It has been now believed and documented that high producing animals can be exploited even best if the heat period expressed in them could be synchronized. Recently, the development in the field of animal science and the introduction of newer technology such as assisted reproductive technology (ART) has immensely rationalized the importance of certain techniques by improvising them in order to benefit the production part from animals. Assisted reproductive technologies have not only benefitted a lot by increasing the production but also by addressing several problems of reproduction failure in farm animals. These technologies have also assisted in improving them and in accelerating genetic improvement among animal population. Techniques such as improved follicular efficiencies, ovum pick up, in vitro embryo production, embryo and semen sexing, somatic cell nuclear transfer and production of transgenic and cloned embryos have been now taken up as cost effective shape in accelerating genetic improvement in animal population and all such technologies have been overviewed and highlighted in this review.

Evidences from the past century have recorded that global warming has been increasing constantly and will continue to rise at the rates that are estimated to be between 0.1 to 0.2℃ per decade in the next century. We cannot negate the fact that rising temperatures would also effect harshly to animal sector particularly dairy sector. So far, it has been noticed that rising temperatures causing heat stress among dairying. However, at cellular level molecular chaperones (genes/heat shock proteins) gets activated and released. Genes that get up/down regulated following heat stress have been shown to be involved in protein folding, protein degradation, protein synthesis and detoxification, oxygen transport, phosphorylation etc. in different animals. In this study we discuss the impact of heat stress on cow’s dairy capacity, health and alongside the responses of different molecular chaperones in protecting the existing proteins for routine health and production. Additionally, the different mechanism that underlie activation of the heat shock proteins response and the role of heat shock proteins as cyto-protective molecules to develop them into active molecules as regulators of heat stress in animals.

본 연구결과 조농비가 다른 사료를 각각 급여한 젖소에 서 임신초기의 유방 크기는 HF군이 LF군 보다 2.4배 가량 유의하게 컸으나, 임신중기와 착유기 동안에는 두 군 간에 차이가 없었다. Estradiol의 혈중농도는 두 군 모두 사춘기 부터 서서히 증가하여 임신기간 동안 사춘기의 2~3.5배가 량이 되었으며, 두 군간 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 착유기 전 기간에 걸쳐서도 estradiol의 농도는 두 군간 차 이가 없었다. Progesterone의 혈중 농도는 사춘기부터 증가 하기 시작하여 임신중기까지 두 군 모두 비슷한 농도로 유지되었으며, 시험 전 기간에 걸쳐 두 군간 유의한 차이는 없었다. 산유량 4% FCM은 두 군 모두 분만 후 증가하다 LF군은 분만 100일, HF군은 150일을 기점으로 감소하였다. 그러나, 분만 후 50일까지를 제외하고 그 후 전 기간에 걸 쳐 양질 조사료 함량이 높은 사료를 급여한 HF군의 젖소 에서 산유량이 유의하게 높았으며, 분만 250일 까지도 높 은 산유량을 유지하였다. 우유 내 체세포 수는 분만초기를 제외하고 착유기 전 기간 동안 HF군에서 유의하게 감소하 였다. 유지율은 분만 후 비유 초기에 LF군에서 다소 높게 나타났으나, 그 이후부터는 두 군간 차이가 없었으며, 그 밖에 우유 내 단백율, 고형율, MUN 모두 두 군간 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. 산유량과 체세포 수 및 유지율을 기초로 계산한 유대에 있어 HF군이 LF군에 비하여 최고 141.5% 증대되었다. 본 연구결과로부터 젖소의 양질 조사료의 함 량을 적당 수준으로 증가시킴으로써 유방의 크기나 관련 호르몬의 변화 없이 우유의 생산량을 증대시키고 우유의 질을 높일 수 있을 것으로 평가되었다.

