1993년부터 1995년까지 3개년 동안 우리나라에서 사육하고 있는 가축의 유병율을 조사한 결과, 닭 16, 200수 중에서 54수(0.3%)가 괴사성 장염에 이환되었으며 새끼돼지 620두 중에서 66두(10.6%)가 장독혈증에 이환되었고 소 65두 중에서 9두(13.8%)가 장독혈증에 이환되었다. C. perfringens의 분리율을 조사한 결과, 괴사성 장염에 이환되어있는 닭 54수 중 7수(13.0에서 본균이 분리되었으며 장독혈증에 이환되어 있는 새끼돼지 66두 중 14두(21.2%)에서 본균이 분리되었고 장독혈증에 이환되어 있는 소 9두 중 3두(33.3%)에서 본균이 분리되었다. Acriflavine을 이용하여 C. perfringens의 S-R변이를 조사한 결과, S-R변이는 mercuric chloride, nicotine, caffeine, cysteine, glucose등의 순으로 나타났는데, 이중 ercuric chloride가 가장 감수성이 높았다. C. perfringens의 항균요법제에 대한 감수성은 cephalothin, penicillin, erythormycin, amikacin등이 높은 감수성을 나타내었는데, S-R변이 후에는 감수성이 일반적으로 저하되는 경향이었다. 중화시험법을 이용하여 C. perfringens의 독소형을 분류한 결과, 총 24균주 중 22균주(91.7%)는 A형이었으며 2균주(8.3%)는 C형이었다.

경기지역과 다른 지역에서 생산된 쌀의 米質의 차이를 규명하기 위하여 추청벼를 10분도로 도정한 후 형태학적, 지방, 단백질, 전분 등의 특성과 texture에 대하여 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 발의 千粒重, 粒長, 粒幅, 粒두께, 長幅比 및 색깔은 재배 토양에 따라서는 약간의 차이를 보였으나 경기지역과 다른 지역간에는 유의적인 차이가 인정되지 않았다. 지방 및 단백질의 함량에서도 재배토양에 따라서는 다소 차이가 인정되었으나 지역 간에는 유의적 차이가 거의 없었다. 무기질 함량은 magnessium과 calcium에서는 차이가 없었으나, phosphate, potassium 및 sodium은 경기지방에서 약 1% 정도의 약간 높은 유의차가 인정되었다. Amylose와 호화응집성, amylograph 특성 등은 재배토양에서 약간의 차이가 나타났으나, 지역간에는 유의차가 거의 없었다. Textrography특성에서는 경기지역에서 재배한 쌀이 약간 높았으나, 유의적인 차이는 인정되지 않았다.

메밀(신농 1호)을 10℃에서 7일간 발아시켜, 24시간마다 시료를 채취하여 α-amylase와 유리당의 변화를 관찰, 비교한 결과는 다음과 같다. α-Amylase 활성도는 발아 전 1.66 U에서 발아 1일에 3.95 U로 급격히 증가하였고, 3일째에 1.09 U의 최저 활성을 나타내었으며, 4일째부터 다시 급격히 증가하여 발아 7일에는 9.18 U의 활성도를 나타내었다. 유리당 함량은 건량기준으로 발아 전에 maltose 1.81 ㎎%, fructose 0.42 ㎎%, glucose 7.71 ㎎%, rhamnose 6.80㎎%였다. 발아중 메밀의 유리당 함량변화에 있어서 maltose는 발아초기에 감소하기 시작하여 3일째에 최저치를 나타내었고 4일째부터 뚜렷하게 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으매, fructose는 발아 2일째까지 감소하다가 3일째부터 서서히 증가하였다. Glucose는 발아전 7.71 ㎎%에서 3일째에 0.54 ㎎%까지 감소하였다가 점차 증가하기 시작하여 5일 이후 급격히 증가하여 7일에는 43.18 ㎎%로 발아 전에 비해 약 5배 정도 증가하였다. Rhamnose는 발아 1일째에 1.15 ㎎%로 감소한 상태에서 이후 전발아기간 동안 거의 변화가 없었다.

