본 연구는 종자의 높은 유지 함량으로 인해 식･약용 및 바이오에너지 원료 소재로 활용 가치가 높은 문관과(Xanthoceras sorbifolium)의 부정아 유도를 통한 기내 재분화 기술을 개발하기 위해 수행되었다. 미성숙 종자 절편을 0.5 mg l-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BA)이 포함된 MS 배지에 치상하였을 때 부정아 유도율은 68.6%로 나타났으나, 성숙 종자 절편을 이용하였을 때 상대적으로 매우 낮은 비율(2.86%)로 유도되었다. 부정아 유도를 위해 싸이토키닌류의 종류를 달리하여 치상하였을 때 thidazuron (TDZ)과 BA가 포함된 배지에서 70% 이상이 유도되었다. 유도된 부정아의 증식을 위해서 절간을 BA와 TDZ이 혼용 처리된 배지에 치상하였을 때 최대 94.29%까지 신초 유도율이 증가되는 것을 확인하였다. 이 후 유도된 신초는 정상적인 발근과정을 거쳐 식물체로 재분화되었다. 본 연구에서 제시된 문관과의 부정아 유도 방법을 이용하여 안정적인 종묘확보에 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Background : Rhododendron brachycarpum belong to Ericaceae family is northern herbaceous plant and grows high in mountains of Korea. Traditionally, this plants have been used to treat arthralgia, neuralgia, hypertension, roborant and diuretic. In spite of medicinal values, natural populations are decresing due to climate change and grows slowly. Therefore it need to secure plant materials and in vitro culture is able to the alternative methods. In this study, we examined the effect of PGRs treatment using leaf and petiole explants. Methods and Results : The effects of the different surface sterilization agents (NaOCl and HgCl2) and time were tested. Best results with lower contamination and higher explants survival were recorded with 2 - 4% NaOCl for 1 minutes and 0.5 - 1.0% AgNO3. Callus was obtained when cultured onto MS medium using different concentration and combination of 2,4-D, BA and NAA. Maxium induction of callus was obtained from combinations of 2.0 ㎎ l-1 2,4-D and 1.0 - 2.0 ㎎ l-1 BA from leaf explants. Petiole explants were more effective to induce callus than leaf explants from combination of 1.0 ㎎ l-1 2,4-D and 0.1 - 1.0 ㎎ l-1 BA. Conclusion : The resultes provide that different explants and PGRs combinations were good source of callus induction.

Background: The roots of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidzumi contain atractylone, which is used to suppress appetite and indigestion caused by gastrointestinal disturbance. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of several organic compost on the growth and root yield of A. macrocephala with organic fertilizer.Methods and Results:When organic fertilizer was applied basally, the average yield of 10 a was 184.6 ㎏ in the HA (Hwanggeumjidae, organic material mix), 171.3 ㎏ in the GG (Gyunbaeyangchegreen, bacterial cuture filtrate) and 175.0 ㎏ in the CF (Customary fertilization, control) each other in practice of CF had no statistical significance. Atractylenolide I was significantly greater in the HA (0.036%) than the GG (0.034%) or CF (0.023%). With regard to the amount of organic fertilzer, 10 a yield ws the most common of 203.0 ㎏ at 2.0 times of the organic 1 (HA), conventional fertilization of 134.0 ㎏ and 173.0 ㎏ of no application was a statistically significant. Organic fertilizer 1 was 1.5 to 2.0 times, organic fertilizer was 2 to 1.5 times that were most suitable.Conclusions:The results of the present study indicated that HA and GG are the most suitable for the organic cultivation of A. macrocephala. The content of atractylone I was highest under the HA treatment and lowest under the CU (Chamjoa, oil cake), TG (Totogreen, plant oil cake) and HG (Heuksalgreen, Castor oil cake) treatment.

