Background: The growing need for objective and accurate evaluation in Taekwondo poomsae competitions has highlighted the limitations of subjective human judgment. Objectives: This study aims to develop an automated scoring framework using camera-based pose estimation and advanced neural networks to improve the consistency and accuracy of poomsae evaluation. Design: Comparative analysis of neural network architectures on a large-scale dataset of poomsae movements. Methods: A dataset of 902,306 labeled frames, captured from 48 participants performing 62 distinct movements using synchronized multi-view cameras, was analyzed. Five neural networks (HNN, 1D CNN, GCN, MLP, SANN) were implemented and evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. Results: The HNN demonstrated superior performance with an F1-score of 0.78 in classifying Taekwondo poomsae postures. The 1D CNN followed with an F1-score of 0.76, while GCN, MLP, and SANN achieved F1-scores of 0.74, 0.70, and 0.66, respectively. The HNN's hierarchical feature extraction approach proved effective in capturing the complex spatial and temporal patterns inherent in poomsae movements. Conclusion: Hierarchical Neural Networks outperform other architectures in poomsae classification, establishing a foundation for objective and scalable scoring systems in competitive settings.

본 연구는 금속성 물질로 인해 발생하는 자화율 인공물(susceptibility artifact)의 정확한 길이 측정을 위해 자체 제작한 팬텀을 이용하여 분석하였다. 치과용 임플란트 고정체를 자체 제작한 아크릴 팬텀에 위치시키고, T2 강조 영상을 통해 자화율 인공물을 검사하였다. 자화율 인공물의 길이를 팬텀 기반 측정법과 선 프로파일 기반 측정법을 사용하여 분석하였고 팬텀 기반 측정법을 기준값으로 선 프로파일 기반 측정법으로 도출된 결과와 비교하였다. 결과 적으로 선 프로파일 기반 측정법에서 배경 신호 기준 25% 허용 범위를 설정했을 때 팬텀 기반 측정법과 가장 유사한 데이터를 얻을 수 있었다. 이를 통해 선 프로파일 기반 측정법이 자화율 인공물 길이의 정량적 측정에 적합할 수 있는 가능성을 확인하였다. 추후 미흡한 부분을 보완한 추가 연구를 통해 자화율 인공물 연구에서 객관적인 데이터 제공이 가능할 수 있게 되기를 기대한다.

There has been increasing interest in artificial intelligence (AI) in various fields. This phenomenon calls for human resources to be equipped with the knowledge and skills of AI and data. The Korean Ministry of Education has opened up introductory courses in AI to high school students since the second half of 2021. It will also include AI education in the 2022 revised curriculum for elementary, middle, and high school students. Despite these efforts to enhance students’ digital literacy through the innovation of the national curriculum, opportunities for taking advantage of AI and data education should be reached for more diverse learners. At the same time, the courses need to be designed with not only theoretical but practical contents and activities based on learner needs. Under these circumstances, the Science Data Education Center at the Korean Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI) has been providing AI and data education programs either online or face-to-face for university members, such as undergraduates, graduates, researchers, and professors. In this study, we aim to present cases of educational programs on AI and data operated by the Science Data Education Center, especially regarding those for the university components. Pertinent implications derived from the results of operating the programs will be discussed.

본 연구에서는 자기공명영상검사실 방사선사의 환자안전 문화 인식을 분석하고자 하였다. 수도권 자기공명영상검사 실에서 근무하는 방사선사 109명을 대상으로 일반적인 특성, 실태조사, 환자안전 문화 인식에 대해 설문 조사하였 다. 의료종사자들을 대상으로 개발된 한국형 환자안전문화 측정 도구에서 최상위 리더십을 경영진으로, 부서장이라 는 단어를 파트장으로 수정하였고 전문가 5인에게 내용 타당도를 검증받았다. 결과적으로 자기공명영상검사실에서 근무하는 방사선사의 환자안전 문화 인식 점수는 평균 3.97로 높았지만, 안전사고경험 비율이 65.1%로 높게 나타났 다. 따라서 정기적으로 이루어지고 있는 자기공명영상검사 안전교육의 효율성 제고를 위한 연구가 필요하며 본 연구 가 기초자료를 제공할 것이라 사료된다.

