항공 및 지리 공간 기술은 연구자 및 농업관련 실무자들이 더욱더 쉽게 접근할 수 있게 되었으며, 이러한 기술은 농업과 임업에 있어 현재 병해충 관리의 변화에 중추적인 역할을 할 수 있다. 지난 20년 동안 위성, 유무인항공기, 스펙트럼 센서들, 정보 시스템 및 자동화 현장 장비들의 기술들은 병해충을 감지하고, 특정 지점에 대한 병해충을 방제하는데 사용되어져 왔다. 빅 데이터 기반한 인공 지능과 함께 항공 및 지리 정보 기술의 가용 함에도 불구하고 이러한 기술을 사과 IPM에 적용하는 것은 아직 실현되지 않았다. 본 논문은 사과연구소에서 수행한 사례 연구를 통해 사과 IPM 개선에 활용할 수 있는 항공 및 지리 정보기술의 발전과 한계에 대해 논하고자 한다.

1950년대에 종합적 유해생물관리(IPM)의 개념이 발달하기 시작하여 1960년대에는 경제학적 개념이 해충방제에 포함되기 시작하였다. 1970년대부터 미국과 유럽을 중심으로 종합방제와 관련된 연구가 진행되었다. 우리나라 병해충 종합방제에 관한 연구는 1970년대 감귤해충에 대한 종합방제연구와 통일계 품종의 보급에 따른 수도해충종합방제연구에서 시작되었다. 우리나라 사과 병해충종합관리 연구는 1980년대 화학 농약을 이용한 방제 및 약제 저항성 연구, 해충 및 천적생태에 대한 연구, 성페로몬에 대한 연구를 시작으로 진행되었다. 1990년대부터는 농가보급을 위한 IPM 연구사업과 현장실증사업이 병행되었다. 2000년대에는 교미교란제를 중심으로 한 해충예찰과 발생모형 개발, 해충에 대한 DB 프로그램 및 정보공유를 위한 네트워크가 구축되었다. 2010년대는 무인예찰 및 자동화기술 개발을 통해 IPM 기술이 확장되고 있다.

딱정벌레목 바구미과에 속하는 나무좀은 일찍부터 산림의 주요 해충으로 다루어져 왔다. 최근 사과원에서 M.9 대목을 이용한 사과 밀식재배가 확산되고, 기후변화에 따른 이상 기상으로 사과나무 동해에 의한 2차 나무좀 피해가 늘어나고 있어 이들에 대한 관리대책이 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구는 사과원에 발생하는 나무좀류의 발생 양상을 파악하고 효과적인 약제 선발을 통해 효율적인 방제 체계 개발을 위한 기초 자료로 활용하고자 수행하였다. 사과원에 발생하는 나무좀은 암브로시아나무좀, 오리나무좀, 붉은목나무좀, 사과둥근나무좀 등 4종으로 암브로시아나무좀이 우점종으로 조사되었다. 암브로시아나무좀의 발생은 4월부터 시작하여 연 2회 발생하였다. 주간부에서 나무좀의 피해는 대부분 21~100cm 높이에서 발생하였으며, 야외 방제 시험에서 Phentoate EC, Chlorpyrifos WP, Thiacloprid SC 등이 높은 방제가를 나타내었다.

이 연구는 사과원에서 20년동안 두 종 응애의 밀도변화를 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 사과나무를 가해하는 두 종의 응애 해충, 점박이응애 (Tetranychus urticae)와 사과응애(Panonychus ulmi)의 발생을 1992년부터 2011년까지 8개 도시 포함, 한국의 남부지역에 위치한 사과주산지역에 서 조사하였다. 20년간의 추세는 많은 과원이 1992년부터 1999년까지는 점박이응애가 주로 가해를 하였지만 2000년도부터는 사과응애가 우점하 기 시작했다. 사과응애의 평균관찰밀도는 일정했고 점박이응애의 밀도는 이 기간동안 일정하지 않았다. 5년주기별 발생추세 분석은 점박이응애의 밀도가 2002년 이후에 감소하는 것을 보여주었다. 4월부터 9월까지 월별피해과원율과 두종 응애의 평균발생밀도는 사과응애의 밀도가 4월에 높지 만 점박이응애의 밀도가 5월부터 9월까지 높았다. 이런 변화는 살충제 살포횟수, 초경재배관리, 질소비료 사용의 감소와 전체적인 과원관리의 변화 등으로 기인한다. 그러나 이러한 예측은 이를 증명하기 위해 보다 자세한 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구를 통해 비료살표와 같은 재배법과 살충제 살포횟 수와 종합적해충관리 등의 환경적 변화가 사과원에서 두종 응애의 우점종과 발생밀도에 영향을 준 것으로 보인다.

