Palytoxin (PLTX)는 자연계 해양생물독소 중 가장 강력 한 독소로, 전 세계적으로 관리되지 않는 해양생물독소이 다. PLTX는 Oetreopsis, Palythoa, Trichodesmium sp. 등에 서 발견된다. 이러한 해양생물독소가 식용 해산물에서 발 견될 경우, 공중보건에 심각한 위험을 초래할 수 있다. 기 후변화로 인한 Ostreopsis sp.의 서식지 확장은 국내 수산 식품의 PLTX 오염에 대한 우려를 불러일으킬 수 있다. 따 라서, 본 연구에서는 국내에 유통되는 국내산 패류에서 PLTX의 오염도 수준을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 실제 시료에 서는 PLTX의 유의미한 농도가 검출되지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 국내에서 생산되는 패류는 PLTX에 오염되지 않았 음을 기기분석법으로 확인하였으며, 이는 패류 섭취에 대 한 안전성을 제공한다.

이 연구는 신경독성을 나타내는 cyclic imine (CI) 독소 의 한국 내 수입되는 패류 내의 오염 수준을 분석한 것으 로, LC/MS/MS를 통해서 spirolide, pinnatoxin, gymnodimine 유도체 7종을 대상으로 분석하였다. 총 21개의 수입산 패 류를 수집하여 분석한 결과, 뉴질랜드산 홍합에서 SPX C 가 227.84 ppt, 칠레산 홍합에서 PnTX G가 80.42 ppt, 뉴 질랜드산 홍합에서 Gym A가 118.79 ppt로 검출되었다. 이 러한 결과는 수입산 패류에서 CI 독소가 초래할 잠재적인 위협의 가능성을 나타내며, 소비자 건강 보호를 위하여 지 속적인 모니터링의 필요성을 시사한다. 또한 이러한 독소 가 포함된 패류 제품에 대한 규제 조치의 시행이 필요함 을 시사하며, 이를 보다 잘 이해하고 관리하기 위한 지속 적인 연구가 필요하다.

In this study, microstructural characteristics and constituent elements of fiberglass splint and cast are examined using a scanning electron microscope and an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. As observed by the scanning electron microscope, fiberglass splint and cast had a porous structure with many bundles of fiberglass textures well assembled. Spaces between bundles of the fiberglass splint are triangular or elliptical shaped and the long-axis diameter is measured at about 1 mm. The thickness of fiber bundles covered with plaster is measured at 600 μm and the diameter of a single strand of fiberglass is up to 10 μm. The thickness of the fiberglass bundle of the fiberglass splint is measured at about 700 μm. Spaces between bundles are formed in the shape of triangles with gentle edges and long-axis diameter of up to 1.4 mm, which is larger than that of the splint. The thickness of a single strand of fiberglass of the plaster-coated cast is 11.5 μm, which is thicker than that of fiberglass of the splint. As a result of analyzing constituent elements of the fiberglass cast and the splint with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer, Ca, Si, and Al components are identically detected. This result shows that the fiberglass cast has a smoother surface with hardened plaster than the fiberglass splint. The thickness of the fiberglass bundle and the thickness of a single strand of the fiberglass are also larger than those of the fiberglass splint.

Coffee (Coffea L.) belongs to the family Rubiaceae and is a main cash crop for tropical farmers. It has more quantity of medicinal value and protein (25–28%). As an environmentally sensitive crop, climate change has a significant impact on the quality and stable production of coffee. To develop abiotic baroreceptors on the tolerance response in coffee, tremendous research is going on to improve the productivity under varying degrees of stress at various growth stages. Physiological, morphological and biochemical parameters change the productivity and quality of coffee. This paper reviews some of the important aspects of biotic and abiotic tolerance in coffee. We explain the best implementation methods for the improvement of coffee production and briefly advantages or importance of coffee in medicinal values, significances of biotechnological aspects and genetic engineering approaches for crop improvements.