종자 발아시 불용성 식이섬유에 대한 기초자료와 메밀가공식품 개발에 효율적인 원료를 얻고자 메밀(신농1호)을 10℃에서 발아시켜, 24시간마다 시료를 채취하여 neutural detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF), cellulose, hemicellulose 및 lignin의 함량과 조성의 변화를 관찰한 결과는 다음과 같다. NDF와 ADF 함량은 건량기준으로 발아 전 20.27%, 18.95%에서 점차 증가하여 발아 7일에는 29.31%, 27.77%였다. Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin함량은 발아 전 11.10%, 1.32%, 7.85%에서 발아 후 cellulose와 lignin은 점차 증가하여 발아 7일에 14.68%. 13.10%를 나타냈으며, hemicellulose는 큰 변화가 없었다. 불용성 식이섬유에 대한 cellulose, hemicellulose 및 lignin의 조성은 발아 전 54.76 : 6.51 : 38.73이였으며, 발아 7일에 50.09 : 5.22 : 44.69로 cellulose와 hemicellulose의 조성은 감소하는 경향을, lignin의 조성은 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. Frosty법과 Van Soest 범에 의한 불용성 식이섬유의 함량차이는 1.54∼3.18%로써 Frosty 법이 다소 높았다. 그러나 두 방법간의 평균치 검정결과 유의적인 차이는 없었고, 상관관계는 높은 정의 상관관계(r=0.9785, p<0.01)를 보였다. 발아증 cellulose(X_1), hemicellulose(X_2), lignin(X_3), soluble dietary fiber(X_4)와 뿌리신장도(Y)와의 함수관계를 다중회기분석한 결과, 결정 계수가 R_2=0.942로 매우 높은 함수관계를 나타내었다. 회기식은 다음과 같다. Y = -12.1306 + 0.9213 X_1 - 0.1615 X_2 + 0.1071 X_3 + 0.7397 X_4 (p<0.01)

Background : Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common allergic, inflammatory skin disease. Here, we focused on the anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fructus extracts (GFE) in DNCB treated NC/Nga mice. Methods and Results : In an in vivo study, GFE treatment significantly decreased immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and cytokines expression in spleen and serum of treatment groups mice, compared with the negative controls (administered 0.2% DNCB only). Mice treated with GFE had fewer inflammatory cell infiltrates in the dermis and hypodermis compared to the negative controls. In addition, we also studied β-Hexosaminidase release assay and possible anti-inflammatory mechanism of GFE in RBL-2H3 cells. GFE suppressed the expression of COX-2 and TNF-α, the translocation of NF-κβ, and the phosphorylation of Syk, p38, JNK, and Erk1/2 in stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. Conclusion : These results strongly suggest that GFE inhibits the allergic response by reducing mast cell activation and may have therapeutic potential as an anti-atopic dermatitis agent.

Background : The aloe has been reported to have significant therapeutic effects, such as inhibition of cancer cells' activation and proliferation as well as anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anti-oxidation properties. However, the phytochemicals analysis and antioxidant activity of the Aloe vera flower extracts have not been widely investigated. In this regard, we investigated the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts of the Aloe barbadensis flower in hydrogen peroxide-treated BALB/c mice. Methods and Results : This research highlights the phenolic constituents' profile and antioxidant activity of 70% ethanol extracts of Aloe vera flower for the first time. The ethanol-based extracts showed the inhibition for linoleic acid oxidation and free radical-induced DNA damage. Among about 11 phenolic constituents of the extract, identified by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the content of vanillic acid was highest, corresponding to strong antioxidant activities of the extract. The extracts elevated superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase enzymes activities in the liver tissue of hydrogen peroxide-treated BALB/c mice. The radical-scavenging activities of the extracts were well-correlated to the total phenolic content. Conclusion : In conclusion, Aloe bardadensis flower might be an effective source of natural antioxidant with high level of phenolic constituents.

