The crisis of climate change aroused international needs to reduce the greenhouse gas emission in energy sector. Government of South Korea formulated an agenda of carbon neutrality through announcing 2050 Net-Zero Carbon Scenario A and B in October 2021. As the power supply from renewable energy increases, it becomes a core element to take into account the daily intermittency of renewable energy in analyzing the upcoming energy plans. However, the existing yearly Load Duration Curve is insufficient for applying day and night power change in daily scale into energy mix analysis, since it derives the energy mix for whole year on the basis of classifying annual base load and peak load. Therefore, a new energy mix simulation model based on the daily power load and supply simulation is needed for the future energy analysis. In this study we developed a new model which simulates the average power supply and demand daily (over a 24 hour period) for each season. The model calculates the excess and shortage power during day and night by integrating each energy’s daily power pattern. The 2050 Net-Zero Carbon Scenario A was used for the model verification, during which the same amounts of power production from each energy source were applied: nuclear, renewable, carbon-free gas turbine, fuel cell and byproduct gas. Total power demand pattern and renewable energy production pattern were drawn from the data of 2017 power production, and Pumped-storage Hydroelectricity and Energy Storage System were used as day-to-night conversion. Detailed assumptions for each energy were based on the Basis of Calculation for Net-Zero Carbon Scenario from Government. The model was verified with three cases which were divided depending on the method of hydrogen production and whether the Curtailment and Conversion Loss (CCL) of renewable energy were considered or not. Case 1 assumed production of hydrogen occurred for 24 hours while not considering CCL, had 0% relative error in comparison of total annual power production, and case 2, considering CCL, had a 1.741% relative error. Case 3 assumed production of hydrogen occurred only during daytime with excess power and CCL consideration, yielded 0.493% relative error in total amount of hydrogen production, confirming that the model sufficiently describes the Government’s Scenario A with the input of total power production. This model is expected to be used for analyzing further energy mix with different ratios of each energy source, with special focus on nuclear and renewable energy sources.

2019년 경남 진주시 배나무에서 석류가루이(신칭) Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday, 1835) 가 발견되었다. 분포조사를 통하여, 부산, 창원, 진주, 광양, 순천, 고흥, 고성에서 발생을 확인하였고, 기주식물로 석류, 배, 모과, 매실, 산사, 비파, 홍가시, 피라칸타, 배롱나무, 꽃사과나무를 확인하였다. 이 해충의 피해 상황과 분류학적 특징을 기재한다.

열대 및 아열대 아메리카 지역이 원산지인 열대거세미나방(신칭; Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797))은 최근 전세계적에서 돌발적으로 문제가 되고 있는 농업 해충이다. 높은 비행능력을 가진 열대거세미나방은 2016년 아프리카를 시작으로 2018년 인도, 2019년 동남아시아에서 발견되어 확산 속도가 매우 빠르다. 한국에서 열대거세나방은 2019년 6월 13일 제주도 옥수수 재배 농가포장에서 처음 발견되었고, 그 후 2019년 7월 초까지 전라도, 경상남도의 여러 시/군에서 추가로 발견되었다. 한국에서 최초 침입집단을 미토콘드리아 COI유전자를 이용하여 열대거세미나방임을 유전적으로 동정하였고, 서로 다른 분기군에 속하는 2개의 haplotypes(hap-1, hap-2)으로 구성됨을 확인하였다. 분석된31개의 COI 염기서열 중 hap-1 이 93.5%로 우점하였다.

Origin of the red imported fire ant (RIFA, Solenopsis invicta) is South America, a tropical climate region. It has settled in the invasive area, causing various problems. In recent, colonies of Solenopsis invicta were discovered in Busan in 2017, and then in Busan, Pyongtaek, Incheon, Daegu and Ansan in 2018. This study aims to validate 31 microsatlite loci referred from previous study for tracing origin of Solenopsis invicta colonies. We tried to test previously developed microsatellite loci so that we establish the protocol for molecular epidemiology of RIFA. We applied 31 microsatellite loci to DNA samples from the RIFA colonies found in Texas and Florida, USA. We will present 31 markers were divided into three injections and the amplification rate for each marker was shown as follows.

Origin of Red imported fire ant (RIFA : Solenopsis invicta) is Central America, a tropical climate region. It has settled in the invasive area, causing various problems. In recent, Solenopsis invicta were discovered in Busan in 2017 and then in 2018 at a construction site in Busan, Pyongtaek, Incheon and in Daegu. This study aims to confirm the origin of invasive colonies of Solenopsis invicta. We tried to test previously developed microsatellite markers so that we establish the tracing protocol for molecular epidemiology of RIFA. We justified 66 microsatellite markers already developed using DNA from the RIFA found in Incheon Harbor. As results, 30 markers were selected to facilitate amplification and fragment analysis.

