In this study, we explore the solar differential rotation using recurrent sunspots observed by space-borne instruments from August 1996 to June 2025. To avoid systematic errors, the differential rotation profiles are calculated taking into account both Earth’s elliptical orbit and the inclination of the solar rotation axis to the ecliptic. We have found that the equatorial rotation rate first increases and then decreases in Solar Cycles 23, 24, and 25, which can be interpreted as torsional oscillations with a period of approximately 11 years. When comparing the angular rotation rates at the solar maximum and minimum, the latitudinal gradient of rotations at solar minima exhibits significant cycle-to-cycle variation. During the descending phase, the latitudinal gradient of rotations changes significantly between solar cycles. The latitudinal gradient of rotations in the northern hemisphere is comparable across solar cycles, whereas that in the southern hemisphere displays significant modulations across solar cycles. In terms of the Zürich sunspot classification system, the equatorial rotation rate is higher and the differential rotation is stronger for J-type groups than for H-type groups. It is also attempted to investigate the dependence on the order of successive passages, revealing that although the equatorial rotation rates for the first and second passages are similar, the differential rotation for the second passage appears significant. This is indicative of less rigid rotation during the second passage. To conclude, we point out that the Sun appears to rotate more differentially in the case that the solar magnetic activity is relatively weaker, when comparing cases of weak and strong solar activity.

In this study, the surface characteristics—including roughness, oxide layer thickness, and composition—of the electropolished layer on STS316L steel tubes subjected to double melting via the VIM/VAR process were investigated after exposure to Cl2 gas. The tubes were exposed to Cl2 gas for 1 to 13 d to simulate semiconductor conditions. Surface roughness increased with Cl2 exposure time, showing values of 0.01, 0.04, 0.04 and 0.03 μm after 0, 1, 5 and 9 d, respectively. At the same time, the oxide layer thickness on EPed STS316L, which was initially 8.2 nm, decreased to 3.18, 2.58 after 1, 5 d of Cl2 exposure, approaching the initial thickness of 2.38 nm observed on non-EPed STS316L. After 9 d, the thickness further decreased to 0.51 nm, with no significant change was observed thereafter. Before Cl2 exposure, the CrO/FeO ratio was 2.26. After 1, 5, and 9 d of exposure, the ratio decreased to 2.06, 1.75, and 1.27, respectively. In addition, the penetration depth of Cl into the oxide layer increased with longer exposure time. These results suggest that the formation of chromium chlorides led to the breakdown of the stable Cr2O3 layer.

This study aims to explore the creative and technological significance of applying real-time motion capture data to XR (Extended Reality)-based multidisciplinary performances. By analyzing the case of the performance All About Error, which integrated real-time captured movements of dancers with audiovisual content delivered on a media wall (LED screen), the research investigates both the potential and the limitations of creating nonlinear, interactive stage environments. The methodology combines a review of prior XR production cases with an in-depth analysis of the actual production process of the performance. The findings demonstrate that the convergence of technology and art in multidisciplinary performances advances beyond traditional unidirectional and linear formats, fostering bidirectional and multidimensional performances that respond in real time to the performers’ movements. This evolution promotes expanded visual communication and discourse between performers and audiences, illustrating the creative potential to redefine the boundaries of live art. Utilizing real-time motion data on stage not only maximizes audience immersion and active participation but also suggests that real-time, interactive technologies in digital media art can expand into a variety of fields, including performing arts and games. This trend points to new directions and growth opportunities in artistic creation and provides important implications for future research in performing arts and interactive media art.

본 총설에서는 음전하를 띠는 박테리아 세포막과의 상 호작용을 통해 구조와 기능을 교란시키는 양전하성 항균 제의 종류, 작용 기전, 그리고 최근 연구 동향을 종합적으 로 분석하였다. 식품 안전성에 대한 우려가 증가함에 따 라 기존 항생제를 대체할 수 있는 새로운 항균 전략에 대 한 수요가 높아지고 있다. 특히, 4차 암모늄, 폴리에틸렌 이민, 항균 펩타이드, 키토산 등의 양전하성 항균제는 박 테리아 표면에 신속하게 부착하고 세포막을 손상시켜 초 기 단계에서의 증식을 효과적으로 억제하는 강력한 항균 활성을 보인다. 이러한 물질들은 다양한 제형화 전략을 통 해 설계되어 식품 산업에서의 실용적 응용 가능성을 높이 는 데 기여한다. 본 총설에서는 이들의 분자 수준에서의 항균 작용 기전을 중심으로 고찰하고, 향후 안전성과 효 능 향상을 위한 연구 방향을 제시하였다.

A new spider species of the genus Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805, Pholcus osaek sp. nov., in the family Pholcidae C.L. Koch, 1850, is described from Korea. This new species belongs to phungiformes-group in the genus. It can be distinguished from its congeners by the shape and structure of genital organs of both males and females. It is found on and between rock walls in mountainous mixed forests. Additionally, the taxonomic status of Pholcus uksuensis Kim & Ye, 2014 is revalidated, re-diagnosed, and redescribed based on specimens collected from the type locality. Considering differences mentioned in the diagnosis through revalidation, P. uksuensis is regarded as a distinct species. Therefore, it should be removed from the synonymy of P. woongil Huber, 2011.