Background: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of germination temperature, storage container and storage temperature on Scrophularia buergeriana and Scrophularia takesimensis seeds.Methods and Results: Seed lengths of both species were 0.8 ㎜, while seed width differed, with S. buergeriana measuring 0.5 ㎜ and S. takesimensis measuring 0.4 ㎜. The seeds of S. buergeriana were packaged in paper containers under room temperature (15°C), cold temperature (4°C), and freeze temperature (−20°C). These seeds exhibited around 80% germination rate at temperatures between 15°C and 30°C. The germiantion rate of S. takesimensis, on the other hand, differed significantly at different germination temperatures. Seeds of S. takesimensis which were packaged in vinyl and paper containers and stored under room and cold temperatures, exhibited around 80% germination rate at 15°C. However, the germination rate of freeze-stored seeds were decreased to lower than 20% at germination temperatures of 15°C, 25°C and 30°C germiantion conditions. The rate of germination showed a low positive to a significantly negativie correlation with the other factor that were determined to evaluate the germination performance.Conclusions: This study elucidates the most suitable germination and storage conditions to increase the germination rate for the two species of Scrophularia buergeriana and Scrophularia takesimensis needs to be stored in paper containers under cold temperature and requires a temperature of 20°C for germination. On the other hand, S. takesimensis in vinyl containers need to be stored at room temperature and those in paper containers at cold temperature, and a temperature of 15°C is required for germination.

Background : Yellowhorn (Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge) is distributed in northeastern region in China. The seeds are oil-rich and used as an edible and/or medicinal additives in China. We investigated genetic indices and molecular variance using ISSR markers and oil contents variance by analyzing fatty acid composition in several artificial populations in China. Methods and Results : Seeds were collected from four discontiguous artificial populations in four area in China : two in Inner Mongolia (IM), one in Liaoning (LN) and one in Shandong (SD). Farm in SD showed the highest number of effective alleles (Ne), Shannon index (I), and expected heterozygosity (He), i.e., 1.598, 0.470, and 0.325, respectively. Crude fat contents in kernel observed as 54.5 g 100 g-1 from SD. In contrast it was observed the lowest contents as 46.5 g 100 g-1 from LN . The fatty acid composition was determined to those of oleic acid (31.3%) from SD. And linoleic acid was determined as 38.1% from LN. These artificial populations have relatively high genetic variation, and within-population variation (23%) was higher than among populations. The artificial populations were divided into two groups, revealing these was little correlation between genetic and geographic distance. Conclusion : This study can provide the important information on genetic variation and contents characteristics. It may be responsible for the programs of improvement and germplasm conservation in the future.

Background : Curcuma longa L., in the family Zingiberaceae, is distributed in tropical and/or sub-tropical regions mainly in India and China. This species is commonly called turmeric, powder is used as medicinal herbs and/or flavor enhancer. It has been cultivated in southern region mainly Jindo. However, it might be possible to extend cultivation regions due to rise in average temperature. In order to select superior lines based on agronomic characteristics, we analyzed multivariate and estimated selection effects from C. longa germplasm. Methods and Results : The C. longa germplasm were cultivated in an experimental field located in Eumseong, NIHHS, RDA. The harvested roots were investigated in agronomic characteristics included in yield and then considered its relationship among the 9 germplasm by multivariate analysis method. Results from principal component analysis (PCoA) showed that it represented 70.00% and 80.44% accumulated explanation from four and five principal compounds (PC). PCoA was conducted from 9 agronomic characteristics and then correlation coefficient has been showed by analysis between each main component value and agronomic characteristics. Value of the first PC was 2.25, 24.96% explanation of total dispersion, plant height, number of rootlet and weight of rootlet were correlated with a somewhat higher level as 0.41, 0.43 and 0.52. Value of the fifth PC was 0.94, 10.43% explanation of total dispersion, the number of shoots was correlated with a higher level as 0.87. Selection effects with outstanding candidate lines including higher lines were estimated at 126.13% in yield. Conclusion : These data on multivariate based on agronomic characteristics will be give us invaluable breeding information by selection of superior lines.

