목적 : 본 문헌 고찰의 목적은 성인 뇌졸중 후 인지장애를 대상으로 한 가상현실 기반 인지 중재가 다양한 인지기능에 미 치는 영향을 체계적으로 검토하는 것이다. 연구방법 : 전자 데이터베이스 Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science를 사용하여 문헌을 검색하였 다. 검색된 문헌은 문헌 선정 과정에 따라 1저자의 검토를 거쳤으며, 이를 교신저자가 감독하였고 최종 6개의 논문이 선정 되었다. 선정된 논문은 근거 수준, 실험군과 대조군에 제공된 중재의 구성, 주요 종속변인 및 평가도구에 대하여 분석하였 다. 결과 : 6개의 논문을 분석하여 동향을 살펴본 결과 6편의 논문은 2016년에서 2025년에 출판되었다. 연구의 근거 수준을 살펴본 결과, 5편의 논문이 Level 3인 비무작위 실험연구로 나타났다. 6편의 논문은 모두 뇌졸중을 진단받은 자를 대상 으로 하였고 심각한 인지장애, 주요 정신과적 혹은 신경학적 질환, 시각장애, 우울증 등을 가진 자를 제외하여 중재 적합 성을 높였다. VR 기반 인지 중재 또는 작업치료가 실험군과 대조군에 시행되었고, 일부 연구에서는 기존 작업치료나 로 봇 기기와 병행한 중재가 제공되었다. 중재는 일반적으로 주 3회 이상, 4주 이상의 기간에 걸쳐 시행되었다. 중재 효과 측정을 위해 다양한 인지 평가 도구들이 사용되었으며, MoCA를 이용하여 평가한 논문이 3편으로 가장 많았다. 전반적으 로 VR 기반 인지 중재는 대조군에 비해 실험군에서 전반적인 인지기능이 유의미하게 향상되었고 주의력, 기억력에서 향 상을 보인 연구가 각각 5건으로 가장 많았다. 하지만 5개의 논문이 표본 수의 제한, 비무작위 설계, 평가자 맹검 부재 등의 한계로 인해 결과의 일반화 가능성이 낮다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 VR 기반 인지 중재를 사용하여 뇌졸중환자를 대상으로 한 연구의 근거 수준, 연구에서 제공된 중 재의 구성, 주요 종속변인 및 평가도구에 대한 분석을 수행하여 추후 연구에 대한 방향성을 제시하고자 하였다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 작업치료학을 포함한 보건의료학 분야에서 보다 높은 근거수준의 연구가 이루어질 것으로 기대된다.

Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) has been known as greater duckweed or great duckmeat. It is native inhabited in Korea. It is considered as a rich source of primary metabolites including protein, carbohydrates, and fats. Thus, it is considered as an alternative food source for the future. In addition, it has a strong phytoremediation capacity to remove various environmental pollutants, especially inorganic elements and pesticides. With a variety of duckweed’s application, there is an urgent need to develop a cultivation method for a sustainable supply of S. polyrhiza. In this study, an indoor vertical farm has been introduced to optimize duckweed cultivation. Indoor cultivated S. polyrhiza showed about 2-fold higher fresh weight than outdoor cultivated duckweed. Contents of inorganic elements were also significantly reduced in indoor cultivated S. polyrhiza. Especially, lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) were approximately 10-fold decreased in indoor cultivated duckweed. On the other hand, contents of proteins and fats were significantly increased in indoor cultivated S. polyrhiza, while carbohydrates were found more in outdoor cultivated S. polyrhiza. Increasing N content in a homemade nutrition solution also enhanced fresh and dried weights of S. polyrhiza by about 1.8-fold in comparison with other commercial nutrition solutions. Proliferation rate (%) was doubled every 24 hours in this indoor vertical farm, indicating the accomplishment of a sustainable supply for S. polyrhiza. Further studies need to be undertaken to cultivate other duckweeds such as Wolffia arrhiza and Lemna minor using the same indoor farming system.

This study structurally analyzes the algorithmic filtering process by which generative AI images are either selected or discarded before reaching users, and models this process through a visual similarity–based simulation. Images generated by Stable Diffusion are placed on a two-dimensional grid, and a modified version of Conway’s Game of Life algorithm is applied to update the state of each cell. The survival of each cell is determined based on a hybrid visual similarity metric combining CLIP and LPIPS. To prevent the rigidity of the simulation and sustain emergent dynamics, random image injections are periodically introduced. The simulation results reveal that visually similar images repeatedly form clusters, and a visual order gradually converges toward a structurally stabilized state. This suggests that specific visual orders can emerge solely from algorithmic selection criteria, independent of human interpretation. By shifting focus from semantic or symbolic analysis to the experimental conditions for the existence and persistence of images, this study proposes a new analytical perspective for understanding digital image environments.

The swallowing reflex is modulated by multiple sensory inputs, such as bolus volume, viscosity, and taste. The interactions among different types of sensory information have been extensively studied. However, the influence of oral temperature on bolus volume perception has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of temperature on volume perception sensitivity in healthy individuals. Five volumes (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mL) of distilled water were estimated at three different temperatures, 4℃ (cold), 21℃ (room temperature), and 45℃ (warm), using a visual analogue scale. There were no significant differences in the sensitivity of oral volume perception across temperatures. These findings suggest that the ability to perceive bolus volume remains stable under temperature variation.

Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) and Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) cause substantial economic losses on the livestock industry. Therefore, vaccinations have been implemented as the control strategy in endemic countries. However, the potential adverse effects of administering vaccines for both diseases simultaneously have not been thoroughly evaluated. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of vaccinating dairy cows with either or both LSD and FMD vaccines on milk production and physiological parameters such as milk temperature, rumination time and body weight. The experimental groups were divided into four according to the injection materials: 1) saline, 2) LSD vaccine, 3) FMD vaccine, and 4) both vaccines. The impact of vaccination on milk yield and physiological parameters was evaluated daily until 12 days post-vaccination, and milk components were analyzed twice, once per week. Among the experimental groups as well as each vaccine group, no statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed at milk yield, milk components, or milk temperature. This suggests that simultaneous vaccination of LSD and FMD can be administered without adverse effects.

Chronic enteropathy (CE) in dogs presents with persistent symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, and changes in appetite. Traditional diagnostic methods, including blood tests, ultrasound, and endoscopy, often fail to assess the entire small intestine. Capsule endoscopy offers a non-invasive approach, enabling comprehensive visualization of the gastrointestinal tract and enhancing diagnostic accuracy. In case 1, a 10-year-old Maltese with chronic diarrhea and significant weight loss underwent capsule endoscopy, revealing severe lacteal dilation and moderate gastric erythema, leading to a diagnosis of severe intestinal lymphangiectasia and moderate enteritis. Despite initial corticosteroid therapy and dietary changes, clinical improvement was limited. In case 2, an 11-year-old mixed-breed dog with chronic vomiting, anorexia, and weight loss was assessed. Capsule endoscopy detected moderate gastric erythema, severe small intestinal irregularities, and jejunal bleeding, diagnosing mild esophagitis, moderate gastritis, and severe enteritis with hemorrhage. Treatment with a hypoallergenic diet, corticosteroids, and acid suppressants resulted in gradual symptom relief. This report demonstrates that capsule endoscopy can be utilized as a screening tool for evaluating the mucosal status in patients with CE.

본 연구를 통해 미기록종 Homalotylus albifrons (Ishii, 1925) (벌목: 깡충좀벌과)를 한국에 최초로 보고한다. 이 종에 대한 진단과 사진과 한국 의 Homalotylus 속의 종 키를 수록한다.

We previously reported that pyridoxine and its derivatives exert antidiabetic effects by alleviating postprandial hyperglycemia via inhibition of carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes in normal sprague–dawley (SD) rats. In this study, we aimed to further evaluate whether long-term pyridoxal supplementation decreases the blood glucose levels using SD rats. SD rats were randomly assigned to groups fed a high-carbohydrate diet (66.1% cornstarch) with or without pyridoxal (4%) for 36 days. Changes in body weight, blood glucose levels, and food intake were measured daily for 36 days. Dietary supplementation with pyridoxal significantly decreased the blood glucose levels (P<0.001) and body weight (P<0.001) in mice. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, which are good indicators of plasma glucose concentrations over prolonged periods, were also significantly decreased over five weeks (P<0.001). Similarly, dietary treatment with Acarbose ® (0.04%), a positive control, also significantly decreased the blood glucose and HbA1c levels and body weight. Overall, our findings suggest that pyridoxal inhibits weight gain and alleviates postprandial hyperglycemia by decreasing glucose absorption and HbA1c levels.

A 17-year-old spayed female Shih Tzu dog, weighing 5.0 kg, presented with frequent coughing and respiratory distress. Blood tests revealed mild thrombocytosis, and thoracic ultrasonography and radiography confirmed a significant amount of pleural effusion. However, the thoracic radiographs showed no radiopaque nodules or interstitial patterns indicative of thoracic tumors. Thoracentesis was performed to relieve effusion-induced thoracic pressure, yielding a hemorrhagic serosanguinous pleural fluid. The cytological analysis of this fluid revealed mesothelial cells, supporting the clinical diagnosis of mesothelioma in situ. To address the patient’s clinical symptoms, an aggressive management approach was implemented with chest tube placement to address recurrent pleural effusion after initial thoracentesis. During treatment, the patient exhibited stable health and adapted well to daily life. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of mesothelioma in situ with hemorrhagic malignant pleural effusion in South Korea. Using a chest tube as an aggressive treatment successfully alleviated dyspnea symptoms and provided symptomatic relief in a patient with mesothelioma in situ.

The oral microbiome plays a vital role in maintaining oral and overall health and affects immune responses, digestion, and pathogen suppression. While most studies focus on age groups prone to specific conditions, such as dental caries in children or periodontal disease in older adults, limited data exist on preschool-aged children and young adults. This study investigates the composition and diversity of the oral microbiome between these age groups for enhanced understanding of a healthy oral microbiome. Microbial samples from the supragingival regions of 41 children and 31 young adults in Korea were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Alpha and beta diversity were assessed, and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) identified taxa with significant differences in abundance between the groups. No significant differences in alpha diversity were observed between children and young adults however, beta diversity analysis revealed notably compositional differences. At the phylum level, Firmicutes were more abundant in children, whereas Actinobacteria were more prevalent in young adults. Genera such as Veillonella and Lautropia were more abundant among children, whereas Haemophilus and Rothia were more common among young adults. LEfSe analysis identified Veillonella rogosae and Lautropia mirabilis as more abundant in children, whereas Haemophilus parainfluenzae and Rothia dentocariosa were more prevalent in young adults. The observed differences suggest that children’s microbiomes are associated with biofilm development, while young adults’ microbiomes involve biofilm maturation and immune modulation. These findings highlight the age-related shift in oral microbiome composition, emphasizing the importance of monitoring these changes to support long-term oral health.