Radioactive source terms are important factor in design, licensing and operation of SMR (Small Modular Reactor). In this study, regulatory requirements and evaluation methodology for normal operation on NuScale SMR, which received standard design certification approval on September 11, 2020 from US NRC, are reviewed. The radioactive waste management system of nuclear power reactor should be designed to limit radionuclide concentration in effluents and keep radioactive effluents at restricted area boundary ALARA according to 10 CFR 20 and 10 CFR 50 Appendix I. Also, in general, the coolant source term to calculate the off-site radiological consequences for normal operation of SMR should be determined by using models and parameters that are consistent with regulatory guide 1.112, NUREG- 0017 and the guidance provided in ANSI/ANS-18.1-1999, and the result should be corrected by reflecting the design characteristics of SMR. The coolant source term of NuScale, unlike the case of large NPPs, cannot rely solely on empirical source term data, because the NuScale source term is based on first principle physics, operational experience from recent industry, and lessons learned from large PWR operation. Fission products in reactor coolant are conservatively calculated using first principle physics in SCALE Code assuming 60 GWD/MTU. The release of fission products from fuel to primary coolant based on industry operational experience is determined as fuel failure fraction of 0.0066% for normal operation source term and 0.066% for design basis source term while coolant source term of large NPP is calculated by using ANSI/ANS-18.1 for normal operation and fuel failure fraction of 1% for design basis source term. Water activation products in reactor coolant are calculated from first principles physics and corrosion activation products are calculated by utilizing current large PWR operating data (ANSI/ANS 18.1- 1999) and adjusted to NuScale plant parameters. Also, because ANSI/ANS 18.1-1999 is not based on first principle physics models for CRUD generation, buildup, transport, plate-out, or solubility, NuScale has incorporated lessons learned by using ERPI’s primary water chemistry and steam generator guidelines to ensure source term is conservative and design of materials used cobalt reduction philosophy to help ensure the coolant source term are conservative. Based on the coolant source term calculated according to the above-described method, the annual releases of radioactive materials in gaseous and liquid effluents from NuScale reactor are evaluated. Currently, Small Modular Reactors such as ARA, SMART 100 are under review for licensing in Korea. This study will be helpful to understand how the reactor coolant system source terms are defined and evaluated for SMR.

As cable TV, which has been leading the paid broadcasting market, has given the lead to IPTV, which has huge communication capital, its competitiveness is gradually weakening. This study examines the operation status of local cable TV and seeks ways to strengthen competitiveness for survival. To this end, we conducted data analysis such as related statistics, broadcasting industry survey reports, IPTV growth reports, CMB management indicators, paid broadcasting literature data, marketing reports, industry success stories, and marketing mix and SWOT analysis. As a result, four strategies for strengthening the survival competitiveness of local cable TV, namely joint purchase apartment marketing strategy, influencer marketing strategy, relationship marketing strategy, and digital marketing strategy were derived. Therefore, the results of this study can contribute to the improvement of the competitiveness of local cable TV, which has been with local residents through close content, and can be used as basic data for establishing marketing strategies for local cable TV in the future.

털부처꽃(Lythrum salicaria L.)은 전국에 분포하는 다년생 초본식물로 척박하고 습한 지역을 포함한 다양한 환경에서 잘 자라는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 하천변, 척박지에서 정원 용, 화훼용 및 관상용 식물로 이용이 가능하다. 본 연구는 털 부처꽃의 적정 육묘 조건(토양종류, 플러그 트레이 셀 크기,파종립수, 액비농도 및 차광)을 조사하였다. 대조구(원예상토) 에서 재배된 유묘의 생육이 가장 우수하였다. 반면 피트모스 와 펄라이트의 혼합용토는 육묘기간이 지속되면서 생육수치 가 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. 셀 크기는 용적이 가장 큰 162 셀에서 재배된 유묘의 생육이 우수하였으나, 200셀과 288셀에 서 자란 묘도 건강했다. 한편 유묘의 결주발생을 고려하면 셀 당 2립을 파종하는 것이 적합하였다. 액비 처리는 유묘의 생 육을 촉진하였다. 특히 Hyponex 1000배는 초장, 줄기직경, 엽수, 마디수, 근장, 지상부 생체중 및 지하부 생체중을 증가 시켰다. 또한 유묘의 생육은 55% 차광 하에서 우수하였다. 따 라서 털부처꽃의 가장 효과적인 생육조건은 원예상토가 충진 된 288셀 플러그 트레이에 셀 당 2립을 파종하고 Hyponex 1000배를 시비하면서 55% 차광 하에서 재배하는 것이었다.