Background : The roots of Curcuma longa Radix is used to make herbal medicine, which is registrated in the Korean Pharmacopoeia. This species is a perennial herb, and is distributed throughout tropical and/or sub tropical regions. High temperature and humidity with small difference between daytime and nighttime is the finest environment condition in this species. Recently, demand for C. longa has been expanded to cultivation area as central region from southern region. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of harvest time on the growth, yield characteristics and main composition contents in C. longa. Methods and Results : Curcuma longa rhizomes were harvested from farmland in Jindo, Jeollanam-do in end October, early November, middle November, end November, early December, middle December and end December 2015. Harvested rhizome were dried in hot air drier, and it was investigated as growth characteristics and yield. Contents of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin was analyzed from dried powder of rhizome. The analysis column was used to Phenomenex, Kinetex 2.6um F5 100A 100*2.1mm. 10 mg of standard was taken, 80% MeOH was added to dissolve in 10 ㎖ flask. 0.5, 1, 2, 4 ㎖ was taken from dissolved solution and then was added to 10 ㎖ of 80% MeOH. It was filtered through 0.45 ㎛ filter and then 5 μℓ was taken to make standard solution. Analytical calibration curve was measured to diluted solution within sample concentration. 2 g of ground sample was taken, 40㎖ of 80% MeOH was added to extract by ultrasound sonication during 60 minutes and then it was filtered through 0.2 ㎛ filter to analyze component content. Conclusion : The root weight significantly increased from 376.1 g in end October to 695.9 g in end December as 1.8 double. Curcumin contents differed significantly among harvest times in end November and early December. Demethoxycurcumin increased from early November to end November, and Bisdemethoxycurcumin increased to the early November.

Background : Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara. is used to cure internal organ, which is called to important one of the five “Sam (ginseng)” oriental medicinal herbs included Panax ginseng, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Sophora flavescens, Scrophularia buergeriana. Korea imported 24 ton 129 thousand dollar for medicinal herbs and 23 ton 29 thousand dollar for food at 2013. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of several organic compost on the growth and root yield of A. triphylla var japonica with organic fertilizer. Methods and Results : Seeds were collected from Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara. at last year in nursery of Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA. Four types organic fertilizer (germiculture (GG), granular mix oil cake (CJ), mixed organic (DJ), plant oil cake (TG)), chemical fertilizer (CF) and non-fertilizer (NF) were treated. It was fertilized on soil before 2 month of planting. Seeds A. triphylla var. japonica were sowed in tray at early March and then were grown during 2 month. It were planted in furrowed nursery at early with 30 × 10 cm planting distance and black vinyl covering condition. Soil chemical property, survival rate, aerial part and root growth characteristics and yield were investigated at harvest time. For main composition analysis, 10 mg of standard (b-sitosterol, lupenone) was taken, 80% MeOH was added to dissolve in 10 ㎖ flask. 0.5, 1, 2, 4 ㎖ was taken from dissolved solution and then was added to 10 ㎖ of 80% MeOH. It was filtered through 0.45 ㎛ filter and then 5 μℓ was taken to make standard solution. Analytical calibration curve was measured to diluted solution within sample concentration. 2 g of ground sample was taken, 40㎖ of 80% MeOH was added to extract by ultrasound sonication during 60 minutes and then it was filtered through 0.2 ㎛ filter to analyze component content. Conclusion : GG and DJ were the most suitable for organic cultivation of denophora triphylla var. japonica. Content of beta-sitosterol showed the highest value in DJ treatment and the lowest value in CF. Content of lupenone showed the highest value in DJ and the lowest value in CJ.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of harvest time on the growth, yield characteristics and loganin content in Dipsacus asperoides Wall. Methods and Results: Dipsacus asperoides seedlings were planted within a nursery environment in early May 2015 and harvested in early, middle and late October 2015, and early November 2015. Harvest time did not result significant differences in the plant height, stem diameter, branch length, leaf width and aboveground dry weight moreover, no significant differences were observed in root length, number of roots and root diameter. However, the diameter of lateral roots was greater in the harvests from the late October and period thereafter. The highest values of root dry weight and yield were recorded in early November. Specifically, the yield significantly increased from 205 ㎏/10 a (index: 100) in early October to 358 ㎏/10 a (index: 175) in early November, in terms of root part weight. Loganin contents of D. asperoides differed significantly among harvest times raging from 0.0766% in early October to 0.1704% in late November, thereby showing an increasing trend in later harvest times. Conclusions: These results suggest that the optimum harvest time for D. asperoides is early November, when the yield is the highest. Harvest time significantly affected loganin contents, which constantly increased from early October until early November.

