Because Cnidium officinale is susceptible to viral infection, this study investigated the proportion of virus elimination and plant growth after treatments with thermotherapy and chemotherapy. In the thermotherapy group, Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) and Cnidium vein yellowing virus–2 (CnVYV-2) were significantly reduced in 33℃ treatment. However, Cnidium vein yellowing virus–1 (CnVYV-1) was not affected by any of the four temperature treatments, and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) did not show the tendency to eliminate viruses according to temperature treatment. In the investigation of in vitro growth characteristics, plants were not significantly affected by temperature treatments. In the chemotherapy group, 40 mg･L-1 ribavirin treatment was the most effective in eliminating viruses. Different ribavirin concentrations (0 to 40 mg･L-1) did not significantly influence the in vitro plant survival rate. ASGV was completely eliminated with combined thermotherapy and chemotherapy (T29R20 and T29R40). Although the combined thermotherapy and chemotherapy treatment did not affect in vitro plant growth, it significantly influenced root development. The results indicate that thermotherapy, chemotherapy, and the combined treatment effectively eliminated these four viruses (ASGV, CnVYV-1, CnVYV-2, and CMV) without producing any major problems in C. officinale.

As the short rotation coppices(SRC), Salix spp., poplar and yellow poplar, they demonstratefast growth and asexual propagation ability. Despite the rapid growth characteristics, for use astree biomass materials, calorific value has not been extensively studied. In this study, itinvestigated the calorific values belonging to Salix spp., poplar and yellow poplar with particularemphasis on S. gracilistyla., S. gracilistyla and S. caprea showed greater calorific values thanthose measured with other species(4,546.6 cal g-1 and 4,539.6 cal g-1 respectively). Calorificvalues were demonstrated to the higher content of xylem tissue. S. gracilistyla from Wonju,YW1-1 and WJ2-9 showed the higher calorific values than other groups and clones. The presentresults demonstrate higher calorific value and low ash content, and these will be selectedasappropriate species and clones for biomass production purpose.

Background: The roots of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidzumi contain atractylone, which is used to suppress appetite and indigestion caused by gastrointestinal disturbance. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of several organic compost on the growth and root yield of A. macrocephala with organic fertilizer.Methods and Results:When organic fertilizer was applied basally, the average yield of 10 a was 184.6 ㎏ in the HA (Hwanggeumjidae, organic material mix), 171.3 ㎏ in the GG (Gyunbaeyangchegreen, bacterial cuture filtrate) and 175.0 ㎏ in the CF (Customary fertilization, control) each other in practice of CF had no statistical significance. Atractylenolide I was significantly greater in the HA (0.036%) than the GG (0.034%) or CF (0.023%). With regard to the amount of organic fertilzer, 10 a yield ws the most common of 203.0 ㎏ at 2.0 times of the organic 1 (HA), conventional fertilization of 134.0 ㎏ and 173.0 ㎏ of no application was a statistically significant. Organic fertilizer 1 was 1.5 to 2.0 times, organic fertilizer was 2 to 1.5 times that were most suitable.Conclusions:The results of the present study indicated that HA and GG are the most suitable for the organic cultivation of A. macrocephala. The content of atractylone I was highest under the HA treatment and lowest under the CU (Chamjoa, oil cake), TG (Totogreen, plant oil cake) and HG (Heuksalgreen, Castor oil cake) treatment.

Background: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of germination temperature, storage container and storage temperature on Scrophularia buergeriana and Scrophularia takesimensis seeds.Methods and Results: Seed lengths of both species were 0.8 ㎜, while seed width differed, with S. buergeriana measuring 0.5 ㎜ and S. takesimensis measuring 0.4 ㎜. The seeds of S. buergeriana were packaged in paper containers under room temperature (15°C), cold temperature (4°C), and freeze temperature (−20°C). These seeds exhibited around 80% germination rate at temperatures between 15°C and 30°C. The germiantion rate of S. takesimensis, on the other hand, differed significantly at different germination temperatures. Seeds of S. takesimensis which were packaged in vinyl and paper containers and stored under room and cold temperatures, exhibited around 80% germination rate at 15°C. However, the germination rate of freeze-stored seeds were decreased to lower than 20% at germination temperatures of 15°C, 25°C and 30°C germiantion conditions. The rate of germination showed a low positive to a significantly negativie correlation with the other factor that were determined to evaluate the germination performance.Conclusions: This study elucidates the most suitable germination and storage conditions to increase the germination rate for the two species of Scrophularia buergeriana and Scrophularia takesimensis needs to be stored in paper containers under cold temperature and requires a temperature of 20°C for germination. On the other hand, S. takesimensis in vinyl containers need to be stored at room temperature and those in paper containers at cold temperature, and a temperature of 15°C is required for germination.

Background : Yellowhorn (Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge) is distributed in northeastern region in China. The seeds are oil-rich and used as an edible and/or medicinal additives in China. We investigated genetic indices and molecular variance using ISSR markers and oil contents variance by analyzing fatty acid composition in several artificial populations in China. Methods and Results : Seeds were collected from four discontiguous artificial populations in four area in China : two in Inner Mongolia (IM), one in Liaoning (LN) and one in Shandong (SD). Farm in SD showed the highest number of effective alleles (Ne), Shannon index (I), and expected heterozygosity (He), i.e., 1.598, 0.470, and 0.325, respectively. Crude fat contents in kernel observed as 54.5 g 100 g-1 from SD. In contrast it was observed the lowest contents as 46.5 g 100 g-1 from LN . The fatty acid composition was determined to those of oleic acid (31.3%) from SD. And linoleic acid was determined as 38.1% from LN. These artificial populations have relatively high genetic variation, and within-population variation (23%) was higher than among populations. The artificial populations were divided into two groups, revealing these was little correlation between genetic and geographic distance. Conclusion : This study can provide the important information on genetic variation and contents characteristics. It may be responsible for the programs of improvement and germplasm conservation in the future.