우리나라에서 가장 남쪽에 위치한 제주도 지역은 겨울철 기후가 온화하여 올리브 재배가 가능할 것으로 판단되어 올리브 5 품종을 국내에 도입하고 시험재배를 통하여 수체생육 및 과실특성을 평가함으로써 제주도에서 올리브 재배가 가능한지를 검토하고자 수행하였다. 온난화대응농업연구소에서 올리브를 식재한 노지 시험포장의 일 평균, 최고, 최저 기온을 측정한 결과, 겨울철 최저 기온은 -5oC에서 -6oC이며 1월에서 2월 사이에 영하로 내려가는 날이 많았지만, 연중 기온 변화에 따른 올리브 수체생육은 정상적으로 잘 이루어졌다. 생물계절 양상은 잎눈이 발아하는 시기(BBCH 11)는 3월 30일~4월 10일, 꽃눈 출현(BBCH 51)은 4월 3일~4월 15일, 개화(BBCH 61) 는 5월 20일~5월 30일, 과실의 성숙(BBCH 81)은 10월 5일 ~11월 5일, 과실 수확(BBCH 89)은 11월 10일~11월 30일에 이루어졌다. 수체생육은 ‘Koroneiki’, ‘Maurino’ 품종들이 수세가 약하고 신초가 많이 발생하는 경향을 보였으며 ‘Frantoio’, ‘Leccino’, ‘Verdale’ 품종들은 수세가 강하고 신초 수가 적은 경향을 보였다. 품종별 개화특성은 ‘Maurino’ 품종이 다른 품종에 비해 다소 우수한 경향을 보였다. 과실 무게는 ‘Koroneiki’ 품종이 0.9 g으로 가장 낮았고 다른 품종들은 2.4 g에서 2.6 g으로 품종 간의 유의차는 없었다. 건조한 과실의 오일 함량은 품종간의 유의차는 없었으며 40.9% DW에서 43.7% DW의 오일 함량을 나타냈다. 정식 후 5년 후의 수확량은 모든 품종들이 5,290 g/tree~5,820 g/tree으로 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 본 연구의 결과를 종합하면 제주도에 도입한 올리브 5품종들은 겨울철 최저기온에 정상적으로 생육하였고 과실 수확이 가능했다. 따라서 우리나라 제주도 지역에서는 올리브 노지재 배가 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) represents one of the most widespread mycotoxins in agricultural commodities in the world and is considered a possible human carcinogen with its potent nephrotoxicity. Since OTA is stable under most food processing conditions, OTA has been detected in a wide range of cereal grains and their processed products as well. Puffed cereals are commonly used as baby snacks or as ingredients in snack formulations. We investigated the explosive puffing process effect on reduction of OTA in rice and oat. The rice and oat grains were adjusted the moisture content at 16% wet weight basis (wb) and spiked OTA (100 μg/kg), and then puffed by the explosive puffing machine at 5, 7, and 9 kgf. The temperature of chamber was 200°C and the duration times for 5, 7, and 9 kgf were 5, 6, and 9 min, respectively. The reduction of OTA in puffed rice and oat snacks were in the range of 15 – 28% and 38 – 52%, respectively, and the reduction of OTA in puffed rice and oat snacks were decreased with increasing explosive puffing pressures. The moisture content of puffed rice and oat snacks were in the range of 5 – 8% wb and 6 – 10% wb, respectively, and the moisture content in puffed rice and oat snacks were decreased with increasing of explosive puffing pressures. A decrease in bulk density of puffed rice and oat snacks was observed with increased explosive puffing pressure. In addition, increased values of degree of redness (a) in puffed rice and oat samples were observed with increasing explosive puffing pressure. These results suggest that OTA in rice and oat may be reduced significantly by explosive puffing process.