This study was conducted to obtain the basic data related to seed characteristics and germination conditions of the Coriandrum sativum L. at different storage condition and temperature. The shape of fruit was oval with light brown color. Fruit was mericarp, biloculate, with one ovule in each locus. The length and width of seed were 1.37 ± 0.067㎜ and 0.52 ± 0.039㎜, respectively. Weight of 1,000 seeds was 6.55 ± 0.15 g. Seeds which were stored at room (15℃) and cold temperature (4℃) in vinyl container showed the highest germination rate (93.3%) under the room temperature germination condition. Percentage of germination in cold and freeze temperature was 20% and 0%, respectively. Germination rate of room storage seeds with paper container increased to about 91.3%, however, decreased in cold (4℃) and freeze storage (−20℃) with paper container (76.7% and 78.0%, respectively). Germination rate of seed in vinyl stock container was better than that of paper stock container. Germination rate of seeds stored at room temperature for 4 years (2010 - 2013) ranged from 80.0% to 91.3%. Therefore, coriander seeds are expected to be stored at room temperature for increasing the germination rate and keeping a long term.

홍화의 집단교배를 통한 품종 육성 및 유전자지도 작성에 대한 연구가 요구되고 있지만, 이를 위해서는 유전 분리집단 육성이 선행되어야 한다. 홍화의 육종은 주로 자가수분식물의 방법이 적용되어 격리채종 등의 방법으로 이루어져왔다. 현재까지 육종된 청수홍화 (1999년), 진선홍화 (2000년), 의산홍화 (2000년)와 화선홍화 (2002년)는 수집종의 선발 방법을 이용하였으며, 집단교배를 통한 육종은 이루어지지 않았다. 타가교배 방법을 통하여 새로운 품종의 육종은 교배대상 모본과 부본의 자원 선발이 선행되어져야 한다. 본 연구는 홍화 집단교배 및 유전자지도 작성을 위하여 수집자원으로부터 교배대상 모본과 부본 자원을 선발하고자 수행되었다. 대상 자원은 국내·외 지역 재래종과 품종 등 34자원을 수집하여 시험포장에 증식한 식물체를 대상으로 수행하였다. 증식된 자원은 각각 종자를 격리 채종하여 파종 후 개화시기, 두화 수 및 형태적 특성평가를 실시하여 선발하였다. 식재된 자원의 개화시기는 6월 11일에서 7월 1일로 최대 20일 가량의 차이를 보였으며, 개화율은 90% ∼ 100%로 나타났다. 두화 수는 개체 당 8.3개 ∼ 37.7개로 최대 4.5배 가량 차이를 보였다. 모본은 개화시기가 가장 빠르며 개화시작 후 20일 이내에 90%이상 개화가 이루어진 육성품종 의산홍화를 선발하였다. 부본은 한 개체 당 두화 수가 37.7개로 꽃 수가 가장 많으며 초장이 가장 작아 단간의 형태로서 도복에 아주 강한 미얀마 수집자원 MMR-STS-2011-11039를 선발하였다. 선발된 모본과 부본의 잎은 모두 난상피침형이나, 모본에 비해 부본의 잎은 폭이 좁으며 매우 강한 가시가 잎과 줄기에 나타나 형태적으로 현저한 차이가 나타났다. 선발된 자원은 형태적 다양성이 높고 유사도가 낮아 집단교배 및 F1 세대 육종을 통한 유전자 지도 작성 연구에 적합한 자원으로 판단된다.