Background : This study aimed to determine the anti-osteoclastogenic effects of extracts from CK berry’s and identify the underlying mechanisms in vitro. Methods and Results : Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signal mediators in osteoclast differentiation. AM extracts inhibited ROS production in RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner and exhibited strong radical scavenging activity. The extracts also attenuated the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated osteoclasts. To attain molecular insights, the effect of the extracts on the signaling pathways induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) were also investigated. RANKL triggers many transcription factors through the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and ROS, leading to the induction of osteoclast-specific genes. The extracts significantly suppressed RANKL-induced activation of MAPKs, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38, and consequently led to the downregulation of c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1) protein expression which ultimately suppress the activation of the osteoclast-specific genes, cathepsin K, TRAP, calcitonin receptor, and integrin β3. Conclusion : In conclusion, our findings suggest that AM extracts inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by downregulating ROS generation and inactivating JNK/ERK/p38, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-mediated c-Fos and NFATc1 signaling pathway.

Hericium erinaceus is considered a functional food and potential medicinal source. The present study was conducted to examine the potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of carried out with water and ethanol extracts of Hericium erinaceus grown on germinated green rice (HEGR-W and HEGR-E, respectively) and the water and ethanol extracts of germinated green rice (GR-W and GR-E, respectively) as potential medicinal resources or antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. Methods and Results: The total phenolic and flavonoid contents, DPPH, and ABTS activity, reducing power, DNA protective activity, cell viability, and NO production were investigated. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were highest in HEGR-E (66.53 ± 2.40 ㎎·GAE/100 g and 82.12 ± 7.10 ㎎·CE/100 g respectively). HEGR-E exhibited high DPPH (44.70 ± 1.28%) and, ABTS (44.70 ± 1.28%) activity and reducing power (0.219). HEGR and GR extracts showed protective activity against DNA damage. The cytotoxicity of HEGR and GR in RAW264.7 cells and LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells was low. HEGR-E and GR-W exhibited anti-inflammatory effects through a 28% inhibition of NO production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Conclusions: These results suggested that the extracts of Hericium erinaceus grown on germinated green rice could be a potential medicinal material with natural antioxidant and NO inhibitory properties.

Background : Aronia melanocarpa ‘Viking’ known as black chokeberry, is a species of rosaceae family. Chokeberry is high in flavonoid/anti-oxidants as well as high in vitamins and minerals. Black chokeberry contains high amount of polyphenols, especially anthocyanins. Methods and Results : The aim of this study is to figure out the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory property of Aronia melanocarpa ‘Viking’ (AMV) for both water and ethanol extract. The extracts have been tested to assess the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2ʹ-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and nitrite scavenging activity. We have also evaluated the reducing power activity of AMV. AMV extracts showed a good radical scavenging activity on DPPH and ABTS free radical. The DPPH radical scavenging activity ranges from 20.59% - 80.12% and 26.12% - 95.59% for water and ethanol extract, respectively. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents have also been estimated in this study. Moreover, to appraise the anti-inflammation property we examined cell viability and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production by using the lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. The extracts showed no cytotoxic effects on RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusion : According to the results, we suggest AMV contains noticeable antioxidant properties and could be source of natural antioxidant substances.

Background : The interests in the consumption of red pepper (Capsicum annum L.) is, to a large extent due to its content of bioactive compounds and their importance as dietary antioxidants and Red pepper is commonly used as food material and a broad variety of medicinal applications, Therefore, we investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of red pepper. Methods and Results : This present study was evaluated the effect of red pepper ethanol and distilled water extracts on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Antioxidant activity of the extracts were evaluated by the assay of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and reducing power, along with the determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The ethanol and the water extracts showed strong antioxidant activity by the testing methods. Total phenol content was high in ethanol extract, whereas total flavonoid content was high in water extract. The red pepper extract exhibited high scavenging activity against DPPH radicals and showed high reducing power. In vitro cytotoxic assay, red pepper extract showed noncytotoxic effect in the RAW 264.7 cells with or without LPS. The level of nitric oxide (NO) production induced by LPS decreased in a dose-dependent manner (0.25 ㎍/ ㎖ – 1.0 ㎎/㎖). Proinfllamatory cytokine level including TNF-ɑ and IL-6 decresed in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells by treating red pepper extracts. Conclusion : These results indicate that the ethanol and distilled water extracts of red pepper can be used as an anti-proliferative therapeutic agent or functional food.