Background : The roots of Curcuma longa Radix is used to make herbal medicine, which is registrated in the Korean Pharmacopoeia. This species is a perennial herb, and is distributed throughout tropical and/or sub tropical regions. High temperature and humidity with small difference between daytime and nighttime is the finest environment condition in this species. Recently, demand for C. longa has been expanded to cultivation area as central region from southern region. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of harvest time on the growth, yield characteristics and main composition contents in C. longa. Methods and Results : Curcuma longa rhizomes were harvested from farmland in Jindo, Jeollanam-do in end October, early November, middle November, end November, early December, middle December and end December 2015. Harvested rhizome were dried in hot air drier, and it was investigated as growth characteristics and yield. Contents of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin was analyzed from dried powder of rhizome. The analysis column was used to Phenomenex, Kinetex 2.6um F5 100A 100*2.1mm. 10 mg of standard was taken, 80% MeOH was added to dissolve in 10 ㎖ flask. 0.5, 1, 2, 4 ㎖ was taken from dissolved solution and then was added to 10 ㎖ of 80% MeOH. It was filtered through 0.45 ㎛ filter and then 5 μℓ was taken to make standard solution. Analytical calibration curve was measured to diluted solution within sample concentration. 2 g of ground sample was taken, 40㎖ of 80% MeOH was added to extract by ultrasound sonication during 60 minutes and then it was filtered through 0.2 ㎛ filter to analyze component content. Conclusion : The root weight significantly increased from 376.1 g in end October to 695.9 g in end December as 1.8 double. Curcumin contents differed significantly among harvest times in end November and early December. Demethoxycurcumin increased from early November to end November, and Bisdemethoxycurcumin increased to the early November.

Background : Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara. is used to cure internal organ, which is called to important one of the five “Sam (ginseng)” oriental medicinal herbs included Panax ginseng, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Sophora flavescens, Scrophularia buergeriana. Korea imported 24 ton 129 thousand dollar for medicinal herbs and 23 ton 29 thousand dollar for food at 2013. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of several organic compost on the growth and root yield of A. triphylla var japonica with organic fertilizer. Methods and Results : Seeds were collected from Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara. at last year in nursery of Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA. Four types organic fertilizer (germiculture (GG), granular mix oil cake (CJ), mixed organic (DJ), plant oil cake (TG)), chemical fertilizer (CF) and non-fertilizer (NF) were treated. It was fertilized on soil before 2 month of planting. Seeds A. triphylla var. japonica were sowed in tray at early March and then were grown during 2 month. It were planted in furrowed nursery at early with 30 × 10 cm planting distance and black vinyl covering condition. Soil chemical property, survival rate, aerial part and root growth characteristics and yield were investigated at harvest time. For main composition analysis, 10 mg of standard (b-sitosterol, lupenone) was taken, 80% MeOH was added to dissolve in 10 ㎖ flask. 0.5, 1, 2, 4 ㎖ was taken from dissolved solution and then was added to 10 ㎖ of 80% MeOH. It was filtered through 0.45 ㎛ filter and then 5 μℓ was taken to make standard solution. Analytical calibration curve was measured to diluted solution within sample concentration. 2 g of ground sample was taken, 40㎖ of 80% MeOH was added to extract by ultrasound sonication during 60 minutes and then it was filtered through 0.2 ㎛ filter to analyze component content. Conclusion : GG and DJ were the most suitable for organic cultivation of denophora triphylla var. japonica. Content of beta-sitosterol showed the highest value in DJ treatment and the lowest value in CF. Content of lupenone showed the highest value in DJ and the lowest value in CJ.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of harvest time on the growth, yield characteristics and loganin content in Dipsacus asperoides Wall. Methods and Results: Dipsacus asperoides seedlings were planted within a nursery environment in early May 2015 and harvested in early, middle and late October 2015, and early November 2015. Harvest time did not result significant differences in the plant height, stem diameter, branch length, leaf width and aboveground dry weight moreover, no significant differences were observed in root length, number of roots and root diameter. However, the diameter of lateral roots was greater in the harvests from the late October and period thereafter. The highest values of root dry weight and yield were recorded in early November. Specifically, the yield significantly increased from 205 ㎏/10 a (index: 100) in early October to 358 ㎏/10 a (index: 175) in early November, in terms of root part weight. Loganin contents of D. asperoides differed significantly among harvest times raging from 0.0766% in early October to 0.1704% in late November, thereby showing an increasing trend in later harvest times. Conclusions: These results suggest that the optimum harvest time for D. asperoides is early November, when the yield is the highest. Harvest time significantly affected loganin contents, which constantly increased from early October until early November.

Carbohydrate sources are one of important factors associated with macro- and micro nutrients and phytohormones in vitro culture medium for shoot growth. The optimal carbohydrates for eight species of the genus Prunus which are economically important fruit crop was evaluated at the initiation and elongation stages. All carbohydrate seemed utilized for the bud break and leaf growth at the early stage of culture. However, shoot elongation and fresh weight of species tested were superior in the medium containing 90 mM of fructose or glucose rather than sucrose. There was no difference between glucose and fructose. Adventitious shoots from the axillary buds were induced in most species but no significant differences were observed except for two species (P. salicina ‘Shiro’ and P. tomentosa). These result demonstrated that glucose and fructose were suitable carbohydrate sources for diverse Prunus species than sucrose, although the response to the carbohydrates in the medium were slightly different in the species.