A total of nine Korean indigenous goats were used in a cross-over arrangement to give nine replicates per treatment, and they were housed individually assigned to 1 of 9 dietary treatments. Nine treatments were 0, 500, and 1000 ppm of quercetin supplementation in diets by mixing roughage and concentrate with different ratios (RC ratio) of 3:7 (RC 30), 5:5 (RC 50) and 7:3 (RC 70). Nutrient utilizations of dry matter, crude fat and NDF were not affected by neither RC ratio nor dietary quercetin (p>0.05), but the rate of crude protein and ADF increased in animals in RC 70 group regardless of quercetin supplementation (p<0.05). In addition, higher RC ratio increased (p<0.05) N retention and N retention rate. Total VFA, acetic acid, propionic acid, iso-butyric acid, butyric acid, iso-valeric acid and valeric acid contents were not affected (p>0.05) by dietary quercetin. Meanwhile, lower total cholesterol level exhibited in animals in RC 70 group compared to RC 30 or 50 groups, unrelated to dietary quercetin (p<0.05), however other plasma parameters were not influenced (p>0.05) by RC ratio and dietary quercetin. Our results indicated that both RC ratio and dietary quercetin may not directly affect the production indices and immune responses in Korean indigenous goat

The purpose of this study was to parallel circuit training and circuit training with sonic systemic mechanism was to compare the differences in pulmonary function and chest expansion in adult men. This study was performed on 20 subjects. 20 subjects were divided into two groups; Circuit training group(n=10), Circuit training with sonic systemic mechanism(n=10). Both of the group performed the exercise 3 times a week for 5 weeks. The data was analyzed by the Repeated t-test for comparing before, during and after changes of factors in each group and the Independent t-test for comparing the between groups. The result are as follows. Circuit training group was statistically significant difference FVC, FEV1/FVC(p<.05), Circuit training with sonic systemic mechanism group was statistically significant difference PEF, VC in pulmonary function(p<.05). Circuit training group was statistically significant difference FEV1/FVC of between the two group in pulmonary function(p<.05). Circuit training group and circuit training with sonic systemic mechanism group was statistically significant difference in chest expansion(p<0.05) and there was no statistically significant difference of between the two group in chest expansion(p>.05).

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of vibration on Golgi tendon organ(GTO) and Hold-Relax of PNF in muscular activity and gait factors on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness(DOMS). This study was conducted on 20 subjects. they were divided into two groups; Hold-Relax of PNF(n=10), Vibration on GTO(n=10). Both of the group was performed interventions 1 times a day for 3 days. The data was analyzed by the repeated-ANOVA for comparing before, after 24h and after 48h changes of factors in each group and the Independent t-test for comparing the between groups. The results are as follows. There was statistically significant difference of before, after 24h and after 48h vibration on GTO group and Hold-Relax of PNF group in muscular activity and gait factors on DOMS.(p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference of between vibration on GTO group, but there was statistically significant difference Hold-Relax of PNF group in EMG, step width, step length, stride length(p>0.05). As a results of this study, Hold-Relax of PNF group are effective in improving muscular activity and gait factors

As basic research to develop HEV and EV agricultural field machinery, the present study analyzes the technical trend of electric agricultural field machinery through product analysis, paper analysis, and patent analysis concerning HEV and EV in the automobile, construction machinery, and agricultural machinery sectors. For product analysis, the homepages of companies in these sectors were consulted to analyze the number of products of each company. For paper analysis, key words related to HEV and EV were selected, a search formula was drawn up, and articles search sites were consulted. And for patent analysis too, key words were selected and then a search formula was drawn up to examine published patent applications or registered patent applications, and trends were analyzed by structure, country, and year. The number of HEV and EV products were 17 in the automobile area, 8 in construction machinery, and 4 in agricultural machinery. Notably, in the agricultural machinery area, all HEV and EV products were from advanced companies overseas. In terms of papers, papers published in the past 5 years were searched and 33,195 papers were from the automobile area, 3,806 were from construction machinery, and 2,687, the fewest papers, were from the agricultural machinery area. A search of patents in the electric drive technology area in Korea, USA, and Japan, and Europe showed 1,927 valid patents, with 1,120 in Japan, 497 in USA, 193 in Korea, and 117 in Europe. Analysis of the trend of research on electric agricultural field machinery by product, paper, and patent shows the development of HEV and EV technology in Korea is insufficient compared to USA, Japan, and Europe, which means rapid technological development is needed.