본 연구에서는 자기공명영상 검사 시 와인색 반영구 문신용 염료가 신호 강도에 미치는 영향을 분석하고, 전자파흡수 에 의한 발열 감소 방안을 연구하고자 하였다. 한천과 와인색 반영구 문신용 염료를 이용하여 염료가 퍼진 형태의 팬텀(패드형 팬텀)과 한곳에 뭉친 형태의 팬텀(주사형 팬텀)을 제작하였다. 두 팬텀은 전신용 자기공명영상장치에서 고속스핀에코(turbo spin echo, TSE)와 경사에코(gradient echo, GRE) 계열의 펄스열을 이용하여 2D와 3D로 검사하였다. 검사 후 영상 분석은 팬텀의 몸체, 염료, 공기 방울, 배경을 대상으로 총 720회의 신호강도를 측정하였 다. 전자파흡수에 의한 발열 감소 방안을 확인하기 위해 삽입형 온도계를 팬텀에 삽입 후 검사 전후 팬텀의 온도 변화를 확인하였다. 이때, 대기 온도의 상승 변화를 고려하기 위해 검사 전 대기 온도를 측정하였고, 발열 감소를 위한 방법으로 장치에 내장된 팬, 젖은 거즈, 얼음을 이용하였다. 신호 강도는 2D 영상보다 3D 영상이 좋았고, TSE 계열이 GRE 계열보다 좋았다. 특히 와인색 반영구 문신용 염료가 있는 부위의 신호강도는 공기 때문에 발생한 자화 율 인공물보다 신호강도가 낮게 측정되었다. 온도 측정 검사는 패드형 팬텀과 주사형 팬텀 모두 검사에 의한 온도상 승 효과가 있었으며 온도의 저감을 위한 방법으로 얼음 패드, 팬, 젖은 거즈 순서였다. 본 연구를 통해 와인색 반영구 문신용 염료는 자기공명영상 검사에서 영상과 환자의 안전에 문제를 일으킬 수 있음을 확인하였고, 발열 감소 방안으 로 얼음 패드가 효과적이었다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants that affect individual’s decision on whether or not to visit a winery in their state, and estimate the economic value that winery provide in terms of tourism. Survey data obtained from the residents in North Carolina, New York, and Virginia are used. First, a probit model is adopted to examine the factors that affect an individual’s decision whether or not to visit a winery in their state. Second, the economic value that wineries provide their visitors is derived from the winery trip demand that is estimated by a truncated negative binomial model. The consumer surplus estimates of visiting wineries are $28.9 per visit when the opportunity cost of time is not included, and $149.6 per visit when one-third of the wage rate is assumed as the opportunity cost of time.

This study is intended to determine the antimicrobial resistance properties and class 1 integrons of 30 Citrobacter freundii strains isolated from pet turtles in order to determine their threat to human health. Citrobacter freundii isolates were isolated and identified by employing biochemical tests and 16SrRNA gene sequencing. Disc diffusion test and PCR amplification were employed to detect antimicrobial resistance patterns and genes, respectively. Ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalothin and nalidixic acid resistance were observed among all isolates. Rifampicin and cefoxitin resistance was the second most prevalent and observed in 97% of the isolates, respectively. All isolates scored multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) indices ≥ 0.2. Aminoglycoside resistant genes were the most prevalent. aac(3')-IIa was detected in 80% of the isolates followed by aphAI-IAB and strA-strB genes in 33% and 50% of the isolates, respectively. β-lactamase encoding blaTEM, blaCTX and blaSHV genes were detected in 53%, 43% and 17% of the isolates, respectively. tetA and tetB genes were the only tetracycline resistance genes detected in 17% and 10% of the isolates, respectively. Class 1 integron integrase encoding intI1 gene (47%) and dfrA17-aadA5 gene cassette array (7%) were also detected. Pet turtle-borne multidrug-resistant C. freundii is a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance determinants in the domestic environment which poses a risk of infection.

With the growing importance of ESG as a must-have business strategy, this study attempted to analyze the current state of ESG practices in the Korean fashion businesses. The ESG cases of fashion business were collected from news articles searched on the largest Korean internet portal by November 2021 from October 2020 when the number of articles began to increase meaningfully. Three hundred ninety one ESG cases of 112 fashion manufacturing brands and 332 ESG cases of 49 retail brands were analyzed. Casual and outdoor/sportswear brands among fashion manufacturers were most active in ESG practices, and various online and offline retailers were practicing ESG. Approximately one-third of the fashion brands were positioned as eco-friendly concept. While environmental practices were the most practiced ESG, governance was the least practiced. Among environmental practices, fashion manufacturing businesses were most active in eco-friendly product development, while retail businesses were in eco-friendly campaign-event-service and eco-friendly packaging. The most active social practice was the contribution to communities, followed by retail businesses’ sharing growth with partner businesses. Governance practices were focused on the structure and operation of the board. Various ESG collaborations with various partners were also observed. The research result is meaningful verifying and diagnosing the ESG practices of the Korean fashion businesses.

본 연구의 목적은 60대의 대뇌에서 T1, T2, PD 이완 시간 값을 측정하여 연령별 특정 해부학적 구조물들의 이완 시간 의 평균값과 연령에 따른 이완 시간 변화의 관련성이 있는지 분석하고자 하였다. 60에서 69세까지 총 50명의 정상 뇌자기 공명영상검사자의 데이터를 Synthetic MR의 MAGiC을 이용하여 후향적으로 분석하였다. 대상 부위는 해마, 대뇌 부챗살, 측두엽 회백질, 시상, 뇌척수액이었다. 실험결과 해마, 대뇌 부챗살, 측두엽 회백질은 연령 변화에 따른 T1, T2, PD 이완 시간의 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 하지만 시상에서는 PD 이완시간이 연령과의 상관성이 있었고(R2=0.112, p<0.05), 뇌척 수액에서는 T1 이완시간(R2=0.063, p<0.05)과 T2 이완시간(R2=0.061, p<0.05)에서 연령과의 상관성을 확인하였다. 추후 다양한 연령대의 대뇌 이완 시간을 측정하여 평균값의 비교 연구가 필요하고, 시상과 뇌척수액에서는 대규모 모집단 연구가 필요할 것이라 판단되며 이에 본 연구가 기초자료를 제공할 것이라 사료된다.