The canine parvovirus (CPV) causes clinical signs, such as severe enteritis, dehydration, diarrhea, vomiting, leukopenia, and hair loss, which may lead to death. Vaccination is still the most important approach, as no specific treatment exists to prevent CPV. Monoclonal antibodies are valuable tools to study the pathogenic mechanisms of CPV and develop effective diagnostic reagents and pharmaceuticals. In this study, two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against CPV-2a were obtained through hybridoma technology by fusing myeloma cells and B cells from the spleens of mice immunized with CPV type 2a (CPV-2a). Two MAbs (CPV-330 and CPV-620) were studied on the reactivity of vaccine (CPV-2a) and field strains (CPV-new 2a, -2b, and -2c) by indirect immunofluorescence (IFA), hemagglutination inhibition test (HI), virus neutralization test (VN), and inhibition of virus growth test. Two MAbs showed similar antibody titers for HI and VN. On the other hand, CPV-330 inhibited the viral replication in Crandell-Rees Feline Kidney (CRFK) cells better than CPV-620. These CPV MAbs may provide valuable biological reagents to study the CPV pathogenic mechanisms and work as therapeutic antibodies.

Natural environmental resources are considered a prospective source of microorganisms capable of producing biocatalysts with great potential in industrial areas. Arable soil fertilized with peat moss is a habitat for various microorganisms. The present research focused on the isolation and identification of hydrolase-producing bacteria that thrive at a broad temperature range. In this study, a total of 33 strains were isolated from arable soil fertilized with peat moss (Silla Garden in Busan, South Korea). The isolated bacteria were mesophiles and thermophiles with a wide temperature range. Taxonomic identification showed that the isolated strains belonged to 2 phyla, 5 families, 10 genera, and 24 species. Subsequently, the isolated strains were screened for hydrolase (amylase, lipase, and protease) activity. All isolates possessed activity of at least one enzyme and six bacterial isolates produced combined extracellular enzymes. Diversity of soil bacteria species in the present study suggest the potential of soil bacteria in the various industrial applications.

Appropriateness of the minimum detectable activity in the analysis of gamma radionuclides is very important. This is reason determine the time factor among the conditions of the analysis when it is rationally determined has the advantage that radioactivity analysis can be performed accurately and quickly. In this study, 100 mL of an unknown sample was diluted in Marinelli Beaker 1L to obtain, review data on gamma radiation analysis results and minimum detectable activity for each measurement time. The measurement was used High Purity Germanium detector, target nuclides are Co-57, Co-58, Y-88 and Cs-137. Since the radioactivity analysis sample will be expected to be the waste subject to selfdisposal or less during the radioactive waste classification, the minimum detectable activity standard was set based on the detection of less than the permissible activity for self-disposal for each nuclide. The measurement methods were measured by classifying it into seven categories: 1000 seconds, 3600 seconds, 10000 seconds, 30000 seconds, 80000 seconds, 100000 seconds, and 150000 seconds. The radioactivity from this measurement are Co-57 2.89 Bq·g−1, Co-58 0.19 Bq·g−1, Y-88 0.20 Bq·g−1, Cs-137 0.15 Bq·g−1, the measurement results under all conditions were similar. On the other hand, the minimum detectable activity showed values above the allowable activity for self-disposal in not but Co-58 at 1000 and 3600 seconds. Only after taking the measurement time of 10000 seconds, the result was derived Co-57 0.0095 Bq·g−1, Co-58 0.0068 Bq·g−1, Y-88 0.0052 Bq·g−1, Cs-137 0.0062 Bq·g−1, which was confirmed to less than the allowable activity for self-disposal by nuclide. Reasonably determining the measurement time in gamma radionuclide analysis is a very important issue in terms of economy of time and accuracy of measurement. Although this study cannot be said to be able to determine a reasonable measurement time for all gamma radionuclide analysis, it is hoped that research on various samples will be made to contribute to the efficient measurement of gamma radioactivity.

Radioactively contaminated metal components from a nuclear power plant must be decontaminated to reduce the risk of radiation exposure to workers, which can be cleaned using a foam decontamination used to reduce the amount of wastewater significantly. Metal components with a fixed radioactive contamination can be effectively decontaminated using a foam consist of 0.5wt% nonionic surfactant, 0.5 M H2SO4, and 0.2 M Ce(SO4)2. However, strongly acidic wastewater is generated from the decontamination method, which contains a high concentration of the nonionic surfactant and ionic materials with radioactive nuclides. This wastewater must be treated as a stable form. In this study, an integrated process of precipitation and low pressure distillation was evaluated for the treatment of wastewater. It was confirmed that the surfactant and ionic materials were effectively removed from the wastewater through the integrated process.