The goal of this research was to develop a portable system that could be used to evaluate the quality of milk in real time at a raw milk production site. A real-time portable quality evaluation system for raw milk was developed to enable non-destructive quality evaluation of somatic cell count (SCC), fat, protein, lactose, and total solid (TS) in milk samples. A prediction model of SCC, fat, protein, lactose, and TS was constructed using partial least squares (PLS) and 200 milk samples were used to evaluate the prediction performance of the portable quality evaluation system and high performance spectroscopy. Through prediction model development and verification, it was found that the accuracy of high performance spectroscopy was 90% for SSC, 96% for fat, 96% for protein, 91% for lactose, and 97% for TS. In comparison, the accuracy of the portable quality evaluation system was relatively low, at 90% for SSC, 95% for fat, 92% for protein, 89% for lactose, 92% for TS. However, the measurement time for high performance spectroscopy was 10 minutes for 1 sample, while for the portable quality evaluation system it was 6 minutes. This means that the high performance spectroscopy system can measure 48 samples per day (8 hours), while the portable quality evaluation system can measure 80 (8 hours). Therefore, it was found that the portable qual ity evaluation system enables quick on-site quality evaluation of milk samples.

Rice stripe virus (RSV), the type member of the genus Tenuivirus, causes rice stripe disease and the viral transmission is mediated through the sucking by small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus. Considerations have been mainly focused on the protection of rice from RSV and/or the planthopper, rather than the interaction between RSV and the insect. To clarify the interaction, in this work, mRNA was extracted from RSV-viruliferous planthopper with non-viruliferous control, and expressed sequence tag (EST) databases were generated based on 454 GS-FLX pyrosequencing technology for comparative analysis. RSV-viruliferous planthopper had ca. 2500 isotigs, which included genes on biological process (19%), cellular component (13%), molecular function (22%) and no hits (46%) from gene ontology (GO) analysis; this structure was similar to the control. However, in the viruliferous planthopper, 109 isotigs were up-regulated and 660 isotigs were down-regulated, compared to the non-viruliferous control. These RSV-dependently regulated genes may have important function in the behavior of planthopper or the transmission of RSV.

As the selective role model for the public and the creators of fashion style, the characters of homme fatale image presented in the Korean ‘trendy’ teleplays have significant influence on the audience. In this study, the concept of homme fatale, is defined, and the inherent meaning of this recent coinage(homme fatale) and the characteristics of the image are discussed. And then, the fashion styles classified into homme fatale image are exhaustively analyzed to find out the recent trends of men's fashion which represent the new masculine image and its meaning. According to the result of this analysis, the fashion styles of homme fatale image, which expresses the new image reflecting the traits of contemporary men, can be subdivided into traditional classic style, modern dandy style, easy casual style, and glam sexy style. Traditional classic style represents perfect masculine image with its dignity and formality, while modern dandy style expresses the modern, urban, elegant, and refined images. Easy casual style emphasizes the active and liberal image of men, and the glam sexy style tries to stress the sexual attractiveness of men. These fashion styles are important elements which express not only the characteristics, the social status, the jobs but also the psychology of the characters, and they present the various fashion styles expressing the masculine sexuality.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of trig˗ ger points(TrPs) on athletes with various sporting background. To achieve the purpose, a study was carried out through a survey from 180 athletes involved in 6 selected sports at Yong-In University. Selected sports included Judo, Taekwondo, Kendo, Ssi-reum(Korean traditional wrestling), Boxing, and Golf. An interview type survey and physical examination were conducted with each thirty athletes from each of the selected sports groups. Technical statistic(SPSS 15.0) was used to analyze the distribution of TrPs on these athletes. The most common TrPs observed in muscles of Trapezius, Quadratus Lumborum, Quadriceps in Judo. In Taekwondo, it was on the trapez˗ ius and triceps surae. Kendo athletes had TrPs at sites of trapezius, brachioradialis and triceps surae. Ssirem athletes were found to have TrPs on trapezius, deltoid and quadrates lumborum. In boxers, TrPs appearing at trapezius and brachioradialis were observed. Finally, Golf players were seen to have TrPs at trapezius, quadrates lumbo˗ rum and brachioradialis. Hence, the analysis shows that there are significant differences of the distribution of TrPs according to the different sport items of the athlete.