In apple orchards, the damages by woodborers are increased. Mainly infesting woodborers are elucidated three species, namely, the fruit-tree pinhole borer (Xyleborinus saxeseni (Ratzeburg)), black timber bark beetle (Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford)), and Xyleborus apicalis (Blandford). Investigated result from population densities of woodborers using trap at Apple Research Station in Gunwi, Gyeongbuk, X. saxeseni and X. germanus were first captured from late-March and reached highest peak at mid-April. X. apicalis also first captured from late-March and reached highest peak at mid/late-May than April. Entrance hall was first observed from late-March and recorded highest number at April, but steadily decreased. Numbers of entrance hall according to the apple varieties were ordered as ‘Hwangok’ > ‘Fuji’ > ‘Hongro’. Entrance hall by tree height were mainly observed range from 21 to 80 cm (from the ground), found with highest entrance hall at 190 cm. Entrance hall by lateral branch order were mainly occurred at the first lateral branch from the ground, but the entrance hall was decreased as height increased. The ratio of trunk and branch were showed as 6.5 : 3.5.

In the midst of environments with crop-mixing, there were more preferred the fruit trees by brown-winged green (Plautia stali (Scott)), and yellow-brown stink bug (Halyomorpha halys (Stål) and vegetables by Far eastern green stink bug (Nezara antennata Scott) and Bean bug (Riptortus pedestris (Thurnberg)). The major dominant species was identified as P. stali, infesting fruit trees over 99.4% among tested insects. It is severely damaged on peach of middle and late ripening, crab apple, pear and wild fruit of Actinidia arguta. In an investigation for the seasonal occurrence using aggregation pheromone trap, P. stali was peaked with three times at late-May ~ early-June, mid- and late-July, and mid-Sept. ~ Oct. And H. halys slightly peaked at mid-June, and mid- and late-July and increased the occurrence at mid-Sept. ~ mid-Oct. Using seven insecticides - dinotefuran WP, flonicamid WP, etofenprox WP, chlorpyrifos WP, cabaryl WP, chlothianidin SC, and bifenthrin WP - registered on apple, contact and residual toxicity was tested on both male and female of P. stali and H. halys. Contact toxicity of dinotefuran WP was excellent on P. stali but the others had low effect. While all insecticides except flonicamid, residual toxicity were all effective on P. stali. Dinotefuran have a excellent contact toxicity and chlorpyrifos and bifenthrin have good residual toxicity against both male and female of H. halys.

In the midst of environments with crop-mixing, there were more preferred the fruit trees by brown-winged green (Plautia stali (Scott)), and yellow-brown stink bug (Halyomorpha halys (Stål)) and vegetables by Far eastern green stink bug (Nezara antennata Scott) and Bean bug (Riptortus pedestris (Thurnberg)). The major dominant species was identified as P. stali, infesting fruit trees over 99.4% among tested insects. It is severely damaged on peach of middle and late ripening, crab apple, pear and wild fruit of Actinidia arguta. In an investigation for the seasonal occurrence using aggregation pheromone trap, P. stali was peaked with three times at late-May∼early-June, mid- and late-July, and mid-Sept. ∼Oct. And H. halys slightly peaked at mid-June, and mid- and late-July and increased the occurrence at mid-Sept. ∼mid-Oct. Using seven insecticides - dinotefuran WP, flonicamid WP, etofenprox WP, chlorpyrifos WP, cabaryl WP, chlothianidin SC, and bifenthrin WP - registered on apple, contact and residual toxicity was tested on both male and female of P. stali and H. halys. Contact toxicity of dinotefuran WP was excellent on P. stali but the others had low effect. While all insecticides except flonicamid, residual toxicity were all effective on P. stali. Dinotefuran have a excellent contact toxicity and chlorpyrifos and bifenthrin have good residual toxicity against both male and female of H. halys.

Prior to 1990s, most farmers customarily sprayed the agrochemicals that only just recommended by association or pesticide dealers, regardless of the monitoring for the disease incidences and pest occurrences. In 1993, agrochemicals sprayed in apple orchards a year had been done about 15 ~16 times. As founded the Apple Research Station (ARS) in 1991, a study for the construction of Integrated Pest Managements (IPMs) were actively done during 1990s and the IPM was paved the way to control on apple diseases and pests during the 2000s. The co-work between ARS and Seoul National University during 1996 to 2001 for the monitoring and development of IPM strategies using sex pheromone made easy understanding for IPM and occurrence monitoring results by showing the pests to apple farmers. Through the 2000s, IPM pilot project for the distribution of IPM technique utilizing sex pheromone trap and mating disrupter to the field has endeavored. Currently, sex pheromone trap plays an important role for monitoring of the major apple pests and the quarantine pest, C. sasakii on apple. Moreover, sex pheromonebased mating disruptor has been used almost all organic apple orchards for the control of one of major fruit-infesting pest, G. molesta and C. sasakii. Henceforth, the application of sex pheromone trap for monitoring as well as the active expansion and provision of mating disruptor for the control is needed. To this, first of all, it is very important to reduce prices by developing the techniques than other things. Second, reinforced education for monitoring staffs must be done continuously to instruct and to consult the farmers with the monitoring results to give guidance. Third, companies competing in good faith will improve and maintain their product quality.