Background: Stroke patients have weak trunk muscle strength due to brain injury, so a single type of exercise is advised for restoring functionality. However, even after intervention, the problem still lies and it is suggested that another intervention method should be applied with exercise in order to deal with such problem. Objectives: To Investigate the effect of bridge exercise combined with functional electrical stimulation (FES) on trunk muscle activity and balance in stroke patients. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: From July to August 2020, twenty stroke patients was sampled, ten patients who mediated bridge exercises combined with functional electrical stimulation were assigned to experiment group I, and ten patients who mediated general bridge exercises were assigned to experiment groupⅡ. For the pre-test, using surface EMG were measured paralyzed rectus abdominis, erector spinae, transverse abdominis/internal oblique muscle activity, and using trunk impairment scale were measured balance. In order to find out immediate effect after intervention, post-test was measured immediately same way pre-test. Results: Change in balance didn’t show significant difference within and between groups, but muscle activity of trunk was significant difference rectus abdominis and erector spinae within groups I (P<.01), also between groups was significant difference (P<.05). Conclusion: Bridge exercise combined with FES could improve trunk function more effectively than general bridge exercise due to physiological effect of functional electrical stimulation.

Background: Deep learning related research works on website medical images have been actively conducted in the field of health care, however, articles related to the musculoskeletal system have been introduced insufficiently, deep learning-based studies on classifying orthopedic manual therapy images would also just be entered. Objectives: To create a deep learning model that categorizes cervical mobilization images and establish a web application to find out its clinical utility. Design: Research and development. Methods: Three types of cervical mobilization images (central posteroanterior (CPA) mobilization, unilateral posteroanterior (UPA) mobilization, and anteroposterior (AP) mobilization) were obtained using functions of ‘Download All Images’ and a web crawler. Unnecessary images were filtered from 'Auslogics Duplicate File Finder' to obtain the final 144 data (CPA=62, UPA=46, AP=36). Training classified into 3 classes was conducted in Teachable Machine. The next procedures, the trained model source was uploaded to the web application cloud integrated development environment (https://ide.goorm.io/) and the frame was built. The trained model was tested in three environments: Teachable Machine File Upload (TMFU), Teachable Machine Webcam (TMW), and Web Service webcam (WSW). Results: In three environments (TMFU, TMW, WSW), the accuracy of CPA mobilization images was 81-96%. The accuracy of the UPA mobilization image was 43~94%, and the accuracy deviation was greater than that of CPA. The accuracy of the AP mobilization image was 65-75%, and the deviation was not large compared to the other groups. In the three environments, the average accuracy of CPA was 92%, and the accuracy of UPA and AP was similar up to 70%. Conclusion: This study suggests that training of images of orthopedic manual therapy using machine learning open software is possible, and that web applications made using this training model can be used clinically.

본 연구는 다문화 연구의 시각 아래 시행되는 한자 연구에서 고려해야 할 바를 6가지로 나누어 기본적인 생각을 표현하였다. 이러한 6가지 관점은 한자연구와 한자교육 문제를 넘어 동아시아 한자문화권 전반에 걸친 연구의 담론적 성격을 지니고 있다. 이러한 담론의 활성화를 통해 향후 한자 연구가 지향할 바를 고민하는 계기가 되고자 한다.

Background: The effect of mobilization on lumbar back pain has been fully described in several clinical aspects, but evidence for muscle strength would be still less clear. Objective: To assess the effect of lumbar mobilization on lower limb strength in healthy individuals. Methods and Analysis: Healthy people aged 18-65 will be included regardless of race or sex. Original peer-reviewed primary reporting randomized controlled trials (RCTs) will be included. Electronic databases, such as MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, Pedro, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov will be searched from inception until July 30. Only studies published in English will be included in this review. Two reviewers will complete the screening for eligibility independently, and the other two reviewers will also complete the risks of data extraction and bias assessment independently. Lower Limb strength will be assessed as primary outcome, and particular intervention or participant characteristics will be assessed as the secondary outcomes. Meta-analysis will be conducted using Review Manager 5.3.3, and evidence level will be assessed using the method for Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Outcomes will be presented as the weighted mean difference or standardized mean difference with 95% CI. If I2 ≤ 50%, P>.1, the fixed effect model will be used, otherwise, random-effects model will be used. Ethics and dissemination: This review might not be necessary ethical approval because it does not require individual patient’s data; these findings will be published in conference presentations or peer-reviewed journal articles. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020150144.