As the global trend of Retro combined with the tendency of individualism which respects dramatic change and diversity in the 21st century, Goth subculture of Korea developed into various popular styles. This study, noticing the influences of Goth to the Korean youth culture and fashion trends, intends to examine the current fashion trends to analyze the various aspects of the influences of Goth to the Korean youth culture. To do this, various documents and numerous Internet materials on the Korean Goth culture are comprehensively reviewed, and the Goth look images of popular stars, photographs from fashion magazines and fashion collections are gathered, analysed, and classified into types, and the specific characteristics of these types are comprehensively analysed. According to the result of this research, Punk Goth look, departing from the sensational and aggressive style of Punk look, expresses sexy and luxurious images, while Romantic Goth look shows the brilliant and cheerful style by mixing the cute girlish image and the elegant feminine image of exaggerated details and voluminous silhouette. Avant garde Goth look parodies Goth image by using the dramatic effects of Goth images or is expressed in performances. Sexy Goth look, which reveals the sexual attractiveness of men and women much more assertively, tries to do suggestive representation and excessive exposure of human body. Dandy Goth look, which has the simple and modern line, expresses the calm and chic feeling by employing basic items with minimized details and coordinating unique accessories for accent.

To study the signaling effect of insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ(IGF-1), transgenic mice containing IGF-1 Receptor (IGF-1R) cDNA fused to metallothionein promoter were produced by DNA microinjection into the pronucleus of mouse zygote. Three founders were produced with transgenic mice containing IGF-1R gene. Transgenic mice lines contained approximately 4～20 copies of transgenes per cell and transmission of this gene into the progeny with Mendelian manner were determined. The founder mice were mated with normal mice to produce F1 mice and then F2 mice. Transmission rates of IGF-1R transgene in the progeny mice were 25～60% in F1 generation and 40～50% in F2 generation. The mRNA expression of IGF-1R transgene in liver was analyzed using RT-PCR for IGF-1R gene in liver. When body weights of transgenic pups were measured during 4, 10 and 14 weeks after birth, IGF-1R transgenic mice grew faster than non transgenic littermates. This study indicated that growth regulation by IGF-1 signaling through IGF-1R can be elucidated using IGF-1R transgenic mice.

Potato (Solamum tuberosum 'Dejima') plantlets were investigated on culture type and initial quantity of inoculation in bioreactor and survival rate by hydroponics for mass production. rode stems (1 to 1.5cm in length) of potato plantlets multiplied in vitro were grown for 3 weeks in liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with sucrose 30 g L-1. When plantlets (80-node inoculation) were raised in 10L balloon type bubble (BB) bioreactor, the healthiest growth of plantlets was obtained from explants cultured in ebb & flow culture with medium supplied periodically 12 times per day. The suitable inoculation quantity of 20L BB bioreactor was 120 pieces of stem segments (mean 2.2g fresh weight) in ebb & flow culture. Number of nodal shoot was eight on the average. In controlled culture room, survival rate of plantlets at 7 days after stem cutting was above 70% when they were acclimatized by hydroponics grown in deep flow and solid medium culture. The highest survival rate of the stem cutting plantlets was in nutrient solution adjusted to EC 1.4dS·m-1. Stem cutting plantlets through one culture could be obtained 670~900, when plantlets were grown in ebb & flow culture during 3 weeks using a 20L bioreactor with initial 120 pieces of nodal segments. 11 is possible In do mass production of seedlings cultured in bioreactor and hydroponics.