Background: There is an increasing surplus of chestnut that are abandoned due to their failure to meet customer awareness. Thus, we investigated the anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of chestnut (Castanea crenata) inner shell extracts in hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells as a potential source of anti-cancer materials. Methods and Results: Distilled water extract (CI-W) and ethanol extract (CI-E) were prepared from chestnut inner shell and evaluated their anti-proliferative effects in vitro. Each extract significantly decreased the cell viability of HepG2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Indeed, the morphology of HepG2 cells treated with CI-W or CI-D was distorted to shrunken cell masses. Furthermore, it was revealed that their extracts induced cell death as evidenced by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), formation of apoptotic body and condensation. In addition, Their extracts clearly modulated the down regulated of Bcl-2 (anti-apoptoic)/ Bax (pro-apoptotic) family and cleaved caspase-3 as an effector caspase in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: These results indicate that the extracts of chestnut inner shell can be used as an anti-proliferative therapeutic agent or functional food.

Background: Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, is a serious problem in diabetes. Hyperglycemia induces the generation of free radicals which disrupts insulin signaling and result in insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic potentials of LBO-1 mixture. Methods and Results: To evaluate antioxidant effect of LBO-1 mixture, DPPH, ABTS and reducing power were performed. LBO-1 mixture scavenged DPPH free radicals and ABTS radicals in a dose-dependent manner. The total phenolic contents of LBO-1 mixture was determined by a regression equation using a calibration curve by gallic acid equivalents. The obtained total phenolic contents were 65.90 ± 0.52 ㎎/g. Phenolic components of plant extracts that can scavenge free radicals. In addition, we evaluated effects of LBO-1 mixture on glucose production in high glucose-induced HepG2 hepatocytes. LBO-1 mixture decreased glucose levels in cultured medium and it down regulated Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) levels which is an enzyme used in the metabolic pathway of gluconeogenesis. Conclusion: These results indicate that the LBO-1 mixture can be used as hypoglycemic agent.

Background : Capsaicin is an active component of chili peppers, which are plants belonging to the genus Capsicum. Research reported capsaicin has antioxidant and anti-inflamatory activity and osteoclast lineages are very susceptible to oxidative stress, as osteoclasts are produced by increased-generation of intracellular ROS and osteoclasts are activated by ROS. Therefore, our study was evaluated the influence of intracellular oxidative stress such as increased ROS level on RANKL-mediated osteoclast differenciation. Methods and Results : Capsaicin showed a good free radical scavenging activity at in-vitro antioxidant activity. The inhibitory effect of osteoclast differentiation on capsaicin was confirmed. Osteoclast differentiation from murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells was induced by RANKL. The effect of capsaicin on receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation was demonstrated using a tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assay and TRAP staining. Capsaicin showed an inhibitory effect on TRAP activity. The TRAP staining showed that the number of TRAP positive osteoclasts was reduced in capsaicin-treated cells. Conclusion : Capsaicin revealed an inhibitory effect in osteoclast differentiation induced by RANKL. These results suggest that capsaicin may have a beneficial effect for the prevention or treatment of osteoclast caused bone diseases such as osteoporosis.

The objective of the study is to establish principles of space planning required to create community gardens for improving self-support capability of vulnerable groups. The characteristics of community garden users and the purposes of community gardens were considered when setting these principles. The target users are vulnerable groups. In considering the circumstance of the homeless who have difficulties in overcoming physical, mental, social and financial risks, 13 universal design principles were applied: Equitable use, flexibility in use, simple and intuitive use, perceptible information, tolerance for error, low physical effort, size and space for approach and use, self-supporting, aesthetics, economic feasibility, environment friendly, healthiness, and sustainability. As the space planning principles based on the community garden purposes are set to achieve mental, social and financial self-support, healing garden and urban agriculture were combined in the principles. Maximally efficient division of space where various programs are available, privacy-protected space, rest areas for strengthening resilience and health, pleasant and beautiful spaces with plants, easily accessible and safe space, and easy maintenance and sustainability are required factors for community gardens. As the ultimate goal, financial self-support, a space where they can develop acquired skills and then proceed with productive activities was included in the space planning principles. Additionally, ecological aspects such as cycle of materials, efficient energy use and expanded biodiversity were combined and supported by local communities to secure sustainability of the use of space.