Kaposi’s sarcoma is one of the first recognized in HIV infection even patient can develop KS in any disease stage. Moreover, the oral cavity may be the first site of Kaposi’s sarcoma and oral mucosa involvements of KS in HIV positive are very critical because it had a higher death rate than those who having exclusively cutaneous manifestations of the disease. Early detection of KS oral involvement is very important to prevent disease burden. This case is about a 48 years old male who was first discovered Oral Kaposi’s Sarcoma as HIV infection sign. He didn’t notice any other discomfort other than oral mucosa swelling.

목 적 : 3.0T 자기 공명 영상에서 강자성 임플란트로 인해 발생한 자화감수성 인공음영에 대한 시퀀스별 WARP기법의 적정한 VAT(view angle tilting)값을 알아보았다. 대상 및 방법 : 자화감수성 인공음영(susceptibility artifact image)이 head용 워터 팬텀영상의 왜곡정도를 평가하기 위하여 head용 워터 팬텀에 강자성 임플란트(ferromagnetic implant)인 금속 와이어를 부착하여 영상을 획득하였다. 진행하였고(VAT(view angle tilting)) Warp를 사용하였다. 사용된 장비는 3.0T MRI system(MAGNETOM Skyra, Siemens, Munich, Germany)이었으며 20ch head/neck coil을 사용하여 TSE T2, TSE T1, FLAIR, Turbo IR T1 시퀀스에 WARP를 적용하여 VAT를 0~100% 범위내에서 10%씩 변화하여 각각 24개의 axial 영상을 얻었다. TSE T2 영상변수는 TR/TE 4410ms/79ms, Matrix 512×291이었으며, TSE T1 영상변수는 TR/TE 693ms/10ms, Matrix 512×291이었으며, Turbo IR T1 영상변수는 TR/TE 2000ms/9.5ms, Matrix 384×307이었으며, FLAIR 영상변수는 TR/TE 9000ms/96ms, Matrix 384×180이었다. 시퀀스별로 slice thickness 4mm, slice gap 0.4mm, NEX 1, bandwidth는 500Hz 였다. 정량평가는 팬텀영상의 대부분을 ROI로 설정 하여 표준편차를 구하였다. 정성 평가는 팬텀 영상 내에 dark area크기, image blurring 정도를 5점 척도로 하여 영상의 변화가 없는 경우 1점, 영상의 질이 약간 우수한 경우 2점, 보통 3점, 우수한 경우 4점, 매우 우수한 경우 5점으로 숙련된 방사선사 3명이 관찰 후 평가하였다. 결 과 : 정량분석으로 TSE T2와 TSE T1의 표준편차(SD)는 VAT 10%에서 VAT 적용전보다 많은 감소를 보였으며, VAT가 증가 할수록 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. 그러나 IR 계열의 FLAIR와 Turbo IR T1은 WARP의 적용에 따른 영상차이가 없었다. 변동계수는 모든 시퀀스에서 30%이하였다. 또한 VAT 변화에 따라 영상의 위치변화도 나타났다. 정성분석으로 TSE T2는 VAT가 30~60%일 때 우수한 것으로 나타났고, TSE T1은 VAT가 10~70%일 때 우수한 것으로 나타났다. FLAIR와 Turbo IR T1은 WARP사용에 따른 영상의 변화가 없었다 결 론 : WARP는 TSE T2와 TSE T1의 자화감수성 인공음영을 줄이는데는 매우 효과적인 영상기법이었다. 그러나 WARP는 VAT를 증가시키면 image blurring도 증가함으로 VAT값을 최소화해서 사용 되어져야 할 것으로 사료된다.

The sublingual locus has recently received great attention as a delivery site for various immunotherapies, including those that induce allergen-specific tolerance, and for vaccines that generate protective immunity. To further understand the immune functions of the human sublingual mucosa, we characterized the distribution of various immunocytes therein by immunohistochemistry. We identified professional antigen presenting cells (APCs), including Langerhans cells (LCs) and macrophages. CD1α+ and longerin+ LCs were further found to be distributed in the basal and supra-basal layers of the epithelium, and macrophages were identified in the lamina propria. HLA-DR+ cells were observed in both the epithelium and the lamina propria, which mirrors the tissue distribution of LCs and macrophages within these tissues. CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells were found to be distributed along the basal layer of the epithelium and also in the lamina propria. Although B cells, plasma cells, and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) were only occasionally observed in the human sublingual mucosa in the absence of inflammation, they did show enrichment at inflammatory sites. Hence, we have further elucidated the immune cell component distribution in human sublingual mucosa.