceleration(PGA) ranging from 0.06g to 0.50g. For model updating, flexural stiffness values of structural members(walls and slabs) were chosen as the updating parameters so that the converged results have direct physical interpretations. Initial values for finite element model were determined from the member dimensions and material properties. Frequency response functions(i.e. transfer functions), natural frequencies and mode shapes were obtained using the acceleration measurement at each floor and given ground acceleration history. The weighting factors were used to account for the relative confidence in different types of inputs for updating(i.e. transfer function and natural frequencies). The constraints based on upper/lower bound of parameters and sensitivity-based constraints were implemented to the updating procedure in this study using standard bounded variable least-squares(BVLS) method. The veracity of the updated finite element model was investigated by comparing the predicted and measured responses. The results indicated that the updated model replicates the dynamic behavior of the specimens reasonably well. At each stage of shaking, severity of damage that results from cracking of the reinforced concrete member was quantified from the updated parameters(i.e. flexural stiffness values).

LCVA has an advantage that its natural frequency can be easily controlled by changing the area ratio of the vertical column and horizontal part. The previous studies investigated the dynamic characteristics of the LCVA under harmonic load. This study experimentally obtained the first and second mode natural frequencies of the LCVA from shaking table tests using white noise and compared the values with the ones by previous study. Test results show that the measured first mode natural frequency of the LCVA is larger than the calculated one when the area ratio is larger than 1. The second mode frequency increases with the increasing area ratio, which is due to the sloshing motion effect resulting from the large area of the vertical column.

A bi-axial tuned liquid mass damper(TLMD) was proposed and evaluated on its control performance. The proposed TLMD controls structural response in a specific one direction by using the liquid sloshing of TLCD. Also, the TLMD controls structural response in the other orthogonal direction by TMD behavior which mass consists of the container itself and liquid within container of TLCD installed on linear motion guides. Force-vibration tests on a real-sized structure with the TLMD were performed to verify its independent behavior in two orthogonal directions. Test results showed that the responses of a structure were considerably reduced by using the proposed TLMD and its usefulness for structural control in two orthogonal directions.

본 연구에서는 하나의 제어장치로 서로 직교하는 2방향의 건물응답을 동시에 제어할 수 있는 동조액체질량감쇠기(Tuned Liquid Mass Damper; TLMD)를 제안하고 제어성능을 실험적으로 검증하였다. 본 연구에서 제안된 TLMD는 한 방향으로는 동조액체기둥감쇠기(Tuned Liquid Column Damper; TLCD) 내부에 채워진 액체의 운동에너지를 이용하여 구조물의 응답을 제어하게 된다. 그리고, 다른 한 방향 즉 TLCD의 직각 방향으로는 LM guide(linear motion guide) 위에 놓인 TLCD 수조와 내부의 액체의 질량을 이용하여 동조질량감쇠기(Tuned Mass Damper; TMD)로 거동하게 함으로써 구조물의 응답을 감소시킨다. 이와 같은 TLMD의 양방향 독립거동 특성을 증명하기 위해 실물크기의 구조물에 설치하여 강제진동실험을 수행하였다. 실험결과, 양방향 모두 대상 구조물의 응답을 감소시키는 것을 확인하여 제안된 TLMD의 효용성을 검증하였다.

본 연구에서는 진동대 실험을 통해 얻은 동적 데이터를 이용하여 TDL의 동적 비선형 특성에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 현재까지 TDL의 설계는 액체의 비선형 거동이 나타남에도 불구하고 TMD 근사이론이나 선형파동이론과 같은 선형 거동을 가정으로 설계되어 지는 한계를 가지고 있다. 또한 조화하중과 같은 특정진동수에 지배되는 하중형태에 대한 TDL의 동적 비선형 특성이 규명되었지만 백색잡음과 같은 특정진동수 성분에 지배되지 않은 하중형태에 대한 TDL의 동적 비선형 특성은 아직까지 검증된 바가 없다. 본 논문은 백색잡음을 이용하여 가진 하중 크기에 따른 TDL의 동적 비선형 특성을 검토하여 설계 시 필요한 동조액체감쇠기의 감쇠비, 고유진동수비 및 유효질량비를 평가할 수 있는 산정식을 제안하였다.

Designers have to consider voice of customer, process capability, manufacturing standards & condition, manufacturing method, characteristics of products to decide tolerances. Especially, in case of position of hole and pin, designers have to consider process capability to decide tolerances. The traditional position tolerances used in a drawing are theoretical values which are allocated to position under the worst case assembling condition that both hole and pin are the maximum material condition(MMC). However, When the process capability is high, more exact product size can be produced under stable manufacturing condition. larger clearance of hole and pin can be allocated. In this point of view, manufacturer could increase the yield by allocating larger position tolerance than theoretical position tolerance of hole and pin considering process capability.