Evolutionary processes such as recombination and natural selection usually develop over extended periods of time; however, they get accelerated in cases of hybridization. Interspecies hybrids exhibit novel genome which are exposed to natural selection, thus provides a key to unravel the ultimate causes of adaptation and speciation. On the other hand, with rapid upsurge in demand for stronger food security has been confronting us on daily basis. Lately, the scientists have started to gather are now attracted by specific extraordinary traits of different animals by way interspecies hybridization combining the superior genetic material from different animals. Besides, this technology could also explore new life saving vaccines and medicines and also would find beneficial in conserving wild heritage of endangered and critical species. Several researchers have also done commendable work on interspecies hybridization with some degree of success. Nevertheless, lots of obstacles and hurdles still pose for this phenomenal technology to reach to its final destination. This review will point out the hurdles on interspecies hybridization in reference to the natural mating and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).

Osteoarthritis is one of the commonest causes associated with age-related damage of articular cartilage. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used in osteoarthritic patient. However, long term administration of these drugs results gastrointestinal disorders. Though, most studies have demonstrated in the past that bee venom has therapeutic effect on diseases related to inflammation and pains, but its anti-inflammatory properties have not been so far studied on inflamed chondrocytes (LPS induced) invitro. For the purpose, the study was carried out to determine the effect of bee venom on porcine articular chondrocyte cell using microarray. In this study, we found that 2,235 significantly associated gene (1,404 up-regulated genes and 831 down-regulated genes) that were expressed on inflamed and non inflamed chondrocytes during proliferation. Among the 1,404 up-regulated genes and 831 down-regulated genes, known genes were 372 and 237, respectively. On the other hand, bee venom significantly reduced expression of fetuin involved in acute inflammatory reaction. Our results suggest that this study could be useful database in gene expression profiling of chondrocyte cell treated with bee venom.

Transgenic pigs are promising donor organisms for xenotransplantation as they share many anatomical and physiological characteristics with humans. Recently, a step has been moved closer to xenotransplantation by producing genetically modified pigs that has no α-1,3-Gal epitope, the major xenoantigens triggering HAR of pig to primate xenografts. Further genetic modifications such as expression of human complementary regulatory proteins, CD39, endothelial protein C receptor, heme-oxygenase 1, thrombomodulin, tissue factor pathway inhibitoras well as modulators of the HLA-E/β-2-microglobulin, and CTLA-4Ig are due to address for further rejection mechanisms and incompatibilities between porcine and primate blood coagulation systems. Although the pig is the favored species for use as a xenograft donor, a detailed description of the transgenic pig development and surgical technique is lacking which seems mandatory to address for broader understanding of this issue.

Several vertebrate species are able to epimorphically regenerate tissue of appendages or whole appendages such as fingertips, limbs, fins, tails, antlers, and ear tissue via the formation of a blastema of proliferating cells. For structure such as mammalian ear tissue and fingertips and antlers, the origin of the cells for regeneration is uncertain, but in others, such as fish fin regeneration and amphibian limb and tail regeneration, studies revealed that the blastema is formed by the dedifferentiation of mature cells local to the region of injury. Moreover, regeneration requires specification of the identity of new tissues to be made either in lower or higher vertebrates. Whether this process relies only on intrinsic regulative properties of regenerating tissues or whether wound signaling provides input into tissue repatterning is not known. In this review, authors have made efforts to put emphasis on signaling events, importance of polarity during regeneration and put forth how the limitations of regeneration could be overcome in higher vertebrates such as animals and humans.

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass cells of blastocyst with the potential to maintain an undifferentiated state indefinitely. Fully characterized ES cell lines express typical stem cell markers, possess high levels of telomerase activity, show normal karyotype and have the potential to differentiate into numerous cell types under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Therefore, ES cells are potentially valuable for the development of cell transplantation therapies for the treatment of various diseases in animals as well as in humans. However, important problems associated with ES cells from in vitro fertilized blastocysts particularly from humans must be resolved before taking up its therapeutic applications. Current techniques for directed differentiation into somatic cell populations remain inefficient and yield heterogeneous cell populations. This review therefore focuses on ES cells with respect to in vitro propagation and differentiation in basic cell and developmental biology for successful use of these cells in therapeutics.