In this study, the characteristic of the facilities and indoor environment for the senior citizens nursing facilities of Kyeonggki and Seoul-total 30 facilities;10 facilities in Seoul and 20 facilities in Kyeonggki from January to December in 2007. In the result of surveying indoor and outdoor pollution degree of 30 senior citizens nursing facilities, the average geometric concentration of indoor and outdoor TVOCs were 264.11 ㎍/㎥ and 162.63 ㎍/㎥, respectively. On the other hand, the average geometric concentration of indoor and outdoor HCHO were 22.76 ㎍/㎥ and 9.55 ㎍/㎥, respectively. The concentration ratio of indoor and outdoor air pollutants were 1.21, 1.23, 1.62 and 2.38 for benzene, toluene, TVOCs and HCHO, respectively. The concentrations of toluene, TVOCs and HCHO were 31.40 ㎍/㎥, 274.30 ㎍/㎥ and 24.17 ㎍/㎥ in the building constructed after 2000. On the other hand, The concentrations of toluene, TVOCs and HCHO were 27.99 ㎍/㎥, 248.54 ㎍/㎥ and 20.48 ㎍/㎥ in the building constructed before 2000. As the constructed year was not late, low concentration was indicated. In the facilities using carpet or not, the concentration of toluene, TVOCs and HCHO were 50.50 ㎍/㎥, 342.73 ㎍/㎥ and 32.94 ㎍/㎥, respectively, in the facilities using carpet. On the other hand, the concentration of toluene, TVOCs and HCHO were 29.35 ㎍/㎥, 261.41 ㎍/㎥ and 22.40 ㎍/㎥, respectively, in the facilities using no carpet. The concentrations were presented higher in the facilities where carpet exits.

Woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum, one of the pests occurring in apple do damages on the branch and bastard slip nearby ground roots by sucking sap. Recently, seasonal population of this pest steadily increased but has scarcity the basic data relating to its ecology. This study was conducted to investigate the infested orchard ratio, environmental analysis of occurred orchard, seasonal population and parasite rate by Aphelinus mali, a natural enemy for woolly apple aphid, from 30 to 34 apple orchards, at 11 to 13 major apple producing areas in Gyeongsang-namdo and Gyeongsang-bukdo, Geolla-bukdo, and Chungchung-bukdo, during 2012 to 2013. It showed infested orchard ratio as about 35% and population density started to increase from mid-May, with its optimal density in late-June and increased again in late-September. This pest found in various rootstocks where infested orchards and could not found any significant pattern. The damage appeared in 9 to 35 year-old trees, severed rather old trees than younger trees. Also, orchards that did not eliminate bastard slip were showed high occurrence pattern. Parasite rates of Aphelinus mali showed the difference among investigated orchards but the rates showed generally increased pattern since early- July.

The study investigated occurrence of major insect pests and damage to 16-30 representative apple orchards in major apple production area of 4-8 cities and counties in Gyeongsang Provinces and Jeonbuk province for 17 years from 1992 to 2008. In addition, it examined the hatching time of the overwintered eggs of European red mite (Panonychus ulmi) and apple leaf-curling aphid (Myzus malisuctus) at the Apple Research Station in Gunwi-gun, the Gyeongbuk Province from 1993 to 2009, and conducted a survey on the occurrence rate of oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta) and peach fruit moth by means of sex pheromone traps at 2-5 day intervals to look into the changes in the occurrence. As the result of survey on the insect pests of representative apple orchards, the population density of two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) was higher then that of Panonychus ulmi from 1992 to 1999 while it became lower than Panonychus ulmi from 2000. Although there was difference in spiraea aphid (Aphis citricola) by year, but the occurrence density tended to decline from 1992. Lyonetia prunifoliella had not become a problem in apple orchards before the 1990’s, but it started occurring in 1993-1994 and increased rapidly in the late 1990’s. Later, it has consistently increased as leafminer with Phyllonorycter ringoniella in apple orchards. Tortricid insect pests increased the most highly in the late 1990’s, but it has not been a problem after 2000 and the occurrence and damage by Grapholita molesta was higher than that of Carposina sasakii in apple orchards after 1997. Besides, the damage by stink bugs as well as ambrosia beetles has increased after 2000. In the 2000’s, the initial hatching date of overwintered eggs of Panonychus ulmi and Myzus malisuctus ulmi was 18 and 14 days earlier, the 50% hatching date was 7 and 6 days earlier, and the final hatching date was 1 and three days earlier respectively than that of the 1990’s. In the 2000’s, the first occurrence of Grapholita molesta and Carposina sasakii was earlier by 5 days compared to the 1900’s, and the first occurrence of apple insect pests tended to become earlier compared to the 1990’s.